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IN THE 




Northwest 

A COMPLETE REVIEW OF 
THE MINERAL RESOURCES 
I OF WASHINGTON AND 
,*.:■ BRITISH COLUMBIA 

**%* WITH MAPS 

I H MM 

Edited by U. K. HODGES 

THE POST-INTELLIGENCER 

SEATTLE, WASH. 

^PfelCE- so CENTS 



For Information 
Regarding the — 



MINERAL RESOURCES 



*OF- 



British Columbia 



WRIfE TO. 



HENRY CROFT, 



Rosslaud, B. C. 



Assoc. M. lost. C. 8., M. I. M. E., England. 



Founeen rears* Eipenence in bmish coiumo. 



Mining Properties Managed. 

Reports Made on Mines. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. i 

F. C. INNES, 

Mining Broker, 

Vancouver, B. C. 



All descriptions of Mining Properties negotiated for. 
Special attention given to Slocan and Trail Creek district** 
Full list of standard stocks at lowest quotations. 



Correspondence Solicited. 



CODES— A, B, C, D, 4th Edition, Moreing & Neat's. 




VERY 

MANY 



Of the same pros- 
pectors and miners 
who purchased their 
outfits from us in 
1896 are again ord- 
ering from us this 
spring, 

This MUST prove 
that they were well 
satisfied. 

If you want the 

very best outfit that 

money can buy (and that is 

the only kind you should 

have) call or write to us. 



COOPER 8 LEVY, 

Wholesale and Retail Grocers, 
104 and 106 Commercial Street, 
Seattle, Wash. Postoffice 
Box 115. Price list mailed on 
application. 



ii MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBflT. 

Arizona 

Gold Mining Go. 



OFFICERS. 



fM rj* rA*» 
«^» j$» j$» 



WM. FRANKFURT President 

N. W. SCANLOIV Vice-President 

D. M. SOLLID AY Secretary 

FRANK JOB'ST Treasurer 



HEAD OFFICE, 

601=602 Pioneer Building 

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. 



The Arizona Gold Mining Company owns the Arizona and Washington 
mining claims, on the headwaters of the north fork of the Snoqualmie River, 
in King County, Washington. They are only one mile from the Brooklyn 
group on Miller River and the Apex mine on Money Creek, being on the oppo- 
site side of the same mountain ridge and are only a mile distant from 
Miller & Sharp's Mastodon mine. 

The Arizona ledge is forty feet wide between walls of granite and the 
ore is sulphides carrying gold, silver and copper. 

The Washington adjoins the Arizona and has a ledge fifty feet wide, 
carrying ore f»r twenty feet of it3 width. 

Timber is abundant, a fine millsite can be had on the shore of three small 
lakes through which a stream flows, furnishing abundant water power. 

A limited amount of treasury stock is offered for pals 

Write for prospectus and price of stock. | 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. ill 

^3 THE C* 

Gold Mountain 
Mining GomD'y 



OFFICERS. 

WM. FRAJfKFIRT President 

G. J. BORGFORD Vice-Preaidettt 

GEO. W. DEVECMON Secretary and Treasorw 



Head Office 601-2 Pioneer Building, 
Seattle, Wash. 



The Gold Mountain Mining Company's property consists of eljfht ftiH- 
sized claims, namely: Grand Central, Bonanza Queen, Paymaster, Crown 
Point, San Francisco, Red Jacket, Bald Eagle and Happy-Go-Lucky. 

All these claims are situated on Money Creek, King County, Washington, 
within about three miles of the Great Northern Railroad and only fifty-two 
miles by rail from a smelter. They have large bodies of iron and copper 
sulphide ore carrying gold, which can be made to pay dividends by a small 
expenditure for development. Regarding Money Creek the Washington Min- 
ing Journal says: 

"This district is in the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, in King 
County, State of Washington, and is easily accessible. Skykomish, on the 
Great Northern Railway, is the nearest railway station. If there were no 
other mines in the State of Washington it could still claim distinction as a 
mining state on the strength of Money Creek alone. The large disclosures 
of ore in the locality exceed those of Treadwell, in Alaska. The bodies of ore 
on the Bonanza Queen and Paymaster are believed to be inexhaustible. Th« 
Gold Mountain Mining Company is the owner of both claims, and with its 
ne ?v and complete equipment of machinery and a force of competent workmen 
Will record a large output during the present year," 

A limited amount of treasury stock for sale. 

Vrite for prospectus and price of stock. 



MININ© IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



Celvllle 
Reservation. 

THE) RUSH this spring will be to 
the Colville reservation. Shares in 
good mines already developed are 
sure to advance as the Mineral Belt 
from Trail Creek, B. C, extends 
into the Pierre lake district, and 
far richer properties have been 
found in this district than have yet 
been developed near Rossland. 

Investors will make money by 
purchasing Treasury Stock of the 

Bow tooie Gold Mining Co. 
And syndicate Gold Ming Go. 

At 10 cents per share. Stock fully 
paid and non-assessable. Price will 
be advanced by companies as work 
progresses. Over 87 feet of tunnel 
and shaft work already done, and 
contract for 100 feet more of tun- 
nel about to be let. 

For shares and particulars write 
to the company, room B., Haller 
block, or Wm. D. Perkins & Co., 
101 New York block, Seattle. 




Stocks 
And Mining 
Investments. 



Claims and Stocks Bought and 
Sold. Properties Re- 
ported On. 



Codes Used— A. B. C, 4th Edi- 
tion, Moreing & Neal, M'Neill, 
Clousb, Bedford M'Neal. 



119 Me SI.,- • lMNCWUC. 



J. H. WISE 

Mining 
Engineer. 

Reports on Mines, Engineers Devel- 
opment, advice on Concentration 
and Milling- of ores. P. O. Box 557, 
Rooms 56-57 Epler Block, Seattle. 
Take elevator McDonald Block. 

Gas and 
Gaseiine Engines. 

STATIONARY ID MURINE, 



GEO. SINTZ 

1307 Western Avenue, 

SEATTLE, WASH. 

Mention this ad. 



Walling & Tozier 

Promoters of 

MINING PROPERTIES 

Rooms 3 ond 4, Solon Blot 

SEATTLE, WASH 

Mines and Stocks bought and 

Sold. Write Us for In 

formation. 

Edward L. Ensel, 

MINES BOUGHT 
AND SOLD. 

Examinations and Reports 
Made. 
Reference on Application. 



SEATTLE, - - - 



WASH. 



DIRECTOEY OF MINING COMPANIES. 



Some of the Leading Companies Operating in 
Washington and British Columbia. 

ALKI GOLD MINING CO. (LIMITED)— Capital stock, $750,000; treasury stock, 
$150,000; office, Tacoma; property, Alki, Trail Creek. Officers: President, 
James J. Anderson; vice president, John W. Renfroe; secretary, Julius F. 
Hale; treasurer, Robert G. Hudson. 

ALPHA GOLD & COPPER MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $250,000; office, room C, Bailey building, Seattle; property, Alpha 
group, Index district. Officers: President, T. A. Gamble; vice presi- 
dent, S. R. Haddock; secretary and treasurer, J. H. Irving. 

ARIZONA GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,500,000; treasury stock, 
$300,000; office, 601-2 Pioneer building, Seattle; property, Arizona group, 
Buena Vista district. Officers: President, William Frankfurt; vice presi- 
dent, N. W. Scanlon; secretary, D. M. Solliday; treasurer, Frank Jobst. 

BALD EAGLE GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 
$400,000; office, Room B, Haller block, Seattle; property, Bald Eagle group 
of five claims, Colville Reservation. Officers: President, Harwood Mor- 
gan; secretary, W. D. Wood; treasurer, W. D. Perkins. 

BALLARD GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treas- 
ury stock, $200,000; office, Ballard, Wash.; property, Cle-Elum. Officers: 
President, M. Dow; secretary, F. F. Fisher; treasurer, P. C. Sankey; 
trustees, Mayor G. G. Startup, W. R. Calderwood, A. Grubb, S. W. Baker, 
L. S. Hawley, H. T. Hawley, O. Johnson. 

BALTIMORE & SEATTLE MINING & REDUCTION CO.— Capital stock, 
$1,000,000; office, 312 and 313 Occidental block, Seattle, Wash.; property, nine 
claims in Granite Mountain mining district (unorganized), Miller river, 
King county, Washington. President, Andrew Blakistone; secretary, D. 
N. Baxter; treasurer, Herman Chapin; Andrew Hemrich, Andrew Blaki- 
stone, D. N. Baxter. 

BIG BEAR MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,000; 
office, box 1136, Seattle; property, Big Bear group, Silverton district. Offi- 
cers: President, A. Kistler; vice president and general manager, Richard 
Hussey; secretary and treasurer, E. A. Bridgman. 

BIG EIGHT GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $2,000,000; treas- 
ury stock, $600,000; cash in treasury, $1,250; office, 306-7 Fernwell block, 
Spokane, Wash; property, Big Eight group, Twisp district. Officers: 
President, I. S. Kaufman; vice president, H. J. Martin; secretary, R. Aber- 
nethy; treasurer, W. D. Scott. 

BLACK HAWK MINING & CONCENTRATING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; 
treasury stock, $400,000; office, 52 Hinckley block, Seattle, Wash; property, 
Black Hawk, Franklin, Le Roi and Josie, Howard creek and Index district. 
Officers: President, I. Hulme; secretary, L. M. Presnall; treasurer, Fred 
Furth. 

BLACK ROCK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, 1,000,000 shares; treasury 
stock, 250,000 shares; office, 905 First avenue, Seattle, Wash.; property, The 
Black Rock mineral claim, Trail Creek district. Officers: President, W. P. 
Boyd; vice president, O. R. Dahl; secretary, W. Y. L. Rutherford; treas- 
urer, Andrew Chilberg; general manager, A. W. Anderson; consulting 
engineer, Ernest G. Locke. 

BONANZA MINING & SMELTING CO.— Capital stock, $2,000,000; treasury 
stock, $400,000; office, 35 Sullivan building, Seattle; property, Silver creek. 
Officers: President, Peter Chiodo; secretary, Charles Love joy; treasurer, 
A. Chilberg. 

CASCADE DEVELOPMENT CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 
$250,000; office, Everett, Wash. Officers: President, F. A. White; vice presi- 
dent and treasurer, W. G. Swalwell; secretary, S. N. Baird. Objects: Fur- 
nish capital to develop mines, buy and sell mining properties. 

CHELAN GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 250,0©# 
shares; office, 110 Washington building, Seattle, Wash.; property, Blue Jay 
and Seattle, Chelan mining district, Okanogan county, Washington. Offi- 
cers: President, H. F. Norton; secretary, John P. Jacobsen; treasurer, 
Andrew Chilberg; trustees, H. F. Norton, George F. Raymond, A. Chilberg-, 
N. B. N«lson, Thomas Bowes; superintendent, J. D. McDermott. 



vi 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Far Investments In the 



Everett Mining Exchange 

No. 2 Realty Block, 

: EVERETT, WASHINGTON. 

Capital, $100,000. 

Officers.... 

F. A. White, president; W. R. 
Stockbridge, vice president; Ed- 
ward Mills, secretary; A. J. West- 
land, treasurer; F. J. Call, assist- 
ant treasurer. 

Public and private sale of mining 
stocks. (Mines and Mining claims 
bought and sold. 



orati Bros. 

*—. COvlPANY, 

Manufacture 
All Kinds 

Mining 

Machinery. 

Seattle, Wash. 
GEO. D. SCOTT, 

VICTORIA and 

VANCOUVER, 

British Columbia. 



mines and Fracti©naS Interests 
4 Specialty. 



Personally inspects all properties 
handled. Correspondence solicited. 



D. C. JOHNSON, 

Mining 
investments. 



Office With . . . 
A. W. Hawks, Doraha t r B:k., 
i&verett. Waafc. 



€Ie-E!uin mining district 

Call Upon or Write to 

M. SinNFV l l llt 
Mining: Broker, 

221 - 222 Kasr 1 B,dg " 



Judson C. Hubbart, 

ATTORNEY 
AT LAW. 

Mining Law a Specialty. 

With Robinson & Rowell, Hol- 
ier Block, 
SEATTLE, WASH. 



F. J. CALL, 

Mining 
Broker. 

EVERETT, WASH. 



THE ORIGINAL 

Giant, Judson Improved 
And Clipper 

BLASTIN6 POWDERS 

Also a full line of finest Fuse 
and caps. 



GEO. B. ADAIR fc gQN, Aftwte. 
flattie, W<m*. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. vll 

CLEOPATRA MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; office, 312 and 313 Occi- 
dental block, Seattle, Wash.; property, three claims in Granite Mountain 
mining district (unorganized), Miller river, King county, Washington. 
President, J. T. Blakistone; secretary, D. N. Baxter; treasurer, R. R. 
Spencer. 

COOK KITCHEN MINING CO. (Tin Mine).— Office, Seattle, Wash. Officers: 
President, L. Banks; vice president, W. H. Rooks; treasurer, W. B. Hutch- 
inson; secretary, G. I. Case. 

CO-OPERATIVE MINING SYNDICATE.— Capital stock, $50,000,000; office, 114 
Columbia street, Seattle, Wash. Officers: President, Charles E. Crane; 
secretary, A. Robinson; treasurer, A. Chilberg; attorney, J. A. Stratton. 

DEER TRAIL MINING CO.— Capital stock, $500,000, par value $1 per share; 
office, Davenport, Wash.; property, Cedar Canyon district. Officers: Pres- 
ident, A. W. Turner; treasurer, B. O. Gibson; secretary, E. E. Plough; 
directors, A. W. Turner, B. O. Gibson, E. E. Plough, D. Child, F. T. McCul- 
lough, C. Golden, A. Mobley. 

DETROIT-WINDSOR MILL & MINING CO.— Capital stock, 1,000,000 shares of 
$1 each; treasury stock, 150,000 shares: office. Seattle, Wash.; property, 
Detroit, Windsor, Detroit No. 2, Windsor No. 2, and Bryan mines near 
Loomis, Wash. Trustees: President, M. G. Barney; vice president, 
John Schram; secretary, A. P. Mitten; treasurer, A. M. Brookes; E. W. 
Pember; A. W. Engle, Mark Bailey, Jr. 

ECLIPSE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $400,000; prop- 
erty, comprising twenty-seven claims in Silverton district. Officers: Presi- 
dent, E. C. Ferguson; secretary, D. S. Swerdfiger. 

ELLIOTT CREEK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,200,000; treasury 
stock, $300,000; office, 52 Safe Deposit building, Seattle. Officers: President, 
H. W. Coffin; secretary and treaeurer, H. C. Paige. 

EMPIRE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; office, 501-502 Washington 
block, Seattle, Wash. ; property, near Camp McKinney, Osoyoos division, 
British Columbia. Officers: President, G. E. Hallock; secretary, W. H. 
Clark; treasurer, A. E. Nelson. 

EUREKA MINING CO.— Capital stock, $100,000; office, Anacortes, Wash.; 
property, Eureka group, Slate Creek district. Officers: President, Mel- 
ville Curtis; secretary, E. S. Dodge. 

EUREKA MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $448,000; office, Everett, Wash.; property, Eureka and Eureka 
Extension No. 1, Silverton district; president, P. K. Lewis; secretary, 
Alex. Keay; treasurer, Charles Anderson. 

45 CONSOLIDATED MINING CO.— Capital stock, $2,000,000 in $10 shares, fully 
paid and non-assessable; treasury stock, $750,000; office, Everett, Wash.; 
property, 45 group, Sultan basin. Officers: President, W. C. Cox; vice 
president, L. A. Dyer; secretary, Louis Henry Legg; treasurer, Schuyler 
Duryee; general manager, W. F. Brown. 

GOLD BELT MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000; 
office, 33-34-35 Union block, Seattle; property, Sunset, Keremeos district, 
British Columbia. Officers: President, G. W. Yancy; secretary, A. B. Ball; 
treasurer, A. D. Eshelman; attorney, John F. Miller. 

GOLD HILL MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,500,000; treasury 
stock, $500,000; office, Buckley, Wash.; property, King, Cascade, Axe and G. 
A. R., Summit district. Officers: President, Edw. C. Keith; secretary, 
Seymour H. Bell; treasurer, Gwin Hicks; vice president, J. B. Current. 

GOLD MOUNTAIN MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 
$200,000; office. 601-2 Pioneer building, Seattle; property, Gold Mountain 
group, Money Creek district. Officers: President, William Frankfurt; 
vice president, G. J. Borgford; secretary and treasurer, G. W. Devecmon; 
superintendent, J. T. Pomercy. 

GOLD TUNNEL MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300.- 
000; office, Seattle Ice Co., Seattle; property, Money creek. Officers: Presi- 
dent, Geo. W. Devecmon; secretary, G. C. Mitchell; treasurer, R. C. Connor. 

GREAT WESTERN MINING & REDUCTION CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; 
treasury stock, $200,000; office, Ballard, Wash.; property, Stillaguamish, 
Fortuna, Sixteen to One, Mountain "View and Ballard. Officers: Presi- 
dent, H. B. Pederson; secretary, William M. Curtiss; treasurer, Lewis 
Anderson. 

HIDDEN TREASURE GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock. 
$1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000, non-assessable; office, 114 Yesler way, 
Seattle; property, Hidden Treasure mine, Squaw Creek district, Washing- 
ton. Officers: President, James West; secretary, Joseph W. Gregory; 
trPrJSiirpr "FT "R. "Rf^vli^s 

HIGHLANDER GOLD & SILVER MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; 
treasury stock, $300,000; office, 412 Bailey block, Seattle; property, High- 
lander group, Miller river. Officers: President, D. E. Durie; secretary, 
George Low; treasurer, W. W. Easter. 

IDAHO & WOLVERINE MINING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $250,000; office, Rialto building; property, Idaho and Wolverine, 
Chelan district. Officers: President, George F. Raymond; secretary, T. 
Bowes. 

IRON MOUNTAIN CONSOLIDATED GOLD & COPPER MININ© CO.— 



vtii Mining in thh SaciWc norShwhs*. 

4Sent Orphan Bey Geld Mining Company, Limited. 

Big Bend, comi River, 65 m From Reveisioke, Brinsn conn 



DAVID F. DOUGLAS, Broker, 

Established 1887. 

Mines and Mining Stocks, Real Estate and Insurance, 
MONEY TO LOAN. 

Offices— Masonic Block, Cor. Cambie and Cordova Sts., 
VANCOUVER, B. C. 



Mines, Mining Stocks and Real Estate. 
Write for Weekly Stock List. 

Now is "the time" for solid, safe investments in VANCOUVER, BRIT- 
ISH COLUMBIA, THE 10-YEAR-O LD WONDER OF THE PACIFIC 
COAST. 

Quotations on all mining stock s, 
A B. C. and Clough Code. 

DAVID F. DOUGLAS, 
Masonic Block, Corner Cambie Sts., Vancouver, B. C. 



DIER, DAVIDSON & RUSSELL 
Mining Brokers, 

Head Office, Victoria, B. C. 

Branch Office, Hamilton, Ontario. 



Nines at Fairview, B. C, For Sale. 



Town lots in Fairview, B. C, now on the market. If you want to make 
money quickly invest in Mines or Town lots at Fairview, the coming camp in 
British Columbia. 

Cabfe Address "DIMNEU." Iterelaft « NmI's fed* 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. ix 

Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,000; office, 52 Hinckley block, 
Seattle, Wash. ; property, Nest Egg, Iron Cap, Duke, River Side, Ray-Belle- 
Clyde and War Eagle, Howard Creek and Index district. Officers: Presi- 
dent, W. H. Moore; secretary, L. M. Presnall; treasurer, J. R. Griffith. 

KASLO MONTEZUMA MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,250,000; 
treasury stock, $300,000; office, Seattle, Washington; branch office, Kaslo, 
B. C; property, Montezuma, Mexico, Vera Cruz, Buena Vista, Slocan 
mining district. President, C. L. Webb; secretary and treasurer, Maurice 
McMicken; trustees, C. L. Webb, E. C. Hughes, John B. Allen, Maurice 
McMicken, L. L, Patrick. 

LIVINGSTONE-ANDREWS MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $250,000; office, Seattle, Wash.; property, Our Sisters and Pohakaole, 
Silverton (Stillaguamish) district. Officers: President, C. Livingstone; 
secretary and treasurer, W. R. Andrews. 

LOG CABIN GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000, $1 shares; office, 601 
Pioneer building, Seattle; property, Money Creek district. Officers: Presi- 
dent and treasurer, Julius Wegert; vice president, Oswald Meyer; secre- 
tary, D. M. Solliday; trustees, George V. Gau, M. W. Scanlon, Julius 
Wegert and Oswald Meyer. 

MARIETTA MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,000; 
office, Everett, Wash.; property, Palmer mountain, Okanogan county. 
Officers: President, P. A. White; vice president, J. S. Mcllhany; secretary, 

E. P. Gardiner; treasurer, W. G. Swalwell; general manager, Charles Hove. 
MAYFLOWER NUMBER FOUR GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,- 

000; office, Seattle, Wash.; property, Murphy creek, British Columbia. Offi- 
cers: President, J. M. E. Atkinson; secretary and treasurer, F. A. Bell. 

MILLER RIVER MINING CO.— Capital, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000; 
office, 628 Pioneer building. Officers: President, George Fowler; secretary 
and treasurer, C. A. McKenzie. 

MONTEREY GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; office, 
602 Pioneer block, Seattle; property, Georgie Smith group, Leavenworth 
district. Officers: President, Samuel Gibson; vice president, Homer W. 
Olts; secretary, D. M. Solliday; treasure, George L. Hay. 

NEW YORK & BALTIMORE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000, 200,000 
shares; treasury stock, 80,000 shares; office, 515 New York block, Seattle; 
property, ten claims on Miller river and Money creek. Officers: President, 

F. D. Van Wagenen; secretary and treasurer, Frank P. Lewis. 

OLD GLORY MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 333,333 
shares; office, Seattle, Wash.; property, Slocan district, British Columbia, 
2V 2 miles from Slocan City. Officers; President, J. F. McNaught; secretary, 
Francis A. Bell. 

PERRY CREEK MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,- 
000; office, 119 Washington building, Seattle, Wash.; property, Eureka, 
Cosmopolitan, Maybar, Orient, Copper Queen, Copper King, Eventide, 
Olympian, Ajax, Fanny D., Wooley, Rocky, Skookum, Skookum No. 2 and 
the J. A. Dorman, Stillaguamish district. Officers: President, Angus W. 
Young; secretary and treasurer, George T. Reichenbach. 

PICKWICK MINING & DEVELOPMENT CO.— Capital stock, $10,000; office, 
Rialto building,* Seattle; property, Pickwick group, Leavenworth district. 
Officers: President, N. B. Nelson; secretary, Thomas Bowes; treasurer, 
Andrew Chilberg. 

PORTLAND & NORTHWESTERN EXPLORATION & MINING CO.— Capi- 
tal stock, $250,000; office, 32, 33 and 34 Washington block, Portland, Or.; prop- 
erty, St. Helen's district. Officers: President, F. Abraham; secretary, 

QUADRA MINING CO.^-flapital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $400,000; office, 
Safe Deposit building, Seattle, Wash.; property, Lane, Deadwood No. 1, 
Deadwood and Western claims, Flat creek, Northport district. Officers: 
President, W. Strohl; secretary, J. G. Blake; treasurer, J. G. Cotton. 

RIVERSIDE GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000 treasury stock, 
$250,000; office, 715 New York block, Seattle, Wash.; property, Dayville, 
Riverside, East End claims, Squaw Creek mining district. Officers: 
President, J. G. Cotton; secretary, Stewart E. Smith. 

ROSSLAND UNITED GOLD MINING CO.— Capital Stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $300,000; office, Seattle. Officers: President, T. J. Humes; secretary, 
Alpheus Byers; treasurer, R. V. Ankeny. 

ST. KEVERNE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $200,000; 
office, Spokane Hotel, Spokane, Wash. ; property, St. Keverne group, Payne 
mountain, Slocan district, British Columbia. Officers: President, J. D. 
Farrell; secretary, Sid. Norman; treasurer, Sid Norman; trustees, W. S. 
Norman, C. G. Reeder and Ben Norman. 

SEARCHLIGHT MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $400,- 
©00; office, 5 Colonial block, Seattle, Wash.; property, Searchlight No. 1, 
Searchlight No. 2, Elgin and Trilby claims, Flat creek, Northport district. 
Officers: President, J. G. Cotton; secretary, George W. Bacon; treasurer, 
F. , M. Jordan. 

SILVER CREEK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000, $1 shares; 
treasury stock, $300,000; office, Everett, Wash.; property, Silver Cre«k dts- 



r MOTCNGt IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBiT. 

Shortest, Quickest, Cheapest 



ROUTE TO- 



Lake Chelan, Methow, All ©kan- 
ogan and Colvllle Reser- 
vation Points. 



Only direct route to Chelan, Ives, The Twisp, Gold Creek, Squaw Creek, 
Silver, Slate Creek, Ruby, Conconully, Loomis, Golden, Oro, Camp McKIn- 
ney, Rock Creek, Boundary Creek, and all Colville Reservation points. 

TAKE STEAMER 

CITY OF ELLENSBURG 

AT WENATCHEE. 

For further information, any agent G. N. Ry., or write Alex Griggs, Mgr., 
Wenatchee Wash. 



SIUEBE9N 





The Center of the Stillaguattiish 
Mining District. 

Distributing Point for the SILVER GULCH, DEER CKEEK 
and MARTIN CREEK MINES. 

Special inducements to parties seeking business locations 
in the ORIGINAL TOWNSITE OF SILVERTON. 

Title perfect— U. S. Patent. 



W. R. WHITTON, PARKER McKENZIE, 

SILVERTON, ----- - - WASHINGTON 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. xi 

trlct, Snohomish county. President, A. J Westland; secretary, D. C. 
Johnson; treasurer, J. N. Scott. 

SILVER LAKE MINING & SMELTING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treas- 
ury stock, 250,000 shares; office, Seattle, Wash.; property, Monte Cristo and 
Silver creek. President, Sol G. Simpson; secretary, Francis A. Bell. 

SLOCAN-RECIPROCITY MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000: treasury 
stock, $200,000; office, Spokane Hotel, Spokane, Wash.; property, Reciproc- 
ity and Lillian on Payne mountain, Slocan district, British Columbia. 
President, J. D. Farrell; secretary and treasurer, Sid. Norman; trustees, 
J. H. Thompson, W. S. Norman and J. A. Whittier. 

STANDARD GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000: treas- 
ury stock, $300,000; no personal stock issued; office, 114 Yesler way, Seattle; 
property, Standard and Louisa, Methow district. President, Douglas 
Young; secretary, M. D. Clark; treasurer, C. N. Hutchinson, Gen Mang, 
James West. 

SYNDICATE GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 
$400,000; office, room B, Haller block. Seattle; property. Syndicate group of 
five claims, Colville Reservation. President, Harwood Morgan; secretary, 
W. D. Wood; treasurer, W. D. Perkins. 

T. & K. MINING CO.— Capitalization, 1,000,000 shares; treasury fund, 250,000 
shares; office, Everett; property, Stillaguamish district, Snohomish county. 
President, H. L. Keyte; secretary, Jas. A. McLaren; treasurer, J. W. 
Baihly. 

THE CLERMONT GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; 
treasury stock, $200,000 office, Seattle, Washington property, Cle-elum 
mining district, Kittitas county, Washington. President, O. O. Hamre; 
secretary, D. M. Soiliday; vice president and treasurer, C. F. Karns. 

THE COLVILLE GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $400,000; office, Olympia, Wash. President, T. N. Allen; secretary 
and treasurer, Oscar S. Bowen. 

THE GOLD BAR MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,- 
000; office, rooms 23 to 26 Haller building, Seattle; property, Gold Bar, Little 
Diamond, Homeward Bound. Silver Creek district, Snohomish county, 
Washington. President, Franklin Bedford, Chicago; secretary, J. W. 
Crawford, Minneapolis; vice president, J. O. Robinson, Seattle; trustees, 
Judson C. Hubbard, William E. Smith. 

THE HAMILTON GOLD & COPPER MINING CO.-Capital stock, 1,000,000 
shares, par value $1 per share; treasury stock, 350,000 shares; office, 217 
Columbia street, Seattle; property, at Hamilton, Skagit county, Washing- 
ton. President, W. P. Stanley; secretarj' - ,. F. H. Browning; trustees, W. P. 
Stanley, Capt. W. Clark, F. H. Browning, John G. Hunter, C. H. Fuller, 
B. M^arshall C J Hessler. ' 

THE* IRON HOPE MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $600,000; treasury 
stock, $250,000; office, Seattle, Wash.; property, the Iron Hope claims, Trail 
Creek district, British Columbia. President, Charles G. Scott; secretary, 
W. T. Scott: treasurer, Salmon Lauridson. 

THE LONDON GALENA MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, 2,000,000 
shares, par value $1; treasury stock, 750,000 shares; office, 217 Columbia 
street, Seattle; property, fifteen claims in Cascade district, Skagit county, 
Washington. President, Capt. W. Clark; secretary, F. H. Browning; trus- 
tees, C. D. Chambers, Capt. W. Clark, John Willard, C. H. Fuller, W. C. 
Keith, C. H. Smith. 

THE MARTIN CREEK MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock. 
$334,000; office, room 53, Boston block, Seattle; property, seven claims near 
Silverton, Wash. President, William Frankfurt; secretary and treasurer, 
H. R. Clise. 

THE MONARCH GOLD & SILVER MINING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000; 
treasury stock, $300,000; office, 217 Columbia street; property, Monarch No. 1 
and Monarch No. 2, Granite Mountain mining district, Miller river. Presi- 
dent, W. M. Wilson; secretary and treasurer, F. H. Browning; trustees C 
E. Hill, B. W. Padley, V. L. Bevington, J. M. Layhue, F. H. Browning' 

THE PITTSBURG MINING & OPERATIVE CO.— Capital stock, $250 000 • 
treasury stock, $50; office, room 208 Pioneer building, Seattle, Wash.; prop- 
erty, a placer claim on the Wenatchee river near Peshastin. President 
William Keene; secretary, W. W. Radcliffe; treasurer, E. G. Jackson' 
trustees, William Keene, W. W. Radcliffe, E. J. Jackson and A. G. Jackson' 

THE ROBINSON MINING CO.— Capital stock, $600,000; treasury stock, $100,000; 
office, Seattle, Wash.; property, three claims on Cedar river, King county,' 
Washington. President, E. B. Robinson; secretary and treasurer, E L* 
Drew. 

THE TENASKET GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $500,000, non-assessable 
$1 per share; treasury stock, $230,000; office, room 224 Bailev building, Seat- 
tle, Wash.; property, Andruss, Okanogan county; Raymond, Sparling Cur- 
lew district, Stevens county. President, Alfred Raymond; secretary and 
treasurer, Lawrence Spear; trustees, Alfred Raymond, Lawrence Spear 
and William P. Watson. 

TJKE TREASURE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock $250 - 
000; ofRme, room 302 Burke building, Seattle; property, Horse Bboe Treaa- 



xii 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



If 







Iron and Brass Founders 
and Machinists. 



i 



Manufacturers and Dealers in 

Mill and Mining Machinery, 

Elevators. 

Pumps and Pumping machinery. 

Air Compressors, 

ititW 

Saw and Shingle Machinery* 

Hoisting: Engines. 

Railway Machinery Supplies, 

Steel "Beams, 

Marine and Stationery Engines, 

Propeller Wheels. 






*^r* 



m 
w 

IU PIT CARS ' 



STAMP MILLS, 
ALL KINDS 
ORE OARS, 
ORE SKIPS, 






ORE CRUSHERS, 



% 



fIS CRUSHING ROLLS, 
^ fi\ CONCENTRATORS, 

W 
% J 



SLAG CARTS, 

TRAMWAY®, 

RETORTS. 



& 



Have full line of cold rolled steel shafting, cap and set screws, stud 
bolts, rough and finished nuts, bolts, journal boxes, set collars, pulleys, re- 
torts, mortars, etc., Have 14"xl4"xl4" secondhand air compressor, com- 
plete with air receiver, complete price... $650.00 

Also new 500-pound five- stamp mill in stock $500.00 



FINEST STOCK OF PATTERNS IN THE NORTHWEST. 
Superior in Quality. Prompt Shipment. 



Water Front, Bet. Union and University Sts, 

Telephone Pike 60. P. O. Box No. 331. 

SEATTLE, - ----- - WASHINGTON. 



Prices lowest consistent with reputable products and current 

uia rLel \alue». 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. xill 

ure Box, Sliver Creflek district, Snohomish county, Washington. Presi- 
dent, H. R. Clise; secretary and treasurer, E. F. McAuliffe; trustees, H. R. 
Clise, E. F. McAuliffe, George F. Ward, E. Petronio, F. A. Ausman, C. 
Ludewig - , G. J. Borgford, Wiliam E. Smith. 

TIN MINE.— 26 government mineral claims, see Cook Kitchen, this directory. 

TOBIQUE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $200,000; 
office, Colonial block, Seattle, Wash.; property, Monte Cristo district; sec- 
retary, F. M. Jordan. 

TRAIL CREEK MIDLAND MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury 
stock, $250,000; principal office, Spokane; property, Clara group, Red Top 
mountain, near Northport. President, George F. Orchard, Tacoma; vice 
president and general manager, F. J. Monroe; treasurer and trustee. W. 
H. Murray, Seattle; secretary. P. A. Morgan, Seattle. 

TUESDAY GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250.- 
000; office, Safe Deposit building, Seattle. Wash.; property, Sunday, Tues- 
day, Wednesday and Thursday claims, in Squaw creek, Methow district. 
President, J. G. Blake; secretary, J. G. Cotton; treasurer, J. B. Powles. 

TUSCAN GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000; 
office, Haller block; property in Trail Creek district, British Columbia. 
President, Frank A. Pontius; secretary, F. J. Hardy. 

UNA MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,200,000; treasury stock, 
$240,000; office, 619 Pioneer block, Seattle; property, Una group, Bryan 
group, Santa Fe group, total of 28 claims on Red Mountain in Leavenworth 
district. President, J. • T. Ronald, ex-mayor; vice president, George W. 
Hall, ex-mayor; secretary, Robert Liveslv. 

UNION & DOMINION MINING CO.— Capital stock, $500,000; treasury stock, 
$250,000; office, 619 Pioneer block, Seattle. Wash.; property, Union and 
Dominion, Negro creek. President, M. R. Galloway; secretary, J. T. 
Ronald; treasurer, George W. Hall. 

VAN ANDA COPPER & GOLD CO.— Capital stock, $5,000,000; treasury stock, 
$3,000,000; office, 108 La Salle street, Chicago. 111., 613 Bailey building, Seattle, 
and Victoria, B. C; property, Texada Island, British Columbia, 774 acres 
crown granted land. President, Edward Blewett; secretary, R. D. Hall; 
treasurer, Harry W. Treat; trustees, Edward Blewett, Hon, C. E. Pooley, 
Henry Saunders, C. S. Neras, H. W. Treat. 

WHISKEY HILL MINING CO.— Capital .stock, $5,000,000; treasury stock, 
$2,000,000; office, Ellensburg, Wash.; property, twenty claims and tunnel site 
on Whisky Hill near the Okanogan river, Wanicutt Lake district. Presi- 
dent, Charles H. Flummerfelt; secretary. Martin Cameron; treasurer, H. 
M. Baldwin; trustees, Charles H. Flummerfelt,, William Lewis and Thomas 
Cody. 

WHITE ROCK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $2,000,000; treasury stock, 
300,000 shares; office, 905 First avenue, Seattle, Wash.; property, The Ever- 
ett, Crescent and Swan, one-eighth interest in Fortuna, 16 to 1, Ballard and 
Mountain View. President, A. W. Anderson; vice president, F. Wright; 
secretary, O. R. Dahl; treasurer, A. Grubb. 



W ashington .... 
Mining R egistry. 



£very Mining Company will find it valuable 
to be certified to by the registry. 



SEE FULL PAGE ADVERTISEMENT IN THIS BOOK. 



ERNEST i. LUG. secretary. 0«$: 309, 310, 31 1 Bailey Htm, seams. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



I 



\) 




308-310 

First Av. South, 

Seattle, Wash. 




Manufacturers 
And Dealers in 

Mining 

And Mill 
Machinery 

Northwestern 
Agents for 

Ingersoll Sergeant Drill Co., 

Pelton Water Wheel Co., 

GOLD KING AMALGAMATOR. 



Estimates Made on Partial or Complete Plants. 

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, 

Long Distance Telephone main 89. 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Page 
ASSAYERS AND OHEMISTS. 
Bogardus, C. E., Seattle, Wash.... 20 
Burkman, A. 'H., i Northport, 

-Wash 32 

Dewsnap, S. G., Methow, Wash 53 

Johnson, A. L., Seattle, Wash 54 

Voll, C. H., Seattle, Wash 26 

ATTORNEYS. 
Hubbart, Judson C, Seattle, Wash. 6 

Robertson, P. C, Spokane 40 

Scott & Ellsworth, Seattle. Wash.. 32 

Winstock, iMelvin G.. Seattle 38 

BANKS. 

Bank of British North America... 52 

CATERERS. 

Alladio, P., Spokane, Wash 20 

McKee, W. E., Seattle 40 

CIVIL AND MINING ENGINEERS. 
Brown. Webster, Seattle, Wash.... 44 
Buck & Bouillon, Rossland, B. C. 36 

Croft, Henry, Rossland, B. C 

Inside front cover 

Gardner, Albro. Seattle, Wash 44 

Wise, J. H., Seattle 4 

DETECTIVES. 

West & Surrv. Seattle. Wash 26 

FURRIERS. 

Petkovits, R.. Seattle, Wash 28 

GOLD-BUYERS. 
Mayer, Joseph & Bros., Seattle, 

Wash 54 

MACHINERY. 
Chrome Steel Works, Brooklyn, 

N. Y 26 

Leffel, James & Co., Spring-field, 

42 

Mitchell. Lewis & Staver Co., Se- 
attle, Wash 14 

Morair Bros. Co.. Seattle. Wash... 6 
Pelton Water Wheel Co., San 

Francisco 44 

Sintz. George, Seattle, Wash 4 

Vulcan Iron Works Co., Seattle, 

Wash 12 

MINERS' SUPPLIES. 
Adair, Geo. B. & Son, Seattle, 

Wash 6 

Poooer & Levy. Seattle, Wash 1 

Seattle Woolen Mill Co ;... 44 

Washington Dental & Photogra- 
phic Sunnly Co.. Seattle 30 

MTNTNG BROTHERS. 

Call. F. J., Everett, "Wash.. 6 

Clarke. R. E. & CO., Spokane, 

Wash 40 

Dier. Davidson & Russell, Vic- 
toria, B. C 8 

Douglas. David F., Vancouver, 

B. C 8 

Douglas. C. S.. Vancouver, B. C... 22 
Fnsel. Edward L.. Seattle. Wash.. 4 

Everett Mining Exchange 6 

Hnvden. Wilev & Co., Seattle, 

Wash 42 

Tnnes, F. C Vancouver, B. C 1 

Johnson, D. C. Everett. Wash.... 6 
Jones. Allayne A., Vancouver, 

B C 38 

McCon'ihe, ' l! ' f! .' Roslym ' Wa sh '. '. ' 32, 

Norman, S. & Co., Spokane, I 

Wash Back of title paga 



Pag« 

Puget Mining & Brokerage Co., 

Seattle, Wash 32 

Rand Bros., Vancouver, B. C 16 

Rand & Wallbridge, Sandon, B. C. 16 
Reddin-Jackson Company, Limit- 
ed, Rossland, B. C 24 

Scott, George D., Victoria and 

Vancouver, B. C 6 

Sidney, M., Tacoma, Wash 6 

Sparkman, J. M.. Seattle, Wash... 32 
Taggart, F. S., Vancouver, B. C... 4 
Thompson, W. T., Midway, B. C 26 
Walling & Tozier, Seattle, Wash.. 4 
Walters Co., Ltd. Ly., Rossland, 

B. C 19 

MINFNG COMPANIES. 

Arizona Gold Mining Co., Seattle. 2 

Bald Fag-le Gold Mining Co., Seat- 
tle, Wash 4 

Canadian Gold Fields Syndicate, 
Ltd., Rossland, B. C 19 

Cascade Development Co., Ever- 
ett, Wash 40 

Co-operative Mining Syndicate. 
Seattle, Wash 17 and 18 

45 Consolidated Mining Co., Ever- 
ett, Wash 34 

Gold Mountain Mining Co., Seat- 
tle, Wash 3 

Marietta Mining Co., Everett, 
Wash 40 

Syndicate Gold Mining Co., Seat- 
tle, Wash 4 

Van Anda Copper & Gold Co., 
Chicago. Seattle and Victoria 40 

Washington Mining Registry. Se- 
attle. Wash 13 and 46 

NEWSPAPERS AND MINING 
PUBLICATIONS. 

Engineering & Mining Journal, 
New York 86 

Fillev & Ogden's Mining Laws, 
Grand Forks, B. C 50 

Mining, Spokane, Wash 48 

Mining & Scientific Press, San 
Francisco 30 

Post-Intelligencer. Seattle. Wash. 
Inside ba ck cover 

Seattle Mining Herald, Seattle, 
Wash 42 

Shaw4Borden Co.. Spokane. Wash. 49 

Washington Mining Journal, Seat- 
tle, Wash 40 

REAL ESTATE. 

Gaston & Johnson. Rossland, B. 

C, and Seattle, Wash 

Outside* back cover 

Livermore, C. B., Wenatchee, 

Wash 28 

Thompson. Ross. Rossland. B. C... 51 
Whitton, W. R.. & Parker Mc- 

Kenzie. Sllvprton, Wash 10 

STENOGB ^PHERS. 
Sands. Annie M.. Seattle. Wash... 40 
Wilson & Watkins. Seattle. Wash. 26 

TR \NS"POP T \ TION LTNES. 
Central Washington Railroad, 

Snokano. Wash 20 

Citv of Ellensburg. steamer 10 

Everett & Monte Cristo Railway.. 53 
Northern Pacific Railway 47 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. it 

C. D. RAND. ( _ _. ._ CD. RAND, ) ,_ n _, 

W-WAlLBillDGE,! S«d«m, B. O. B> ^ RAND> j Vancouver, B. C. 



The Rich Slocan 



Fifty-five mines have shipped ore from the 
Slocan since Dec. 1, 1896, and the value from 
customs returns is our strongest argument. 

We deal in Mines, Mining Claims and all 
Legitimate Stocks. 

We Guarantee to Sell Stocks at the Same Rates as 
Thou?!: Purchasers Were on the Ground. 

bandon is the commercial center for the 
Slocan, and the banks of British North America 
and British Columbia are established there. 

Send your orders to us and your money to 
the banks, to be paid over by them in exchange 
for stocks or bills of sale of mining properties. 

Dividend paying stocks a specialty. 

Properties in all parts of the province 
bought and sold on commission. 

Ask any prominent business man or any of 
the chartered banks about us. 



RlldSWU||(.Mi|M.Ml, B.C. 




f, B. C. 



I 



MINING 



IN THE 



Pacific Northwest 



A COMPLETE REVIEW OF THE MINERAL 

RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON 

AND BRITISH COLUMBIA 



With maps 



MftTAOPOLOOM PftlNTtN* 



Edited by 


L. K. Hodges 


Entered 


gress 


Hoq 






- 


THE POST- 


INTELLIGENCER 


SEATTLE, 


WASHINGTON 




1897 







^'k'k&'l " l " lrtrtrflrtrtrtlrjri?2( 






Codes— Morelnar A Neal, 

Bedford McNeil and Clowffh 
Telegraphic Address, "NORMAN." 



* 
* 




Nemoers Spokane and Rossland 
~C? Stock Exchanges. 

* Mining and Stock Brokers. 

Do a General Mining Brokerage R-siness 
in Slocan, Trail Creek, Okan- 
ogan and Ojher Stocks. 




EXCLUSIVE AGENTS. 



SLOCAN-RECIPROCiTY MINING CO., Slocan. 
ST. KEVERNE MINING CO., Slocan. 
ARLINGTON MINING CO. 



Slocan. 



MOM mrormanon ciwiuiiy suDDHed. 





CM •&*> *a>» *&» *&> »A» »A» «^r» *A* *<tp ^» »^ »^» «^ *A» JC5 






PREFACE. 



The enterprise of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer in sending the writer on a 
tour of the mining districts of the Pacific Northwest called forth such general 
commendation and the articles published in the course of that tour aroused 
such wide interest as to suggest the advisability of republishing them in book 
form. Such a publication was recommended by many readers of the Post- 
Intelligencer, who desired to have them in convenient form for reference. 
The canvass for subscriptions abundantly proved that a demand for such a 
work existed and the present volume is the result. 

The purpose has been to give in a succinct form and with moderation of 
statement a description of each mining district in Washington and in South- 
ern British Columbia, following a general description of each district with a 
description of each mine and the more important prospects in that district. 
The original plan was to revise the articles and add to them articles on the 
more important districts which were not on the writer's itinerary, with a 
map to illustrate each district. It has been found necessary to enlarge the 
scope of the work to such an extent that the original matter has been almost 
entirely rewritten and much" more has been added than was at first contem- 
plated. This has required a much longer time than was estimated, but the 
public would rather endure such delay than be presented with a hastily pre- 
pared and glaringly incomplete work. Even now it has been found impossible 
to do full justice to some districts, without further unduly delaying pub- 
lication. 

It can safely be said that this is the first attempt to describe with any ap- 
proach to thoroughness the mineral resources of this section and to tell what 
has been done to develop them. The aim has been to collate information on 
the subject from the most reliable sources available and to mass the material 
facts without any exaggeration or verbal flourishes, leaving them generally 
to tell their own story. How far this aim has been attained, it is for the 
reader to judge. The articles on the Trail Creek, Slocan, Nelson and Ains- 
worth Districts are mainly condensed from the recent reports of W. A. 
Carlyle, Provincial Mineralogist of British Columbia, 

An important feature of the work is the maps. By studying the large 
map in connection with the small district maps, it will be possible to ascertain 
the route into any district and the location of a mining property in that 
district. The maps do not profess to show all the claims or to be free from 
inaccuracies. It would have been impossible to make them so without a 
survey and a larger expenditure than was warranted. But it can be said 
without fear of contradiction that this volume contains a more complete set 
of detailed maps than has yet been published and that the large map contains 
a mass of valuable information which has never yet reached the public 

Some desire has been expressed that this volume should include the 
descriptions of the country traversed by the writer in the course of his tour, 
which formed a part of the articles in the Post-Intelligencer. This was con- 
sidered beyond the scope of a work designed to deal with mining exclusively 
and would have unduly increased the bulk of the book. All such matter has 
therefore been omitted and these pages have been devoted only to the purpose 
indicated by the title. 

For valuable aid in preparing both the reading matter and the maps, the 
publishers are indebted to the officers of the state of Washington and the 
Province of British Columbia, to the United States Surveyor General, and to 
many private individuals. These latter are so numerous and have all taken 
so deep an interest in the undertaking that it would be impracticable to nam* 



4 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

them all and to single out a few would be Invidious. The publishers therefore 
take this means of thanking them, one and all. 

We believe that this work will be instrumental in giving the people of 
the Pacific Northwest a fuller knowledge of the mineral wealth with which 
nature has blessed them; and will spread such knowledge far and wide. We 
hope that it will also aid in some degree in promoting the development of that 
wealth. THE EDITOR. 

JAMES D. HOGE, JR., 

k. K. HODGES, 

Publishers and Proprietors. 



+«*®*®+©^a+*+®+#*«+ 



INTRODUCTORY. 



A map of the western portion of the United States, designed to show the 
mineral belt, would twenty years ago have shown Washington and the adjoin- 
ing section of British Columbia as a blank. There might have been a few 
spots, such as the Swauk, Ruby and Sultan placers and the Peshastin mines 
in Washington, the Cariboo, Rock Creek and Wild Horse placers in British 
Columbia, but otherwise this whole broad stretch of country would have been 
regarded as barren, so far as mineral was concerned. During those twenty 
years the people of the Pacific Northwest have been occupied in filling in that 
blank. They have not worked continuously, for many circumstances have 
until late years diverted their attention, but for eight years past they have 
gradually centered their energies more and more on mining, until now it is 
their one absorbing interest, to which every other takes a subordinate place. 
They have proved what has been repeatedly denied, that the mineral belt 
extends through the whole breadth of Washington and British Columbia, and 
discovery has been continually pushed northward through Alaska to the 
confines of the frozen ocean. It is now an established fact, which the most 
pessimistic skeptic cannot gainsay, that the backbone of the American con- 
tinent, from Lhe Arctic Ocean to Tierra del Fuego, with all its ribs and spurs, 
has mineral for its marrow. This mineral is of every kind, precious and base, 
and in every combination, and it only awaits the application of man's genius 
and industry to be turned to his uses. 

A geological survey of this region as a whole has never been made, at least 
so far as Washington is concerned, British Columbia being far in advance in 
this particular. Thus, what is known on the subject in Washington has been 
learned by a number of individuals, each of whom has studied a particular 
section as opportunity offered. These sources of information have established 
that the Cascade Range is mainly built of granite, syenite, diorite and kindred 
rocks. Among them occur broad belts of gneiss, schist, slate, shale and 
sandstone and dikes of porphyry and limestone. The same formation extends 
eastward through the Gold Range and to the western foothills of the Rocky 
Mountains in the eastern part of Washington and the Selkirk Range in the 
Kootenai District of British Columbia. The mineral ledges occur, in most 
instances, in fissures in the granite, syenite, diorite and slate, often cutting- 
through several of these rocks, but are also in contact between two of them, 
or between one of the granitic rocks and a dike of porphyry or limestone. 
Towards the east, in the Gold Range, there are numerous areas in which the 
eruptive rocks have burst through the older formation and in the latter have 
caused fissures, which have either been filled in with mineral-bearing rock or 
have been impregnated with mineral along the walls of the cavities thus 
created. The presence of one of these ledges is generally indicated by a heavy 
capping of oxidized iron, or magnetic iron, often of great width and thickness. 

The ores of this section are almost universally base and of low grade. 
The exceptions are the silver-lead belt extending from the Slocan District 
through a strip of Washington east of the Columbia River as far south as the 
Spokane River, known as the Colville and Cedar Canyon Districts; some 
ledges on Palmer Mountain which carry high-grade silver ore; the Slate 
Creek District, where high-grade free milling gold ore has been followed to 
some depth. Recent development, however, has shown high-grade silver ores 
in the Silverton, Sultan, Troublesome, Miller River and Gold Creek Districts, 
the values here being in ruby silver, high grade gray copper and brittle silver, 
and the Cascades promise yet to give birth to several high-grade camps. 
There are other isolated instances where the ores are rich enough to be 



6 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

classsd as high-grade, and the cutting- of ore chutes at depth in some cases 
has been followed by such satisfactory increase in value as to Justify the 
hope that, as development proceeds deeper, higher grade ores will be found. 

The minerals are in every combination, the most common being iron and 
copper pyrites, arseno-pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, tetrahedrite or 
gray copper, zinc blende. The pyritic ores carry gold in some proportion 
almost invariably, with a few ounces of silver, and often carry so much 
copper as to make that metal the principal element of value. The galena is 
usually rich in silver where the ledges are small, the silver value decreasing 
in inverse ratio to the increased size of the ledge, and the lead value ranges 
as high as 75 per cent., while such ore also carries a few dollars per ton in 
gold. Gray copper is a high-grade silver ore, and when associated with iron 
carries a good gold value, and shows pockets of ruby silver and brittle silver 
of high value. Silver also occurs In association with copper in some districts, 
notably about Nelson, British Columbia, and in the form of chlorides, bro- 
mides and carbonates. It is also found in equal value with gold in dry ores, 
southward from the Slocan galena belt. Free gold is often found on the 
surface, where the ore has been subject to the decomposing influence of the 
air, and continues in decreasing ratio as the ore bodies are followed down, 
but with increasing depth the gold is found more and more in iron and copper 
sxilphldes. The minerals named are found in every possible combination, 
sometimes one, at other times another predominating. 

It is probable, however, that the developments of the next few years will 
give copper as high a place among the mineral productions of Washington 
and British Columbia as it occupies in Montana and Michigan. A study of 
the large map, in connection with the chapters on the several districts, will 
show the reader that a great belt of gold-bearing copper ores has been traced 
from a point on the coast 200 miles northwest of Vancouver, British Columbia, 
across the Skagit Valley between Hamilton and Marble Mount, across the 
Stillaguamish east and west of Silverton, through the Sultan Basin and Silver 
Creek, through the Index Range of mountains, through the Miller River and 
Money Creek Districts, across the Snoqualmie and Cedar River watersheds. 
Ores of like nature have also been found further south, along the western 
slope, as far as the St. Helens District. On the eastern slope like bodies of 
gold-bearing copper ore have been found in Palmer Mountain, the Methow, 
Chelan and Cle-Elum Districts. Further east, in the Gold Range, they occur 
of immense size in the Boundary and Trail Creek Districts of British Columbia 
and in the Colville Reservation, particularly along the Kettle River and its 
tributaries. The ores of this belt are copper sulphides in various forms, in 
which the copper contents rarely fall below 5 per cent, and are commonly over 
20 per cent., frequently rising beyond 30 per cent. Bornite is often found in 
bunches, carrying 40 and 50 per cent, copper, and masses of native copper 
weighing as much as 1,000 pounds have at times been encountered. These 
copper ores invariably carry a good gold value and often a few ounces of 
silver. 

The ledges in this region have a gangue of quartz, porphyry, porphyritic 
quartz, hornblende or modifications of these several rocks, and in the Cascade 
Mountains are exposed to such a width as to excite even the most phlegmatic 
miners to wonder. Here the exposures occur along steep mountain-sides, 
which have been plowed down by the glaciers, or along gulches, of which the 
beds are the ledges and the walls are the walls of those ledges. Nature has 
done the surface prospecting in these cases. Further east, in the foothills 
and in the Gold Range, where the formation is covered with wash, the 
exposures are not as continuous but are often extremely large, and develop- 
ment has been rewarded by the opening of some ore bodies so large as to tax 
the credulity of one most willing to believe. 

Mining in Washington dates back to the returning tide of miners from 
the Cariboo District of British Columbia in the early 60's. They worked 
placers on Rock Creek, north of the boundary, and, traveling southward, 



MINING IN THE PACIFW NORTHWEST. 7 

washed gold from the gravel bare of the Peshastin and Swauk Creeks In 
Eastern Washington, Ruby Creek and the Sultan River west of the Cascades. 
The first quartz ledge to be discovered, so far as records go, was the Culver, 

on the Peshastin, where the town of Blewett now stands. This mine, after 
many vicissitudes, is still being worked and its product is reduced at a twenty- 
stamp mill. Then mining languished until the early 80's, when the first dis- 
coveries of silver ore were made in the Colville district and a few prospectors 
strayed up the Cle-Elum. The only notable discoveries in the interim were 
near the sources of the Snoqualmie, where immense croppings of iron ore 
became known as the Denny and Guye iron mines. The Denny mines have 
already proved to be copper, and development may yet have the same result 
on the Guye mines. 

It was not until the opening of Chief Moses' Reservation in 1887 that the 
mining business fairly began in Washington, and in the same year the first 
discoveries were made in the Boundary and Trail Creek Districts of British 
Columbia. Development began on the low-grade silver ores of Salmon River 
and on the gold and silver ores of Palmer Mountain. About the same time 
prospectors invaded the Cascade Range on all sides and during several suc- 
ceeding years discoveries were made on the Cascade, Methow, at Monte Cristo, 
on Silver Creek, Miller River, Money Creek, the Snoqualmie, Summit and 
other districts. A decided interest in mining had been awakened and it 
appeared as though the industry had already come to stay. 

But the first flock of investors was doomed to failure, mainly through 
their own fault. They were without experience in mining, for Washington 
had been mainly populated by farmers, merchants, manufacturers and pro- 
fessional men from the Eastern and Middle Western States, while British 
Columbia had absorbed a similar population from the British Isles and 
Eastern Canada. The working people were generally drawn from the same 
sources. This was not a mining population, for it knew nothing of mining, 
having always turned its mind into other channels. There was a sprinkling 
of old miners and prospectors from California, Colorado and other mining 
states, but the formation was new to them. A few of them flung aside 
precedent and boldly proclaimed the mineral wealth of the state and the 
adjoining British territory. But the experts, with their heads filled with 
California and Colorado precedents, scoffed at them, saying that the ore was 
too base and low grade to pay for treatment and that the formation was so 
broken that it would be impossible to follow any ore body from the croppings 
to any considerable depth. The moneyed men in the cities were absorbed In 
real estate speculation and readily voiced the unfavorable opinions of the 
experts, being anxious that outside investments should go into their own 
schemes and not be diverted into any alluring mining ventures. 

Thus the first men to make known the mineral wealth of the Pacific 
Northwest "caught on" in only a limited degree. They induced some invest- 
ments among men of means and caused quite a flurry In the Salmon River, 
Palmer Mountain, Cascade and Silver Creek Districts. But a combination of 
circumstances forbade success at that # time. The surface free gold in the 
ledges on Palmer Mountain led to the belief that free gold would continue 
indefinitely, and stamp mills were built without concentrators and managed 
by unskilled millmen. Wild speculation was practiced in some instances and 
there were not lacking evidences of fraud in others. The result was failure. 
As ore changed from free milling to base, a larger percentage of the value 
was lost in the tailings. Victims of fraud loudly denounced the mines as 
worthless and others took up the cry and repeated it far and wide. The fall 
in the price of silver caused a suspension of work in the low-grade silver 
mines of Salmon River, which had already suffered in the eyes of investors 
from two abortive attempts at reduction of the ore. Only a few persons held 
their faith in the Pacific Northwest as a mining region and most of them were 
bankrupted by the panic or the collapse of their mining ventures. Only in a 
few places was development continued, notably among which is Monte Cristo. 
For a few years mining languished with every other Industry. 



8 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Three districts were notable exceptions. One of these was Slocan, in 
British Columbia, where the ores, although almost purely silver-lead, were 
so high in grade that they could be profitably mined under the most adverse 
condition of the metal market. Another was Monte Cristo, whither the 
railroad was completed in 1893, the year of the panic, and where development 
was prosecuted and machinery installed at great expense as though there had 
been no panic. The third was Trail Creek, where the famous Le Roi and War 
Eagle mines became regular shippers in 1895 and declared their first dividend 
in that year. 

The revival of mining was due mainly to the favorable results attained in 
Slocan and Trail Creek, which drew attention to a new field of employment 
for industry and capital. Another cause which contributed largely to this 
revival was the general stagnation in other lines of business, which had driven 
thousands out of business or employment and left them stranded in the cities. 
By a common impulse many of them took to the mountains and became pros- 
pectors. They returned to their former homes with good reports of what they 
had found and obtained means to continue work. Thus a movement was 
started which caused the renewed operation of properties long neglected, the 
development of new ones and the extension of discoveries. The opening of 
dividend-paying mines in the Trail Creek and Slocan Districts and the con- 
tinued improvement shown by development at Monte Cristo drew the attention 
of the investing public in this direction. Large investments were made in 
British Columbia by capitalists from England and Eastern Canada and the 
stream of investment is now turning to Washington. 

The Pacific Northwest can offer what mining investors . are particularly 
seeking at present— immense bodies of low-grade ore. Forty or fifty feet is an 
ordinary width for one of these ledges and some of them are as wide as 200 
feet. In the Cascade Range the advantage is offered of ledges exposed 
so clearly on the sides of steep and lofty mountains that they can be opened 
at great depth by tunnels running into the mountain-side. This not only 
saves the additional cost of sinking, but of hoisting machinery and pumps, 
for it affords natural drainage. Throughout the whole mineral belt in ques- 
tion, not only in the Cascades, but in the Gold Range, innumerable rapid 
streams furnish abundant cheap power to operate mining machinery and 
reduction plants. The presence of such water-power could have been men- 
tioned truthfully as regards nearly every mining property described in this 
volume, but it would have been a wearisome repetition. This general state- 
ment suffices to cover the whole field, and some conception can be formed of 
the greatness of the advantage by comparison with the low-grade districts of 
West Australia and South Africa, where no water-power exists. 

So also as regards timber. The valleys and foothills west of the Cascade 
summit are abundantly clothed with fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock. In higher 
altitudes, where mines are often opened, there is a smaller growth of larch 
and Alaska cedar, too small for merchantable timber, but large enough for 
mine timbers and buildings. On the eastern slope the same kinds of timber, 
of great size, are to be found for some distance from the summit. When the 
eastern foothills are reached the high ridges and plateaus and the upper 
benches are densely clothed with pine timber, often of good size. The same 
conditions extend through the Gold Range in both Washington and British 
Columbia, except that in many of the valleys and canyons there occurs a large 
growth of cedar, hemlock and other timber, together with the pine. The 
mining claim is a rare exception where timber for all purposes cannot be 
found upon its surface or immediately adjacent. 

The climate of the Pacific Northwest is peculiarly agreeable for travel and 
outdoor work in summer. West of the Cascade summit spring sets in early in 
middle of June. The summer in that section is not extremely hot and the 
nights are always cool. No rain falls from June until late in September and 
the equinoctial storms of that period are usually followed by several weeks 
of clear, warm, autumn weather, In the mountains little snow falls until 



Pltofc*. /?0*^/<; 



7»-<t»>W<lyJ 



UMBERED CLAIMS. 





ountaineer. 

^Ethel. 

Smnie Laurie. 

Bingo. 

P. E. Dlcm 

)tego. 

Lady of the Lake. 

^ster. 

Silver Tip. 
p/Lake View. 

Slainbow. 

Jennie D. 

)rphan Boy. 

)ld Norwegian. 

iemnant Placer. 

?yee. 

lechanie. 

lainy. 

'hcenix. 

yVest Seattle, 

Pirate. 

Into. 

Mexican. 

)ro. 

Waverly. 
bow. 

une. 
agle's Nest 

Eyrie. 

{ Artisan. 

1 Neptune. 

Utopian. 

jjothic. 
-. Hydra. 

Whistler. 

Tuscola. 
.jSureka. 
APusher. 
#*Philo. 
ica. 

Keystone. 
^Central Fraction. 
e L Rantoul. 

Merchant 

Irma. 

Thoma& 

Clara. 

Baltic. 

.Mystery. 

3 Potomac. 



151. 
152. 
153. 
154 

155. 
156. 
157. 
158. 
159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 
170. 
171. 
172. 
173. 
174. 
175. 
176. 
177. 
178. 
179. 
180. 
181. 
182. 
183. 
184. 
185. 
186. 
187. 
188. 
189. 
190. 
191. 
192. 
193, 
194. 
195. 
196. 
197. 
198. 
199. 



Washington. 
Cadet. 

Pride of the Woods. 
Pride of the Moun- 
tains. 
Eighty-nine. 
LIL 
Side Line. 
Ptarmigan. 
Dora J. 
ZolaR 
Ajax. 
Nero. 
Galore. 
Silver Tip. 
Snowflake. 
Poodle Dog. 
Mirror. 
Alameda, 
Mountain Maid. 
Argonaut 
Typo. 
Alpha. 
Omega. 
Hannah. 
Bob Roy. 
Emma Moore. 
Uncle Sam* 
Glacier. 
HopefuL 
Comet 
Nestor. 
Monte Cristo. 
Alicante. 
American. 
Ouida. 
'74. 
75. 
'76. 

Ranger. 
Sentinel. 
Congress. 
Senate, 



Ibex No. 2. 
Ibex So. 1. 
Iron Town 
Iron Dale. 
Iron Clad. 
Ironton. 



2CFU. iron Crown. 
2<& iron Knight. 
202f. Iron Man. 

203. Vulcan. 

204. Iron Age. 

205. Iron Cap. 

206. Iron Queen. 

207. Iron King. 

208. Iron Hat 

209. Iron Mask. 

210. Fourth of July. 

211. Iron Prince. 

a, b, c, etc, Mill Sites. 

GOAT LAKE. 

1. Great Western. 

2. Washington. 

3. Lola Montes. 

5. Mexican. 

6. Navaho. 

7. Glory of the Moun- 

tains. ( 

8. Sutter. 

9. Union. 

10. Nevada. 

11. Baltimore. 

12. Republican. 

13. Eldorado. 

14. Waterfall. 

15. Black Jack. 

16. Golden Star. 

17. Little Giant. 

18. Bon-Ton. 

19. Wild Goat. 

20. Alamo. 

21. San Francisco. 

22. Sacramento. 

23. Snnset. 

24. Blue Rock. 

25. 'Beaver. 

26. Great Western. 

27. Ida. 

2a Three Star. 

29. Cornwall No. 2 

30. Cornwall. 

31. Monticello No. 3 

32. Monticello No. 2. 

33. Monticello. 

34. Teller. 

35. Penn Co. 

36. Penn Co. 



NING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



GOAT LAKE, 




MONTE CRISTO. 



Red Gulcli. 



3. Gold Dust. 

4. King. 

5. Balsam. 

6 Hawthorne. 

7. Black Bear. 

8. Mountain Goaf. 

9. Fisher. 

11. Bannock. 

12. Pavonia. 

13. Twilight. 

14. California. 

15. Orient, 

16. Occident. 

17. Lock wood. 

18. Pennsylvania. 

19. Aurora. 

20. Wyoming. 

21. Jones. 

22. Pelton. 

23. Seattle. 

24. Franklin. 

25. Prairie. 
26- Sunrise. 

27. Washington. 

28. Emerson. 

29. Sylvan. 

30. Junction. 

31. Seattle. 

32. Condor. 

33. 0. B. MilJ SV/ ' 

34. Marble. e - 

35. Two It s. 

36. Juanita. ( 

37. Keystone No. 2. 

38. Last Chance No. 2. 

39. Irene. 

40. Silver Bell. 

41. Red Bluff. 

42. Cascade. 

43. Chinook. 

44. Leroy. 

45. Golden Eagle. 

46. Walsh. 

47. Lieutenant. 

48. Captain. 

49. Idaho. 
ad, Maggia 



INDEX TO NUMBERED CLAIMS. 



51. Doctor. 

52. Murray, 

53. Dandy. 

54. Monte Carlo. 

55. Surprise. 

56. Frank and Bob. 

57. Outlet. 

58. Wonder. 

59. Copper Prince. 

60. Bald' Mountain. 

61. Maud. 

62. Milton. 

63. Albion. 

64. Spokane. 

65. Apex. 

66. Sunset. 

67. King. 

68. Mario. 

69. Last Chance 

70. Nettleton. 

71. S. A. M. 

72. Silver Rose. 

73. Humming Bird. 

74. Union. 

75. Rattler. 

76. Bunco. 

77. Olive May. 
78: Florence. 

79. Cosmopolitan. 
80: Juno. 

81. Arena. 

82. 0. & B 

83. P. & I. 

84. Sauk Lode. 

85. F. * M. 

86. 0. <fc J. 

87. Tobique 

88. Talla Rookh. 

89. Gold Blossom. 

90. Sunshine. 

91. Cox Placer. 

92. Junction Placer 

No. 1. 

93. Junction Placer 

No. 3. 

94. Jnnction Placer 

No. 2. 

95. Blake Placer. 

96. Ingress. 

97. Egress. 

98. Carrie Anderson. 



99. Mountaineer. 

100. Ethel. 

101. Annie Laurie. 

102. Bingo. 

103. F. E. Davis. 

104. Otcgo. 

J05, Lady of the Lake. 

106. Lester. 

107. Silver Tip. 

108. Lake View. 

109. Kainbow. 

110. Jennie D. 
HI. Orphan Boy. 

112. Old Norwegian. 

113. Remnant Placer. 
114 Tyee. 

115. Mechanic. 

116. Rainy. 

117. Phoenix. 
119. West Seattle. 
120.' Pirate. 

121. Pinto. 
122.. Mexican. 
123. Oro. 
124 Waverly. 

125. Rainbow. 

126. June. 

127. Eagle's Nest 

128. Eyrie. 

129. Artisan. 

131. Neptune. 

132. Utopian. 

133. Gothic. 

134. Hydra. 

135. Whistler. 

136. Tuscola- 

137. Eureka. 

138. Pusher. 

139. Philo. 

140. Pica. 

141. Keystone. 

142. Central Fraction. 

143. Rantoul. 
141. Merchant 
145. -Irma. 
144 Thomaa> 

147. Clara. 

148. Baltic. 

149. Mystery. 

150. Potomac. 



151. Washington. 

152. Cadet. 

153. Prideof the Woods. 
154 Pride of the Moun- 
tains. 

155. Eighty-nine. 

156. L X. L. 

157. Side Line. 

158. Ptarmigan. 

159. Dora J. 

160. ZolaB; 

161. Ajax. 

162. Nero. 

163. Galore. 

164. Silver Tipw 

165. Snowflake. 

166. Poodle Dog. 

167. Mirror. 

168. Alameda. 

169. Mountain Maid. 

170. Argonant. 

171. Typo. 

172. Alpha. 

173. Omega. 

174. Hannah. 

175. Rob Roy. 

176. Emma Moore. 

177. Uncle Sant 

178. Glacier. 

179. HopefuL 

180. Comet. 

181. Nestor. 

182. Monte Crista 

183. Alicante. 

184. American. 

185. Ouida. 

186. '74 

187. '75. 

188. '76. 

189. Ranger. 

190. SentineL 

191. Congress. 

192. Senate 



194 Ibex No. 2. 

195. Ibex No. 1. 

196. Iron Town. 

197. Iron Dale. 

198. Iron Clad. 

199. Ironton. 



2C»U. Iron Crown. 
SSOjMron Knight. 
202f. Iron Man. 

203. Vulcan. 

204. Iron Ago, 
206. Iron Cap. 

206. Iron Queen. 

207. Iron King. 

208. Iron Hat, 

209. Iron Mask. 

210. Fourth of July. 

211. Iron Prince. 

a, b. o, etc, Mill Sites 

GOAT LAKE. 

1. Great Western. 

2. Wasliington. 

3. Lola Montes. 

5. Mexican. 

6. Navaho. 

7. Glory of the Moun- 

tains./ 

8. Sutter. 

9. Union. 

10. Nevada. 

11. Baltimore. 

12. Republican. 

13. Eldorado. 

14. Waterfall. 

15. Black Jack. 

16. Golden Star. 

17. Little Giant. 

18. Bon-Ton. 

19. Wild Goat. 

20. Alamo. 

21. San Francisco. 

22. Sacramento. 

23. Sunset. 

24. Blue Rock. 

25. 'Beaver. 

26. Great Western. 

27. Ida. 

28. Three Star. 

29. Cornwall No. 2 
SO. Cornwall. 

HI. Monticello No. 3 

32. MonticeUo No. 2. 

33. MonticeUo. 
31. Teller. 

35. Pen n Co. 

36. Pens Co. 



THE P&CIF1C NORTHWEST 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 9 

April, rainstorms grow less frequent until they cease altogether about th« 
December, but from that time forward the snowfall is heavy. The snow has 
usually disappeared from the mountains by the middle of May, except at great 
altitudes and in deep gulches where it has piled up in slides. East of the 
Cascades the air is dry and exhilarating the year around and, though the heat 
is sometimes intense in summer, it does not produce that feeling of chronic 
lassitude experienced in the moist atmosphere of the Eastern States. The 
nights, too, are always cool, permitting of sound sleep, which prepares one to 
endure severe exertion in extreme heat. Spring sets in during April, the 
bunchgrass springs up as fast as the snow goes, and this rich food for horses, 
everywhere found in the open country, makes it a prospector's paradise. 
There are no thunderstorms or tornadoes west of the Rocky Mountains, so 
that a man need burrow into the ground only in search of wealth. There are 
no venomous snakes west of the Cascades, but rattlesnakes abound in some 
places east of that range. On the other hand, small game and fish can be 
found almost anywhere and large game is to be had for the hunting. 

While many districts are remote from railroads, preparations are on foot 
for extensions which will largely remedy this defect. The Columbia and 
Okanogan Valleys form a natural route for the Great Northern to tap the 
whole of OkanOgan County with a branch from Wenatchee, unless the Central 
Washington should first occupy the field with an extension from Coulee City 
by way of Waterville and Orondo, as it now contemplates. The Seattle & 
International is well situated to occupy the Snoqualmie and Cedar River 
Districts with branches whenever developments hold out prospect of remu- 
nerative traffic, and it can also tap the White Horse District by a branch 
along the north fork of the Stillaguamish. The Seattle & Northern already 
has the traffic of the Skagit copper belt secured and can be extended up the 
Skagit and Cascade Rivers at moderate cost. The Great iNorthern can draw 
the traffic of the Silver Creek and Index Districts by building a branch up the 
Skykomish north fork. The fast developing wealth of the Colville Reservation 
has already induced the Spokane Falls & Northern to survey a line up the 
Kettle River, which may be partly in United States and partly in British 
territory. The advantage of having its main line run through the heart of 
the rich Kootenai District, added to the manifold advantages of having a 
more direct southern route through the Rocky Mountains and of developing 
the rich coal fields on that route, has induced the Canadian Pacific to prepare 
for the construction of a line through the Crow's Nest Pass this season. A 
line is now under construction from Slocan City, at the foot of Slocan Lake, 
to Slocan Crossing on the Kootenai River, where it will connect with the 
Columbia & Kootenai branch of the Canadian Pacific. This will form a link 
in the connection between the old and new main line. P. August Heinze is 
now extending the Columbia & Western up the Columbia River from Trail to 
Robson and has raised funds for a further extension through the Boundary 
Creek District to Penticton, connecting with the Canadian Pacific steamer 
on Okanogan Lake. 

The first requisite for the development of a mining district is a wagon road. 
The first prospectors blaze a trail and the next flight of newcomers aids them 
to cut it out and make it plain and passable. This is as much as they should 
be expected to do at their own expense. The county should follow up their 
work by cutting a good horse trail into any new district which gives promise 
of development, and when that development has assumed important dimen- 
sions and holds forth an early prospect of regular production the trail should 
be transformed into a wagon road. In this manner lines of travel and trans- 
portation would be continually improved to keep pace with the progress of 
development. 

The Province of British Columbia has set a good example in this respect, 
which Washington is only n6w beginning to imitate. It has built a main 
trunk road from Penticton through Camp McKinney, Midway, Greenwood, 
Anaconda and Carson to Grand Porks, a distance of 110 miles, connecting at 
the latter point with the Kettle River roads to Marcus and Bossburg, on the 
Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad. It has also built roads in the Kootenai 
country wherever they would reach a large enough group of claims to warrant 
the expense. Shorter roads in Boundary Creek have been built in several di- 
rections at the private expense of Robert Wood, owner of the town of Green- 
wood. The State of Washington has made a beginning in this direction by 
constructing a horse trail from the mouth of the Twisp, over the Twisp and 



10 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Cascade Passes to the mouth of the Cascade River, thus connecting the county 
road systems of Eastern and Western Washington. It has also constructed a 
road across the Colville Reservation, except for a short gap, which will be 
closed by an appropriation made at the last session. Appropriations have 
also been made for a road from Wenatchee up the Columbia River to Ives and 
for the widening of the trail to a wagon road between the mouth of the Twisp 
and North Creek, and between Marble Mount and Gilbert's Camp, near the 
head of the Cascade River, leaving the remainder of the trail to be widened 
later. 

Unlike their earlier, less careful and therefore less successful predecessors, 
the presents investors in mines in the Pacific Northwest are fully alive to 
the necessity of modern economical processes of reduction, carefully and 
skillfully managed, for the extraction of the value from the ores. Stamp 
mills are now seconded by concentrators and slime tables. The employment 
of a skilled millman is admitted to be one of the conditions of success. The 
cyanide process has been applied with a large degree of success at one 
mine and a plant erected last season at another, will be put in operation this 
year. Experiments are continually made with new processes of reduction, 
from among which, it is hoped, one will be evolved capable of cheap applica- 
tion on the mine ground. Meanwhile the bulk of the ore produced goes to 
the smelters at Everett and Tacoma, Wesh.; Trail, Nelson and Pilot Bay, 
B. C. Coke for flux is produced at the Fairhaven and Wilkeson mines, 
Washington, and at Nanaimo, B. C. Coal in large quantities is produced at 
Newcastle, Franklin, Black Diamond, Gilman, Renton and Danville, in King 
county; Wilkeson, Carbonado, Pittsburg, in Pierce county; Roslyn and Cle- 
Elum, in Kittitas county; Blue Canyon, in Whatcom county; and Fairhaven 
mine, in Skagit county, Washington; at Nanaimo, Wellington and Comox, 
B. C. New discoveries have been made on Day Creek, Skagit county; the 
Skykomish River, King county; Camas Prairie, Kittitas county; on Chum- 
stick Creek, Okanogan county; also on Rock Creek, British Columbia. 

It is a trite, but by no means true, saying that mining is a gamble. It is 
only a gamble when a man unfamiliar with the business buys property he 
has never seen or of which he does not know the value. It is not a gamble 
if entered upon on business principles, with a full knowledge of what is being 
bought, obtained either by personal inspection or through the report of a 
reliable mining engineer. There is no more reason why a man should buy 
"a pig in a poke" in the mining business than in any other business. If he 
does so and finds that he has not bought a pig but some other animal, he 
must not blame the mining business, but his own unbusinesslike manner of 
engaging in it. 

One result of the great size of the ore bodies in this section of the country 
has been the necessity of large amounts of capital to carry on the. prelimin- 
ary work of prospecting and make such a showing of mineral as will put the 
claims in a salable condition. The locators of claims rarely having the 
necessary capital, this work has been undertaken by development companies, 
organized for the purpose of thoroughly prospecting claims in exchange for 
an interest and of then selling them to others, who will further develop them 
into mines. Such companies have filled a decided gap in the mining com- 
munity and are operating with marked success in many districts. 

That mining is destined to fill a leading place among the industries of 
Washington and British Columbia must be evident to every observing mind. 
It has already taken first rank in British Columbia and is fast stepping into 
that rank in Washington. It must have a decidedly beneficial effect on the 
general prosperity of both province and state, for it brings with it a number 
of kindred industries and furnishes a ready cash market for the products of 
the farmer, stock-raiser and manufacturer of various wares. It tends to 
diversify industry and thus to prevent undue reliance of a whole community 
on any single means of support. It requires a healthy, active, open-air life 
and makes a sturdy, independent, self-reliant race of men and women. 



MONTE CRISTO. 

The name of this camp has long been on the tongue of every person 
interested in mining in the Cascade Mountains and every atom of news 
regarding the camp has been eagerly watched for. The reason is not far 
to seek. Monte Cristo was the scene of the first mining operations on a 
large scale by men having ample capital to develop a mine to a paying basis. 
These mines and the affiliated investments represented an investment of 
about $3,000,000, which John D. Rockefeller and his business associates had 
staked on their faith in the mining possibilities of the Cascades. They had 
done so in the face of adverse opinion from many experts as to the character 
of the formation and the permanence of the ore bodies. They had found 
gold and silver-bearing minerals of such a refractory nature that they 
incurred heavy penalties at the smelter and one man described a particularly 
troublesome combination of mineral as "concentrated essence of the In- 
ferno." But the Monte Cristo and its allied companies persisted in the face 
of many difficulties and may now be said to have solved the problem for the 
whole Cascade mineral belt. By tapping at a depth of 700 feet one of the 
ore chutes which cropped on the surface, they have proved that the ore 
bodies are continuous for a great depth and maintain their size and value. 
They have proved that, in spite of its refractory character, the ore can be 
mined, concentrated and smelted at a profit, when handled on a large scale. 
Thev have proved these valuable facts as pioneers in a new mining field, 
where new conditions had to be met and new problems solved, and they 
have persevered in spite of many obstacles and much detraction from pessi- 
mists, until they have found the answer, not only for themselves but for all 
others who enter the same field. They have not published abroad the re- 
sults attained, for they are in effect close corporations, having no stock to 
sell and no objects to gain by publicity except to satisfy a natural euriositv 
on the part of the community as to an enterprise the success of which means 
much for the mining industry of Washington. 

Monte Cristo lies in a basin in which the south fork of the Sauk River 
rises. Two glaciers form its source, one sloping from Cadet Peak and pour- 
ing its drippings in a cascade down Glacier Gulch to form Glacier Creek, the 
other scoring the side of the lofty ridge south of Wilman's Peak and sending 
Seventy-six Creek down a gulch to join Glacier Creek in the town of Monte 
Cristo. Wilmans Peak is a bold, precipitous headland jutting out between 
Glacier and Seventy-six Gulches, which the ice has carved out to right and 
left of it. The united stream flows northwest from beneath these peaks to 
receive the north fork, which rises on the other side of the ridge, and then 
enter the Skagit, fifty miles north. 

The Monte Cristo mines are one of a number of properties which have 
been acquired by the Rockefeller Syndicate and are, being operated in con- 
junction. At Everett, where the Great Northern main and coast lines unite at 
the mouth of the Snohomish River on Puget Sound, is the smelter of the 
Puget Sound Reduction Company. From a junction with the Great Northern 
at this point the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad has been built to Snohom- 
ish, a distance of eleven and one-half miles. From Snohomish to Hartford, 
eight and two-tenth miles, trains run at present over the Seattle & Interna- 
tional Road, the Everett & Monte Cristo running from the latter station to 
Monte Cristo, fifty-two and two-tenth miles, making a total distance from 
Everett junction of seventy-one and nine-tenths miles. 

The manner of the discovery of the great mineral ledges of Monte Cristo 
was not onlv dramatic, but was itself an evidence of their great size and 
richness. Prospectors had for several years explored the Silver Creek dis- 
trict, directly ever the divide to the south, and had found the mountains 
everywhere stained with great red streaks, where surface influences had 
oxidized the iron in the surface ore. Joseph Pearsall pursued his explora- 
tions ur> the east bank of Silver Creek and climbed along and up the steep 
sides of Hubbart's Peak until he could see over the divide to the mountains 
forming a jagged amphitheatre around the Sauk Basin. He could look 
sheer down over 2,000 feet to where the two creeks unite to form the Sauk 
and where Monte Cristo now stands. But another spectacle riveted his 
attention; this was a broad, glistening streak on the side of Wilmans Peak, 
overlooking Seventy-six Gulch. He also saw that all the mountains which 
shut in the valley beyond were streaked with broad red bands from summit 
to base. But that glittering streak more fastened his attention and he 
examined it from the distance with a field glass, and convinced himself 
that it was galena. He was looking for galena, as were all the prospectors 
of the Cascades in those days, and waving his arms in delight, he exclaimed: 
"It is rich as Monte Cristo." and named the mountain after that master of 
fabulous wealth. This happened on the Fourth of July, 1889, and when he 
afterwards climbed to the spot and made his first location he named it 
"Independence of 1776," a name which has become abbreviated to Seventy-six 



13 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

and is now applied to this claim, the whole ledge and the gulch whieh •«> 
poses it and the creek flowing from it. 

Mr. Pearsall went down to Seattle and returned with J. M. Wilmans. 
who became interested with him in a number of other locations. The thor- 
ough exploration of the district and a host of other locations followed. In 
the j'ear 1890 the claims on Mystery Hill, Cadet Peak, Glacier Gulch, Seventy- 
six Gulch and Wilmans Peak, with a number extending- along- the ridges on 
each side of the canvon, came into the possession of Hon. H. G. Bond, L. S. 
J. Hunt, H. C. Henry, Edward Blewett, J. M., F. W. and S. C. Wilmans, 
all of Seattle. In 1891 Mr. Henry and J. M. Wilmans, in returning from the 
camp, looked for a railroad route and found that the basin could be entered 
from the Sound by either the north or south fork of the Stillaguamish. 
Their first choice was the north fork route, but they decided in favor of the 
south fork, although more difficult and expensive, on account of the many 
signs of mineral in the vicinity of Silverton. Thej^ then had a. line surveyed 
proving this route practicable. In the summer of 1891 five companies were 
organized, owning the several groups of claims in the basin — the Monte 
Cristo, Pride of the Mountains, Rainy, Wih (he 

fall of that year the controlling interest in the first three companies named 
was sold to the Rockefeller Syndicate, which in the fololwing year bought 
all Judge Bond's remaining interest, the Wilmans brothers retaining control 
of the Wilmans and Golden Cord. 

Then began development on a large scale, which has been continued 
without interruption throughout the period of depression following the boom 
times during which the discoveries were made. Many exaggerated expecta- 
tions, formed while the camp was in its embryonic prospect state, have been 
disappointed, the halo of romance and the visions of great wealth suddenly 
and easily acquired have vanished into vapory nothingness under the cold, 
calculating eye of the business man. What remains is this: A great, series 
of ledges of refractory ore of low to medium grade, proved to go down to 
great depth and to carry such value, that, if skilfully and economically 
mined and concentrated on the grotmd, they will pay good profits after the 
mine is once really a mine— that is, sufficiently opened to regularly produce 
ore in large quantities. It has been proved that the Cascades are, generally 
speaking, not a poor man's mining country, but that a judicious investment 
of large amounts of capital will pay good dividends. Of course, there are 
instances of mines so favorably located as regards transportation, or having 
such high grade ore that they can be put on a paying basis by a compara- 
tively small investment, but they are the excepticn, not the rule. 

The Rockefeller Syndicate built the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad in 
1892 and 1893 from Everett to Snohomish along the Snohomish valley, and 
from Hartford Junction to Monte Cristo along the south fork of the Stilla- 
guamish. A large part of the line runs through a canyon which presented 
great engineering difficulties in its construction and has been costly to main- 
tain, but the impending development of the Silverton and other adjoining 
districts will probably make the road a paying investment on its own basis. 
The smelter at Everett was erected about the same time and has now become 
a paying institution, treating not only the Monte Cristo concentrates but 
customs ore from all sides and even from distant Australia. 

The Monte Cristo Mining Company has twenty-eight claims, including 
mill sites and placers in the canyon, the mineral locations being divided 
among Glacier, Seventy-six and West Seattle Gulches. In Glacier Gulch 
the ledges run east and west between walls of diorite; in Seventy-six Gulch 
their course is northeast and southwest between diorite and basalt; and in 
West Seattle Gulch north and south between diorite walls. The ledge mat- 
ter is almost always silicious porphyry. The principal development has 
been done on Mystery Hill on a ledge which runs through the ground of 
both the Monte Cristo and Pride of the Mountains Mining Companies. The 
croppings of this ledge are in some places as wide as forty feet, but this is 
not mineralized throughout, and the dip averages 70 degrees north. The ore 
bodies range in width from two to fourteen feet and average about four feet. 

The Mystery Hill mine of the Monte Cristo Company has three working 
tunnels 125 feet apart from all of which ore is being stoped. The upper one 
cuts through Mystery Hill for about 1,000 feet and has developed one long 
ore chute averaging about four feet wide, which carries arsenical iron, 
sulphurets of iron, arseno-sulphurets and zinc blende. The second tunnel is 
a little over 900 feet long and would, if continued, run fifteen feet beneath 
Glacier Gulch and into Cadet Peak. It cuts the same ore chute as the upper 
tunnel. 800 feet long and with an inclination to the east. 

The longest and deepest tunnel is the third, which runs through Mystery 
Hill on this ledsre for 1,600 feet and cut the same ore chute as the two upper 
ones, 700 feet below the summit of the hill, thus defining that chute for this 
depth. This tunnel then turns southward and runs for seventy-five feet as 
a cross-cut until it intersects a parallel ledge, which it then follows through 
the Pride of the Mountains ground for 500 feet. It runs for 280 feet through 
an ore chute three feet wide, carrying galena and a little chalcopyrite, In 
addition to the other minerals already mentioned, the galena somewhat 
increasing the average value. All further development by the extension or 
this tunnel will be carried on in the Pride ground. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. II 

The Pride of the Mountains mine has been developed on the ledge to 
which the long tunnel has cross-cut. hut at a point beyond that to which this 
tunnel has been driven. This is the ledge in the croppings of which Mr. 
Pearsall saw galena in the distance. It strikes east and west and is nearly 
flat, and two tunnels have been driven on it, 180 leet apart along its dip. 
One is 600 feet long and is 200 feet below the surface, while the other is a 
little over 800 feet long and gains a depth of 380 feet. The ore in this ledge 
occurs in lenses, which lap each other and are always accompanied by small 
quantities of waste on one wall. The Pride of the Mountains Company 
owns fourteen claims in all, mostly in this group. 

The Seventy-six Mine of the Monte Cristo Company is on Seventy-six 
Gulch and consists of two tunnels. The upper one, 130 feet long, starts 150 
feet below the summit of a vertical wall and gains a maximum depth of 200 
feet, while the other is 100 feet below and is 800 feet long. Both these tun- 
nels show a two and one-half foot ledge, with good indications of approach- 
ing the ore-chute cropping above, and prospecting with the diamond drill 
was started in the lower tunnel in the fall of 1896, but snow prevented any- 
thing from being accomplished. 

The ore is transported from the Mystery Hill and Pride of the Mountains 
Mines by two cable bucket tramways, which run to the same discharge 
terminal. One runs from the lower tunnel of the Pride of the Mountains and 
over Mystery Hill and is about 6,000 feet long, making a descent of about 1,800 
feet. It has a span of 1,200 feet across Glacier Gulch, with a central drop of 
600 feet, and its capacity is 230 tons in twenty-four hours. The other tram- 
way is 3,600 feet long and leads from the long tunnel in Mystery Hill, a vertical 
height of 1,200 feet, to the discharge terminal. The ore is here run through a 
coarse crusher, then loaded on cars and hauled by horses over a surface 
tramway to the concentrator, 1,000 feet distant. 

The concentrator is what is known as a double section mill and has a 
capacity of 300 tons in twenty-four hours, or 150 tons for each side. The ore 
is crushed by rollers and concentrated on Hartz jigs, the fine pulps and slimes 
passing on to round tables and Frue vanners. The total extraction is about 
85 per cent, of the assay value, which is about $8 for the low grade Mystery 
ore and over $30 for the ore in the Pride ledge. The ratio of concentration is 
about four and one-half tons into one. The mill is run by a 200 horse-power 
Corliss engine, which also runs a 100 horse-power generator. The latter fur- 
nishes power to a motor at the Mystery Hill Mine, which compresses air for 
three power drills, while electricits* is also generated in the engine room to 
light the town and the mill. The ore concentrates three tons into one and the 
mill is producing about l,2u0 tons of concentrates a month, with a probable 
increase during the 3^ear. 

The Rainy Mining Company has ten claims, three of which are on Cadet 
Peak and two on a ledge running up the mountain east of the tramway 
terminal. On a level with the latter, a tunnel runs 800 feet into the mountain, 
gaining a depth of 400 feet, and a shaft is down ninety feet at the mouth of 
this tunnel showing twenty-eight inches of well mineralized ore of the same 
character as that in Mystery Hill. 

About 250 men are employed in Mystery Hill and Pride of the Mountains 
Mines and in the concentrator. 

The Wilmans Mining Company has a group of seven claims on a series of 
ledges cutting through Wilmans Peak from Seventy-six Gulch to Glacier 
Basin and carrying galena, sulphides and some chlorides of silver. A tunnel 
has been driven through the mountain several hundred feet below the summit 
and another, 100 feet below, is in 125 feet. A cable tramway 10,000 feet long 
stretches from the mouth of the upper tunnel to a point near the concentrator 
aad a large amount of ore is stored in the bins at this point. 

The Golden Cord Mining Company has nine claims on the erest of Wilmans 
Peak and on the sides overlooking the town and the concentrator. A tunnel 
about 500 feet long has developed an ore body about thirty inches wide, half 
of which is similar in character and value to the Pride ore, while the re- 
mainder is decomposed and carries a higher gold value. This ore is worth $5£ 
to $40 and some of it has been run through the concentrator, but was found to 
slime so badly that that process is not adapted to it. A cable tramway about 
4,800 feet long stretches from this mine to the terminal near the concentrator. 

Steps are now being taken towards a resumption of work on the Wilmans 
and Golden Cord properties, on which nothing has been done since 1895, and 
the erection of a plant for the chemical extraction of the value is contem- 
plated. 

The O. & B. group of four claims is directly across the divide from Silver 
Lake, 2,000 feet above the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad, and was bonded 
and leased by the Packard Mining Company, Cobb & McCrea, John F. Bake- 
man, Oliver McLean and F. M. Headlee to the O. & B. Mining & Milling 
Company, which afterwards acquired the interests of Messrs. Cobb & McCrea, 
Bakeman and Headlee by purchase. The main ledge, on which are three 
claims, runs up the ridge to Silver Lake, is about eight feet wide and has 
from six to twenty-four inches of pay ore. The lowest tunnel, sixty feet, is 
700 feet below the summit and shows nine inches of $45 ore, the remainder of 
th« ledge carrying $2.75 to $5. The second tunnel, 180 feet above, is 5«0 f»et 



14 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

long and ran through an ore chute eighteen inches wide and forty-three feet 
long, with good concentrating ore the rest of its length. At 200 feet an 
upraise was made seventy-five feet, showing two feet of solid ore. The third 
tunnel, 110 feet above the second, is 135 feet long and has an average of five 
inches of solid and four feet of concentrating ore. The fourth claim is on a 
parallel ledge traced for its full length and showing a foot of $70 ore in a 
short tunnel. A temporary cable tramway has been built to the railroad, 2,000 
feet below, and 200 tons of ore have been shipped, ranging in value from $15 
to $35 and averaging $20 gross. The company proposes to erect a permanent 
tramway and a concentrator. 

On the extension of the O. & B. ledge down the mountain is the P. & I., on 
which the P. & I. Mining Company is at work. The ledge ranges from two to 
six feet between granite walls and shows from five to twenty-four inches of 
pay ore carrying sulphurets and assaying $8.80 to $21 gold and 16 to 38 ounces 
silver. A tunnel is in 112 feet near the lower end of the claim and will be 
extended 100 feet this year. A tramway will be built 1,350 feet to the railroad, 
making a descent of 980 feet vertically. 

Directly opposite the O. & B. and within 1,500 feet of the concentrator and 
railroad are the Tobique and Lalla Rookh. owned by Jasper Compton and 
others, on a fissure ledge twelve to fifteen feet between syenite walls. The 
ledge has been defined by two fifteen-foot tunnels, the lower one of which has 
tapped an ore chute carrying sixteen inches of solid iron pyrites with some 
galena, which assaj-s $8 to $30 gold and 6 to 40 ounces silver. Another tunnel 
has been run forty feet to tap this chute and to be used as a working tunnel 
and shows chlorides, which are gradually giving place to iron pyrites. This 
tunnel will be continued this year. 

On the extension of the Foggy ledge across the divide to Monte Cristo 
is the Whistler group of four claims, owned by the Packard Mining Com- 
pany, Bell & Austin and the Lillis estate. The ledge is four to twenty feet 
wide and has an eighteen-inch pay streak o£ sulphurets, gray copper and 
galena, assaying $25 to $45 gold and silver. Tunnels twenty and thirty feet 
long and an open cut, at intervals of 100 feet, have made this 'showing. 

The Philo group of three claims, 100 feet south of the Whistler group, is 
owned by George Evans, Charles F. Jackson, H. F. Jackson, the Packard 
Mining Company, Joseph Barrett and — Trombly. Tunnels twenty and forty 
feet long show fifteen inches of pay ore carrying arsenical iron and copper 
sulphides and two feet of concentrating ore. 

The Keystone group of four claims adjoins the Mystery Mine and is owned 
by the Packard Mining Company, A. W. Hawks, A. D. Austin and the Lillis 
estate. A thirty-foot tunnel and a twenty-foot open cut show a pay streak, 
ten to eighteen inches, of galena, iron and copper sulphides, assaying $20 to $24 
gold and silver. The ledge crops four to twenty feet wide in the gulch and 
shows twenty-four inches of galena in an ore chute 300 feet long. A cross-cut 
is in forty feet and will tap this ore chute at a depth of 100 feet in ninety feet 
more. A parallel ledge shows six to thirty-six inches of similar ore in a 
sixty-foot tunnel. 

In the Seventy-six Basin, adjoining the Golden Cord, are the Argonaut 
and Typo, on a ledge which crops seventy to seventy-five feet wide along the 
creek and has arsenical iron disseminated through its whole width. This is 
believed to be all concentrating ore carrying $S to $12 gold. 

On a ledge parallel with the O. & B. are the Ethel and Annie Laurie, 
owned by F. A. Bass, M. T. J. Cummings and the Dempsey estate, on a ledge 
which shows in an open cut eight feet of iron pyrites carrying $5 to $21 gold. 
A tunnel is in sixty feet for the ore chute and a cross-cut has been driven 
twenty feet towards the hanging wall. 

On the east slope of the ridge dividing the Sauk, Sultan and Stillaguamish 
water-sheds, overlooking Crater Lake, two and one-half miles from Monte 
Cristo, is the Del Campo group of three claims, owned by the Del Campo 
Gold & Copper Mining Company. Two claims are on a ledge which is exposed 
for 2,000 feet and crops ten to thirty feet wide, carrying chalcopyrite, which 
assays on the surface $44.86 gold and silver, 13.8 per cent, copper; 34 per cent, 
eopper and $6 gold. The other claim is on a parallel ledge cropping 50 to 100 
feet wide and carrying similar ore with more silica. A twenty-five foot 
tunnel and several open cuts have shown up each ledge. One mile of cable 
tramway would take this ore to the railroad. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



GOAT LAKE. 

Though a part of the organized district of Monte Cristo, this is prac- 
tically a separate district set apart by the formation of the country. It is 
the extension eastward of the Monte Cristo mineral belt, traced through 
the ridge dividing the south from the north fork of the Sauk and the latter 
from Goat Lake. The latter body of water, less than a mile long, empties 
through Elliott Creek into the south fork of the Sauk, and the mountains 
at its head and on each side are veined with mineral. 

The district is easily accessible from Seattle. Taking the Great Northern 
train or a steamer to Everett, thirty-three miles, one goes thence by the 
Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad to Barlow Pass, sixty-two miles, and thence 
by a good road to the foot of the lake, eight miles. From there a trail runs 
along the shore and a road through the bottom land at the head to the Penn 
Camp on the cliff above. The distance to the Everett smelter is sixty-two 
miles and to the Tacoma smelter 136 miles from Barlow Pass. 

The formation of the country is syenite, granite and schist, with dikes 
of quartz, porphyry and slate. The principal ledges cut the schist, quartz, 
porphyry and granite in a general easterly and westerly direction. The 
ledges vary from a clear white quartz, sparsely mineralized, to a very dark 
quartz, strongly mineralized and very auriferous. They carry a fine grained 
arsenical iron of a good gold value, together with gray copper, galena and 
in some cases chalcopyrite. In some cases gold, and in some silver, pre- 
dominates. Part of the ores are high grade and will pay to haul to the 
railroad and ship to the smelter, and the remainder will be concentrating. 
Discoveries began in August, 1891, with the location of the Foggy and parallel 
ledges on the divide between Goat Lake and the Sauk's north fork and con- 
tinued along the mountains on both sides of the lake. 

Development is being pushed most vigorously on the Foggy group of 
about forty claims, owned by the Penn Mining Company. The Foggy -edge 
cuts the mountain from the east edge of the Monte Cristo basin easterly and 
has been traced over 5,000 feet, showing five feet of solid ore similar in char- 
acter and value to the Pride ore at Monte Cristo, with feeders three and 
four feet wide running into it at acute angles. The Foggy was proved to be 
a true fissure vein by a number of open cuts and shafts, after which a 
crosscut was run 200 feet intersecting it from 200 to 250 feet below the lowest 
cropping and running along it for about 100 feet each way, the total length 
of the tunnel at that point being about 400 feet. Parallel with this ledge on 
the south is another about six feet wide with a three-foot paystreak of ore 
similar to the Foggy, on which are two claims. Others of about seven feet 
and three and one-half or four feet cut across the head of the basin, while 
in Sauk basin below the Foggy are a number of others. Haying thus proved 
the permanence of the main ledge, the company last spring built a road 
up Elliott Creek to the foot of the lake and repaired the county road down 
the Sauk, took in a donkey engine to haul supplies up the cliff to the site 
selected for a permanent camp, 1,100 feet above the lake, and installed an 
air compressor and two power drills. A crosscut tunnel was then started 
from the Goat Lake basin to crosscut the series of ledges at greater depth, 
and is now in about 200 feet, having tapped the first ledge at a depth of 200 
feet. It will cut the Foggy 800 feet deep and possibly others at greater depth 
and will be used as a working tunnel. A survey has been made for a tram- 
way down the lake to the falls at its mouth, where the company owns a mill- 
site, and a telephone line has been stretched over this route, which is two 
miles long. An electric plant will be erected at the falls, which have a fall 
of 350 feet in 700, and a concentrator placed there to treat the ore. A survey 
has also been made for a branch railroad six miles long from Barlow Pass 
on the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad to the millsite. When the tunnel 
has cut the ledges, as is expected by next fall, the question of constructing 
this road will be decided and work will in that event begin the following 
spring. 

The Nevada and El Dorado, on two parallel ledges on the east side of the 
lake, near its head, are being developed by the Elliott Creek Gold Mining 
Company, which has a millsite on the level tract at the head of the lake, well 
protected from snow slides. The Nevada ledge crops three feet wide between 
slate walls 1,200 feet from the lake shore and has been tapped by a 60-foot 
tunnel, which ran through highly mineralized quartz and slate and has 
continued for ten feet across the ledge, without striking the opposite wall. 
Of this width three feet is high grade and the balance concentrating ore. 
The El Dorado ledge runs parallel, higher up the mountain, and shows 
five feet of sulphuret ore in the croppings. A tunnel runs fifteen feet on 
a two-inch streak in the porphyry gangue and shows it to steadily widen. 
The croppings assayed $6.61 to $7.86 gold, $1.73 to $2.56 silver, while an assay 
from a depth of four feet gave $13.60 gold, $7.20 silver, 21.20 per cent copper. 



1« MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Two assays from a foot deeper gave $17.36 gold, $2.77 silver and $21.50 gold, 
$4.80 silver respectively, while from a depth of eight feet in an open cut the 
ore assayed $27.28 gold, $1.34 silver. Judging from the width and continuity 
of the ledges and the correspondence of the exposures on opposite sides of 
.the mountain, it is reasonable to conclude that these ledges run clear 
through the ridge and can be tapped by tunneling at great depth. 

One of the best-looking and widest ledges crops out directly under the 
granite cliffs a few hundred feet above the north shore of the lake, and on 
this and its spurs the Goat Lake Mining Company has the Glory of the 
Mountains group of seven claims. The ledge appears to have been broken 
over by slide rock, but in a tunnel, driven forty feet across, it appears to be 
straightening up from a pitch of forty-five degrees, and shows twenty feet of 
ore divided by a horse of porphyry. The ledge matter is porphyritic quartz 
and is pretty evenly impregnated with white iron and sulphides. A sample 
taken across eight feet of ore assayed $21.50 gold, $4.80 silver, and another 
from twelve feet further in gave $27.60 gold, $1.80 silver. The company Is 
driving a cross-cut from the shore of the lake which is expected to tap the 
ledge in 360 feet at a depth of 800 feet, and is now in ninety feet. Three of 
the claims are on the main ledge and four are on spurs running east and 
west up the mountain from the lake shore, while the Navajo group of three 
claims, all of which have good surface showings, are on a parallel ledge 
further up the mountain and would be developed by the Glory of the Moun 
tains crosscut. 

From this point up the lake, running up the mountain parallel with the 
Glory, is a series of ledges extending to the basin wall. The first of these 
is the Lily of the West, owned by Dr. McCulloch, J. W. Coffin, Miss H. K. 
Coffin and E. G. English. The ledge crops out eighteen inches wide, with a 
foot of mineral arsenic beside it, and pitches into the mountain. A cross- 
cut to tap it is in thirty-five feet. The same parties have the Hunter on a 
small streak of ore, running into the Lily, and parallel with it J. W. Coffin 
has the Union on a ledge carrying arsenical iron and iron sulphides, which 
crops out eighteen inches to four feet wide. A crosscut is being run to tap it 
in forty feet. 

The Blue Rock group of four claims, owned by Messrs. Coffin and sons, is 
on two parallel ledges running up from the lake. One of these crops five feet 
wide between granite walls and shows three and one-half feet of arsenical 
iron ore carrying gold, silver and copper in a ten-foot shaft, as well as in a 
thirty-five foot tunnel. The other ledge, 100 feet above the lake, is six feet 
wide where it has been stripped and crops five to twenty feet wide higher up 
the mountain. 

Between the Nevada and El Dorado J. W. Coffin has the Baltimore on a 
ledge from three to five feet wide, with six to eighteen inches of pay ore, 
carrying iron sulphides rich in galena. Assays from the croppings show 
about $6 gold, $3 silver. On a similar ledge, with a cropping of about four 
feet of sulphide ore, Mr. Coffin and his sons have the Republican. Above the 
El Dorado Mr. Coffin and C. M. Mackintosh have the Waterfall on a five-foot 
ledge showing from eighteen inches to four feet of pay ore, and the Black 
Jack on a parallel ledge, similar in size and character. Above this, in the 
rim of the basin, H. W. and C. B. Coffin have the Brooklyn, showing twelve 
to fourteen inches of ore, on which they are driving a tunnel. Under the 
rocky promontory in the center of the basin is the Little Giant, owned by 
J. W. Coffin, E. G. English and Dr. McCulloch. The ledge is eight feet 
wide, with a pay streak ranging from eighteen inches to its full width, carry- 
ing sulphide ore. A cross-cut is in thirty feet, and will tap t*he ledge in about 
188 feet more. 

Running up the center of the basin to the south of the Penn camp is the 
Bon Ton group of five claims, on as many parallel ledges, owned by J. W. 
Coffin, B. G. English, Dr. McCulloch and C. M. Mackintosh. The main ledge 
Is from ten to twelve feet wide, with four to eight feet of chalcopyrite, 
peacock copper and iron sulphides. It crops out for 850 feet, and has brokem 
over on the surface, but appears to straighten up and to be running into the 
Little Giant. Assays have shown $16 to $27 gold and silver, and the other 
ledges in the group carry similar ore. On the south side of the basin, running 
up under the great glacier, C. B. and H. W. Coffin have the San Francisco 
on a ledge about the same width as the Bon Ton, and are driving a tunnel on 
it below the glacier. To the south of this Dr. McCulloch, H. W. Coffin, E. G. 
English and C. M. Mackintosh have the Sunset on a ledge carrying three feet 
of iron pyrites and arsenical iron, which assays $32 to $33 gold and silver. 
A cross-cut tunnel to tap it in 350 feet has been driven twenty-two feet 
The Sacramento, owned by C. B. and H. W. Coffin, is an extension on the 
Sunset up the mountain. Further down towards the foot of the lake the 
same parties have the Three Star on a ledge eight to twelve feet wide, with 
three to seven feet of pure hard white quartz, largely crystallized and carry- 
ing iron sulphides. A tunnel has been started on this ledge. 

Messrs. Coffin and sons have three mill sites extending from the outlet of 
the lake 900 feet down the falls, in which there is ample water for power. 

The Gift claim, located by two prospectors of the fair sex, Miss Coffin and 
Miss Goodspeed, is on the divide between the lake and the north fork of the 







H NINO IN THg PACIFIC 




k nino in rue pacific 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 17 

Sauk, and has eight feet of solid quartz, mineralized from wall to wall with 
iron sulphides carrying gold and silver. A tunnel has been driven fifteen feet 
on one wall, from which tne ledge will be cross-cut. 

SILVERTON". 

This district has the advantages of proximity to a railroad and smelter 
and of being so compact that a circle drawn seven miles around Silverton, 
its center, would enclose all the principal properties, while the majority are 
within an inner circle having a radius of four miles. With great bodies of 
mineral, and having these facilities for cheap mining, transportation and 
smelting, the district has sprung into the front rank among those of the 
Cascade Range. Large investments have been made there by men with 
ample capital to develop their property, and the year 1897 may be expected to 
see it proven a permanent, producing camp. 

To reach this camp from Seattle one can go by the Great Northern 
train or by steamer to Everett, thirty-three miles, and thence by the 
Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad to Silverton, fifty miles; or from 
Seattle by the Seattle & International Railroad to Hartford Junction, forty- 
three miles, and thence by the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad to Silverton, 
thirty-three miles. From Silverton a good wagon road runs up Deer Creek 
to the Clear Creek divide, four and one-balf miles, and another road runs 
half a mile to the mouth of Silver Gulch. Trails branch out from the railroad 
and from these wagon roads to the various mines, and one has been made 
over the Marble Pass to the Forty-five Mine, on the Sultan side, a distance of 
four and one-half miles. The distance to the Everett smelter is fifty-four 
miles and to the Tacoma smelter 128 miles. 

The mineral ledges of this district are contained in a belt of granite about 
twelve miles wide, which runs a little east of north and west of south and 
cuts across the south fork of the Stillaguamish from a line crossing five miles 
above Silverton to another crossing seven miles below. It has been traced 
from the north fork of the river and includes the heads of both forks at 
White Horse Mountain, which stands at the upper end of the ridge between 
the forks. Cutting across the south fork valley, it has been found to extend 
across the Sultan Valley and across Silver Creek, where it shows two miles 
above the mouth. It runs on across both forks of the Skykomish to the head 
of Miller River. It is cut off on the northeast by a coal formation, which has 
been traced from the Stillaguamish south fork to the Skykomish south fork, 
where explorations of good coal prospects a short distance above the town of 
Skykomish have been carried on for several years. Southwest of this granite 
is a slate belt, of which the contact is not traceable, the formation being 
much covered, but slate is found above the canyon of the Sultan River and is 
believed to be the source of the placer gold of that stream. In true fissures 
following the same course as this granite belt, but of course with many cross 
ledges and stringers, runs a. series of quartz ledges, some of which attain 
enormous width, fifty and sixty feet being quite common and 180 feet being the 
defined width of one ledge. The quartz is mineralized with chalcopyrite, 
pyrrhotite, iron pyrites and arsenical iron, all extremely rich in copper and 
carrying gold and silver, while in some instances galena is found mixed with 
the other minerals. The ore rarely carries less than 10 per cent, copper and 
20 to 25 per cent, is more common, while rich streaks of black oxide run up to 
45 per cent., and bornite, which carries 50 to 60 per cent, copper, has been found 
in pockets. The gold and silver values are alone sufficient to make such large 
ore bodies so conveniently located pay well, though copper will in many 
instances prove to be the principal value. Nickel and cobalt occur in some 
ledges, and near the head of Clear CreeK is a deposit of asbestos of great 
surface width. 

Mineral discoveries in this region date from the summer of 1891, when the 
Hoodoo ledge of pyritic ore on the right-hand side of Hoodoo Gulch was 
located by Abe Gordon and Fred Harrington. Within a few days William 
and James Hanset found a great ledge carrying arsenical iron and galena on 
Silver Gulch, and on this they located the Independent. The same fall 
George Hall and W. M. Moleque discovered the Anacortes ledge in Anacortes 
Gulch. Then the great Bonanza Queen ledge, on Long Mountain, was found 
by J. F. Bender, Z. W. Lockwood and J. O. Marsh. 

The camp was first named Independence, after one of the early dis- 
coveries, but on August 26, 1891, the Stillaguamish Mining District was 
organized at a miners' meeting and the name Silverton was adopted. In the 
following winter a townsite was established by the late Charles McKenzie,. 
Parker McKenzie. J. B. Carrothers, "William Whitten and John F. Birney. 
They cut a pack-trail to Hartford in November. 1891, and within a year the 
great Helena ledges on the divide between Deer and Clear Creeks had been 
discovered by Louis Lundlin, John Jackson and Thomas Johnson, and the 
Perry Creek claims had been located by Theodore Lohr. During the same 
year the wagon road had been constructed and the railroad was graded almost 

(2) 



18 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

to Barlow Pass, eight miles to the southeast. In the years 1893 and 1894 there 
was a lull, due to the panic, but in 1895 activity in prospecting was renewed 
by the discoverey of an extension of the mineral belt over Long Mountain, 
from Deer Creek to Martin Creek by A. D. Sperry, William Matsdorp, A. 
Iverson and George O. Mosher, and in the fall of 1895 this was followed by 
further discoveries near the head of that creek by John McClellan. The last 
notable discovery was that of the asbestos deposit on the divide from which 
Deer, Marten and Clpar Creeks all spring, this being made in July, 1896, by 
R. C. Myers and Louis Callihan. 

The Hoodoo group of seven mineral claims and six millsites is now owned 
by the Stiilaguamish and Sultan Mining Company, composed principally of 
English, Scotch and Welsh capitalists. The main ledge runs through the 
Morrison, Hoodoo, Tenderfoot and Lakeview claims, and is fully twenty feet 
wide, between walls of conglomerate and slate, being one of the best-defined 
fissure veins in the district. The ore carries iron and copper pyrites and 
pyrrhotite, with some bell metal, and is contained in a lime quartz gangue. 
There are two well-defined ore bodies, one eighteen inches to twelve feet 
wide and 300 feet long, and the other twenty inches to twelve feet wide and 
200 feet long, showing 500 feet further up the mountain. The main tunnel has 
been driven 420 feet on the Hoodoo ledge, showing two to eight feet of solid 
ore, and will be continued 350 feet to get under the highest cropping, where a 
depth cf 510 feet will be attained early in May. About 200 feet of tunneling 
has been done on a stringer and to prospect the ledge at other noints. This 
ore will concentrate 3y 2 into 1, making concentrates worth $83 a ton, f his value 
being divided in the proportion of 43 per cent, gold, 31 per cent, silver, 2> per 
Cent, copper. On the Peacock a four-foot ledge is shown up by a number of 
open cuts, and is traceable for 400 feet, while the Tenderfoot cross-ledge 
shows equal width in open cuts. The mine is reached by three-quarters of a 
mile of wagon road from the railroad, and by seventy feet of exterior rock 
cut protected by snowsheds. It is equipped with two power drills operated 
by steam, but at present it is found to be cheaper to mine by hand. 

The Independent group of three claims, recently incorporated, has a ledge 
cropping to a width of sixty feet in the bed of a gorge running towards the 
mouth of Silver Gulch, which has been traced across the Stiilaguamish River 
to Long Mountain and across the head of Anacortes Gulc^ through the 
Hoodoo into Sultan Basin. The ledge carries arsenical iron all through and 
contains ten feet of high grade ore and some streaks of galena. Assays of 
the pay streak range from $17 to $140 gold and average between $70 and $80, 
only 3 to 4 per cent, of the total value being silver. A tunnel has been driven 
156 feet on the leage at the west end of the Independent claim and shows 
thirty-eight inches of solid ore in the face. Another tunnel 100 feet higher 
has been driven 100 feet on the ore chute, through which a cross-^ut is now 
being made, and a recent rocksllde has uncovered a large body of high 
grade ore. 

Adjoining this group is the Cleveland group of four claims, a three- 
quarteis interest in which has been bonded by Thomas Wilson and S. A. 
Hartman to Van B. De Lashmutt, E. E. Crookham and others, of Portland, 
for $50,000, and is being developed by them. The Violet is the east extension 
of the Independent ledge and is crossed by the Cleveland ledge, running north 
and south, which crops in a gorge between fifty and sixty feet wide, with at 
least three feet of chaloopyrite showing. The American and Geyser cross the 
Violet in a northeast and southwest course, and, like it, carry arsenical iron 
and galena. A tunnel has been run seventy-two feet, cross-cutting the Violet 
ledge at its intersection with the Cleveland, and will be continued on the 
hanging wall of the latter, which it is intended to develop. It cut a number 
of small streaks of ore all through the Violet and shows two wide pay streaks 
on the Cleveland. Some prospect holes on the Cleveland croppings have 
shown wide bodies of fine copper and iron pyrites, of which assays average 
$29 gold, silver and copper, and have shown up two to three feet of crystallized 
lime in the ledge, which may also assay and would probably be taken at a 
premium at the smelter. 

The Everett group of three claims, owned by the White Rock Gold Mining 
Company, together with a one-eighth interest in four parallel adjoining 
claims and two millsites at the mouth of Deer Creek, is on the extension of 
the Independent ledge over to Anacortes Gulch. There is a well-defined ledge 
of mineralized rock seventy-two feet wide, in which are three distinct mineral 
veins from six to fourteen inches wide, carrying copper and iron sulphides 
and gray copper. The surface ore assays $11 to $12 gold and silver. Tunneling 
on the ledge will begin as soon as the weather permits. 

The Anacortes Nos. 1, 2 and 3, owned by George Hall, M. L. Moleque and 
Dr. Longstreet, of New York, are on a ledge parallel with the Independence 
on the north. Tunnels have been driven 120 and 26 feet, showing thirty inches 
of pay ore carrying arsenical iron and some steel galena. 

On the extension of the Cleveland Joseph Crane, William Hanset, Charles 
Willison and Peter Johnson have the Summer Coom 

On Silver Gulch are also the Granite and Maud, owned by J. B. Vannetter, 
C. L. Clemans, S. W. Munger and A.. W. Hawks, on two ledges three and four 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 19 

feet wide. The Granite shows eight inches of white iron and galena, assaying 
$43 gold and silver in a forty-foot tunnel and thirty-foot shaft. 

On a four-foot ledge of solid arsenical iron ore which crosses the Summer 
Coon S. W. Munger, J. B. Vannetter, A. W. Hawks and C. L. Clemans have 
the New York, on which they have run a tunnel about twenty feet, showing 
ore which runs from $15 to $17 in gold, silver and copper. The extension of 
the Summer Coon ledge also crosses this claim. 

On a spur of the mountain south of Silver Gulch Jasper Compton, J. B. 
Vannetter, William M. Kittell and A. W. Hawks have the Fanny, on a 
twenty-foot ledge carrying a twenty-two-inch pay streak of ore similar to 
that of the Forty-five Mine, on the Sultan side of the divide. This is shown 
up by an open cut thirty feet long, extended by thirty feet of tunnel. Assays 
range from $12 to $46 gold, silver and copper. 

Across the gulcn from the Granite is the Lula, owned by J. E. Bogardus, 
of Sidney. A tunnel has been driven forty feet on the ledge and at its mouth 
a shaft is down thirty feet, showing eight inches of white iron and galena, 
assaying $43 gold and silver. 

The Big Four group of seven claims has recently been incorporated 
by the Big Four Mountain Mining Company, which is preparing for 
the season's operations. The ledge is twelve to fifteen feet wide be- 
tween syenite hanging and granite foot wall, and runs through the summit 
to the Sultan side, where the Forty-five group is on the extension. The 
gangue is blue slate and the pay streak, thirty inches wide, carries galena, 
antimonial silver and arsenical iron, averaging about $50 in value, and the 
remainder of the ledge is concentrating ore. This is shown in a tunnel 100 
feet long, with a depth of 150 to 200 feet, on the Pehakaole. A number of open 
cuts on the other claims show concentrating ore. 

The Forty-five ledge is believed to extend almost to the railroad, through 
the Granite Mountain group, owned by the Granite Mountain Gold Mining 
Company. It extends down a canyon on Marble Mountain and the croppings 
show sixteen to forty feet of decomposed porphyry, carrying chalcopyrite 
and iron sulphides, assaying $6.40 to $12, across their whole width. A tunnel 
will be driven on the ledge 100 feet. 

On Marble Mountain, which forms the Sultan Divide at the head of the 
east fork of Bender Creek, D. C. and W. R. Brawley and W. J. Dean, of 
Seattle, and W. W. Rhodes and Lou Myers have the Bell and Crown group 
of seventeen claims, and have cut a trail to them, two and one-half miles, 
from the railroad, and will begin opening up the ore bodies this spring. Three 
claims are on the main ledge, which crops at least thirty feet, and at one point 
eighty feet, wide between walls of porphyry and shale, the ledge matter being 
quartz, though a large part of the ore is mingled with the shale. The ore is 
copper pyrites, carrying gold and silver, and the width of pay ore is about 
twelve feet, chiefly on the hanging wall, though the whole ledge is well 
enough mineralized to pay for concentration. The lowest assay was 10y 2 per 
cent, copper and $8 gold anu silver, and the total value has run up to over $30. 
On a cross ledge twelve feet wide, showing six feet of solid ore, are two 
claims, and on another eighteen f^et wide, showing three feet of ore, is 
another claim, while two more each have about two feet of ore. Another 
claim has three feet of ore carrying copper, galena and zinc, which assays 
$12 to $40 on the surface. 

The Eclipse group of twenty-seven claims on the south side of the river 
will be developed this season by the Eclipse Mining Company. Three claims 
are on the extension of the Independent ledge, which shows a streak of 
arsenical iron rich in gold. Another ledge covered by three claims runs 
twelve to fourteen feet wide up Marble Gulch to the Sultan Divide, and 
carries gold, silver and copper. The Little Giant ledge, on which are three 
claims, runs north and south across the latter one and crops sixty feet wide, 
containing bodies of sulphide ore which assay well in gold, silver and copper. 
Three claims are on an east and west ledge crossing this one. The company 
has two claims on Long Mountain showing five feet of copper sulphides in the 
croppings, which assay $23 gold, silver and copper, and is running a cross-cut 
to tap this ledge. 

The greatest showing on the north side of the river is on the Helena group, 
on the divide between Deer and Clear Creeks, owned by the Deer Creek Gold 
and Copper Mining Company. The crest of the mountain is a line of jagged 
cliffs, below which the granite is exposed for several hundred feet down its 
side. The cliffs and the mountain side below them are stained a bright red 
with the oxidized iron and copper, and here a series of ledges was discovered 
in 1894 by Louis Lundlin, Thomas Johnson and John Jackson. This group is 
composed of six claims, making an area 4,500 feet long and 1,200 feet wide. 
On Helena No. 1 are four distinct ledges, which have been traced to a width 
ranging from twelve to fifty feet right through the mountain, and on the 
Helena No. 2 there is a single ledge 180 feet wide, clearly traceable through 
the mountain. All carry chalcopyrite with gold and silver, and in the 180-foot 
ledge are many large pay streaks, one of them twenty feet, as shown in a 
cross-cut. The main tunnel, 720 feet below the summit, is in 124 feet, with 
drifts sixty feet to the right and seventy-two feet to the left. The latter cuts 
a twenty-two foot ledge with an eight-foot pay streak. These drifts run into 



20 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

parallel ledges, shown up by tunnels 150 and 100 feet long- at a point 100 feet 
higher. A tunnel has been started on the main ledge 1,000 feet below the 
main tunnel and will be pushed ahead to tap the- ore body at depth. About 
160 tons of ore from near the surface have been shipped to the Everett 
smelter, the first 100 tons returning $19 to $32 gross. A wagon road has been 
made up Deer Creek to the foot of the divide, where ore will be loaded from a 
chute extending to the mine 1,500 feet above. 

The same company owns the St. Louis and Jackson on a ledge which is 
cut by Deer Creek, and have run a tunnel 127 feet, from which a winze has 
been sunk to another tunnel 104 feet long. Both of these tunnels are in solid 
ore, with pay streaks from eighteen to thirty-six inches, an assay of which 
runs $20 gold, $23 silver and 30 per cent, copper. A cross-cut has been started 
250 feet below, which will tap the ledge in 300 feet. - This work is being done 
by three power drills, with an air compressor run by water power from a 
Pelton wheel at a fall 175 feet high. This plant will be transferred to the 
deep tunnel on the Helena group when the St. Louis ledge has been tapped. 

On the extension of the Helena ledges across the divide between Clear and 
Martin Creeks the Three Sisters Mining Company has the Three Sisters group 
of four claims, on which five men are driving a tunnel. At twenty feet this 
showed eighteen feet of ore. 

The Glengarry Mining Company has the Glengarry group of nine claims 
parallel with the Three Sisters group, and is tunneling from the Martin Creek 
side. It shows a forty-five-inch pay streak of gray copper ore, an average 
sample of which assayed $4.20 gold, $140.70 silver. 

The Helena Extension group of five claims, owned by the Helena Exten- 
sion Mining Company, is on the Helena series of ledges and is being developed. 

The Hannah group of eighi claims, owned by E. C. Hughes and Maurice 
McMicken, of Seattle, is parallel with the Helena on the same series of ledges. 
There is a surface showing of ore eighteen feet wide, and a forty-foot tunnel 
on the hanging wall shows ore all through, assaying $7 to $10, mostly copper. 
This tunnel is being extended 100 feet and shows constant improvement in the 
ore, and two prospect holes higher on the ledge have shown ore worth $21 and 
$23 respectively. 

The Nonpareil Mining Company has begun development on its two claims, 
on which the supposed southwest extension of one of the Helena ledges crops 
eight to twelve feet wide. 

One of the most important recent deals was the bonding to Dennis Ryan, 
of St. Paul, of the Bonanza Queen group of ten claims by J. F. Bender, 
Z. W. Lockwood and A. Sutherland. The main ledge, on which are four 
claims, crops out sixty feet wide in a gulch running down Long Mountain to 
Deer Creek, its course being from southeast to northwest. It can be seen 
cutting across a lateral gulch into the mountain towards the north fork of 
the Stillaguamish, its course being clearly traceable wherever the rock is 
exposed. A tunnel has been run forty-two feet and a cross-cut from it eleven 
feet towards the wall is all in ore, which carries chalcopyrite assaying 26 per 
cent, copper and upwards, besides gold and silver, arsenical iron running $27 
gold and 16 ounces silver, and black oxide of copper which assays as high as 
44 per cent, copper. Another tunnel has been run fifty-five feet at a point 250 
feet lower and showed ore until it was run to one side into softer material, 
with the intention of cross-cutting into the ore again. Three thousand feet 
northwest of the upper tunnel another tunnel has been driven sixty feet in 
ore. In the ledge is a streak of about six feet of crystallized lime, carrying 
mineral, and with the richest streaks on each side, which would be taken by 
smelters for flux at a premium. On the Oregon parallel ledge on the east are 
four claims of the same group. It is nearly sixty feet wide, with several good 
pay streaks of similar ore, and has been well exposed by a slide which 
occurred last spring above the camp. A tunnel has been run twenty feet, 
showing veins of chalcopyrite, black oxide and galena. The galena assays 
$60 gold, and surface ore taken above the tunnel assayed $27 gold, 16 ounces 
silver and 26 per cent, copper. On a cross ledge of white quartz fourteen feet 
wide the same owners have another claim, on which a thirty-foot tunnel 
shows two feet of solid white iron ore. with some copper, assaying 11 ounces 
gold. There are several other good streaks beside that in the tunnel. On 
another cross ledge twelve feet between walls is the tenth claim, in which a 
thirty-foot tunnel shows a wide streak of white iron rather less in value. 
Mr. Ryan has established camp and ordered machinery, ready for vigorous 
development, and is meanwhile running a cross-cut by manual labor. 

On extensions of the Bonanza Queen and Oregon ledges D. K. Sutherland, 
J. D. Sutherland and C. E. Anderson have four claims, which they have 
bonded for $50,0C0 for one year from December 1, 1896, to R. B. Symington, of 
San Francisco, representing an English company. A tunnel run thirty-one 
feet on a soft streak in the Stockton, from which a cross-cut will be made, 
and shorter tunnels on the other claims, show ore bodies equal in size and 
value to those of the Bonanza Queen group. 

On Long Mountain D. C. and W. R. Brawley, W. J. Dean, W. W. Rhodes 
and Lou Myers have the Copperhead group of nineteen claims, on a series of 
seventeen ledges and stringers. The principal ledge is the Four Aces, on 
which are four claims and which is twenty-two feet wide, with a pay streak 
showing on the surface which in one place is two inches and widens in places 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 21 

to five feet. The ore is copper pyrites, running- lower in copper but higher in 
gold than the grouo owned by the same parties across the river, assays 
ranging from $10 to $40 for all values. The Copperhead ledge, on which there 
are four claims, shows four feet of the same kind of ore, and the Idle shows 
two to six feet of ore carrying white iron, with gold and silver, but little 
copper. The best ere in the group is on the Sunbeam stringer, which is eight 
to ten inches wide and assays $50 to $70. including 10 per cent, copper. 

On the Four Aces ledge George Hodffins and A. W. Hawks, of Snohomish, 
have the Mayflower and Louise, on which they have begun work. 

On the west end of Lgng Mountain R. C. Myers and A. D. Sperry have the 
pry Creek group of four claims on a nine-foot ledge capped with serpentine, 
in which there is a twenty-four-inch pay streak of arsenical iron assaying 
$^ to Si gold and silver and a small percentage of copper. Rich float similar 
to this ledge was found in the gulch below it and assaved $400 gold and silver. 

On the extension of the Oregon ledge C. H. Packard. A. W. Hawks and 
T>. C. Johnson, of Everett, have the Nemo group of five claims on three 
spurs, all running into the Oregon ledge. They have run a tunnel 175 feet on 
one spur, which is white quartz carrying arsenical iron and copper pyrites, 
their purpose being to strike the ore body which crons out 200 feet above and 
to cross-cut the Oregon ledge. The tunnel shews about three feet of ore in 
spots, assays of which run from $8 to $15 gold, with very little silver and some 
copper. The tunnel is almost at the foot of the mountain, within 150 yards 
of the railroad, so that operations will be very cheap. 

On one of these spurs J. H. James has the Lily James and has traced the 
ledge from the footwall to a width of twenty feet. The whole width is more 
or less mineralized and there are streaks of white iron assaying $7 gold and 
silver and upwards. A tunnel has been run eighty feet on the footwall, but 
the ledge has not yet been cross-cut.' 

Half a mile from the wagon road, on the right fork of Deer Creek, is the 
Colts groun of four claims, owned by Bert Horton and David McRae, on a 
ledge ten feet between walls, with three feet of rich ore, and the remainder 
concentrating. Near the summit are two tunnels, fourteen and sixteen feet, 
on the ledge, and 3,000 feet below the summit a cross-cut is in fiftv-five feet 
and will strike the ledge at a depth of 100 feet in ten or fifteen feet more. 
The ore is chalcopyrite, assaying 26 per cent, copper, 18% ounces silver, $3.40 
gold. A trail has been cut from the road and development is in progress. 

On the mountains overlooking Deer Lake the Deer Lake Mining Company 
4ias a group of ten claims. The Wildcat, Otillie and Granite are on a 
ledge which runs across the divide to Marten Creek. The ledge is four 
feet wide, carrying chalcopyrite clear across. A tunnel is in sixty feet on the 
Wildcat and another the same length on the other claims. On the mountain 
southwest of the lake they have the Lakeview on a six-foot ledge, shown up 
"by a forty-foot tunnel. On the Cameron and Homestake, which run across 
the head of the lake, they have a body of quartzite seventy to ninety feet 
wide, carrying white iron, and are running a cross-cut. They are also cross- 
cutting a ledge of black sulphurets eighteen to twenty inches wide on the 
Highland, which is above the Homestake. 

On Clear Creek, beyond the Helena group, is the Grizzly group of four 
claims, owned by the Clear Creek Mining Company. They have two ledges, 
twenty-five and six feet wide, carrying high-grade copper ore, including 
chalcopyrite, blacK oxide and bornite. Assays show from 25 to 45 per cent, 
copper, and the value in gold, silver and copper is about $50. In the smaller 
ledge a twenty-four inch pay streak is being shown up by a shaft eighteen 
feet deep and tunnel, on which work is now in progress, and the larger ledge 
shows several good streaks. This company intends to extend the Deer Creek 
road over the divide to the property, and is erecting buildings and continuing 
the shaft. 

Extending across Clear Creek, just below this group, is the Asbestos 
group of six claims, located in a double line of three each by R. C. Myers and 
Louis Callihan last summer. Against a granite wall running northeast and 
southwest is a great dike of talcic asbestos, varying from 30 to 150 feet wide, 
which stands up seventy-five feet above the rock on each side. This material 
Is used to give body to paper and specimens examined by skilled men at the 
Lowell pa.per mill are pronounced superior to that brought from New York 
by that company. On the surface this material is of a greenish tinge, but 
deeper down is expected to be pure white, like the New York product. 
Against this dike is a body of mineral apparently carrying nickel and cobalt, 
about 500 feet wide, and throughout its width are large pockets of very tough 
fibrous asbestos. The wall of this deposit is a serpentine dike 150 to 400 feet 
wide, in contact with a hard black flinty slate. 

A series of four or five parallel ledges of white quartz carrying chalco- 
pyrite and some galena has been traced from Marten Creek across the 
mountain to Deer Creek. The principal ledge is the Arlington, which shows 
up seventy feet wide on the Arlington claim and has been traced four miles 
across Deer Creek, showing more or less mineral throughout. Tne Arlington 
and three other claims on the same ledge have been bought by the Marten 
Creek Gold and Copper Mining Company, which has bonded a majority of its 
stock to Captain C. H. Thompson and others, of Spokane, on condition that 
they continue development until May 1. A twenty-foot tunnel is all in 



22 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

sulphide ore assaying- $12.60 gold, $6.20 silver and 35 per cent, copper, and? 
another tunnel, 1,000 feet below, is sixty feet in decomposed rock, with 150 feet 
further to drive before striking the solid formation. The same company has 
a claim on another ledge four or five feet wide, in which a twenty-foot open 
cut shows streaks of ore aggregating twenty inches, and assaying $11 gold 
and 27 per cent, copper. The Climax and Knoxville, on the east of Deer 
Creek, owned by Hugh Kennedy and others, and the Bunker Hill, further to- 
the east, owned by Charles Sperry and John McCartney, are also believed to 
be on extensions of this ledge. 

On a six-foot ledge parallel with the Arlington Joseph Crane and Thomas. 
Wilson have the Baby Lode and its extension, on which they have run a 
short tunnel. 

On the west extension of this ledge is the Doubtful, which, with the 
White Swan, on a parallel ledge, has been bonded by the Cascade Develop- 
ment Company.' A fifty-foot tunnel is being run on the White Swan, which 
is said to have assayed 200 ounces silver on the surface. 

A recent rich discovery near the head of Marten Creek is the New Seattle- 
ledge, on which the original claim has been bonded by A. D. Sperry and F. F. 
Randolph to Captain C. H. Thompson, of Spokane, who is tunneling on it.. 
It is seven feet wide, running northeast and southwest, and carrying anti- 
monial silver and gray copper in a five-foot pay streak, assays of which 
average 350 ounces of silver and $5.60 gold. A test car load shipment will be- 
made shortly. 

On the southwest extension are the four Consolidated claims, owned by 
A. D. Sperry, R. C. Myers and Louis Callihan. 

The Bald Mountain Mining Company is developing the two Golden Chord 
claims on the Arlington ledge and the Lakeview extension on the New Seattle 
ledge. On the former a fifteen-foot tunnel has shown a large body of 
sulphides and some galena, the croppings of which carry $7 to $9 gold, silver 
and copper, but the solid formation has not been reached. On the Lakeview 
extension a forty-foot open cut and tunnel is entering the solid formation, 
the croppings assaying $8.46 gold, silver and copper. 

Parallel with the St. Louis ledge, on Marten Creek, are the Monitor andt 
Sterling, owned by the Monitor and Sterling Mining Company. This ledge 
is six feet wide, with gangue similar to the New Seattle, mineralized the 
whole width, with thirty inches of ore carrying gray copper and copper- 
pyrites. This is shown in a twenty-foot tunnel, which will be immediately 
extended fifty feet, giving a depth of 100 feet. 

On the divide between Perry Creek and Falls Creek and extending down 
both of those streams is the Eureka group of fifteen ciaims and three mill- 
sites, owned by the Perry Creek Mining Company, distant from one to six 
miles from the railroad. One ledge is over 100 feet wide and has croppings of 
copper pyrites assaying 9 to 15 per cent, copper, 4 to 38 ounces silver andi 
$1 gold, on which a 100-foot tunnel is being driven. Another claim is on a 
large body of ore shown by a small tunnel and assaying 9 per cent, copper, 
4 ounces silver and a trace of gold, A tunnel has been started on another 
well-defined ledge of concentrating ore twelve feet wide extending through. 
two claims. A ten-foot tunnel is on a ledge of chalcopyrite fifty-four inches* 
between walls, assaying 19 to 26 per cent, copper, 5 to 7 ounces silver and a 
trace of gold. A tunnel has been started on two ledges four feet. each„ 
showing good bodies of chalcopyrite, the croppings of which assay 14 to 3®* 
per cent, copper, 10 to 25 ounces silver and a trace of gold. A ledge extending 
through three claims has sixteen feet of concentrating ore carrying fine- 
grained steel galena and copper pyrites and averaging 4 per cent, copper,. 
$3 gold and silver and 3 per cent. lead. A tunnel has penetrated seventy feet, 
showing continued improvement, and is being extended. Three other claims- 
are on a large ledge, of which the croppings show a good-sized pay streak of 
concentrating ore, carrying galena, sulphides and gray copper, which will be 
struck at a depth of eighty-five feet by a twenty-foot tunnel when it has been 
driven ten feet further. 

Extending from the head of the west fork of Coal Creek down to the 
railroad is the Double Eagle group of four quartz and eight placer Claims, 
owned by the Double Eagle Mining Company. The quartz claims are on a 
ledge of free milling ore varying from fifteen to forty feet in width, assays of 
which range all the way from $1 to $20 and average about $8. The placers are 
on several small tributaries of Coal Creek which wash the ledge. 

The Butte and Big Bear, owned by the Big Bear Mining Company, on the< 
divide between Clear and Canyon Creeks, fnur miles by trail from the rail- 
road, have a ledge 100 feet wide between walls, running a little north of west 
and south of east. It contains a number of streaks of peacock copper, 
carrying gold and silver, ranging in widtn from four to thirty inches, from. 
the surface of one of which twenty assays averaged $9 gold. $7 silver- 
Tunnels have been run fifty feet on the widest and twenty-five feet on thfe. 
four-inch ^fr^ak, and the latter Y\p.f. wide^r! to ten inehes. This cross-cut. 
will be extended to tap the ledge, which will be defined by drifting. A cross- 
cut will then be run from the Canyon Creek side of the divide to tap tne 
ledge at depui. 

On a ledge running up the mountain at the mouth of Gordon Creek, from 



SULl 

SNOHOMISH 
WASHING 




>*Fos?7/s 



ft»IN(NP IM TH? PAC1PIC NORTHWEST 




I THf PACIFIC NORTHWEST 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 23 

a point only 150 feet from the railroad, the Gordon Creek Gold Mining- Com- 
pany has the Wad, Bullet and Hope. The ledge is twelve to fourteen feet 
wide between walls of syenite and serpentine and is traceable for 4,54)0 feet 
The surface ore is sulphides and arsenical iron and assays from $2 to' $39 gold 
and copper. The company has driven a tunnel thirty-five feet on the hanging- 
wall from the base of the mountain, which has ore in the face assaying $15 
gold and silver all the way across. 

Tbe estimated cost of mining the wider ledges in this district is $1 a ton 
hauling to the railroad four or five miles $2, railroad freight $2. smelting $6,' 
a total cost of $11. Concentration will reduce all of these costs except mining 
in a degree varying with the ratio in which the ore will concentrate, and the 
■only additional cost would be about $1 a ton for concentration. 

TEE SULTAN. 

This district had until six years ago the reputation of being one of the 
paying placer districts of the Cascade Range, but during that period the 
placers have dwarfed beside the developments of quartz near the headwaters 
of the several forks and their tributaries. 

The route to the mineral belt from Seattle is by the Great Northern 
.Railroad to Sultan, fifty-five miles; thence by wagon road six miles to Happy 
Valley, and the rest of the distance by horse trail. The main trail runs to 
the head of the north fork, a total distance of twenty-three miles from 
Sultan, while other trails branch off up the middle fork and up Elk Creek, 
the same distance from Sultan in each case, while another trail branches off 
to the east fork of Olney Creek, a total distance from Sultan of sixteen miles. 
Another road runs along the left bank of the main stream for seven miles 
and a trail continues up the river to the forks. The distance oy the Great 
Northern from Sultan to the nearest smelter, at Everett, is only twenty-two 
miles, and to the lacoma smelter ninety-six miles, and thus the extension of 
the road would settle the transportation problem for the present, or until 
production has made such progress as to furnish traffic for a railroad. 

The characteristic ores of this district are like those of the Stiiiaguamish 
District, of which belt this is the southward extension, rich mainly in copper, 
but carrying gold and silver, with nickel and cobalt in places. But side by 
side with the greatest copper deposit at the head of the north fork is a ledge 
of high-grade gold and silver ore. The formation in this section of the 
district is granite, like that of the Stiiiaguamish side of the divide, but the 
ledges bearing gold and silver across the basin are in a blue slate gangue 
between walls of talcose schist. In the middle fork basin the formation is 
porphyritic syenite, which forms a contact with the granite and diorite of 
Silver Creek, and the ledges are in true fissures in the syenite, carrying 
copoer pyrites and gold. 

Until the year 1898 the most active work on the north fork basin had been 
done by the Stiiiaguamish and Sultan Mining Company on the Little Chief 
.group of eight mineral claims, with two millsites in the valley below. Six of 
these claims, two of which are patented, are on a ledge of great width, 
which runs up the side of Little Chief Mountain and over its summit, almost 
to Copper Lake, which is drained by Copper Creek. The outcrop is one of the 
greatest in the Cascades, being a cliff of chalcopyrite about 300 feet high and 
120 feet wide and showing for 500 feet along the length of the ledge, at a point 
1,000 feet up Little Chief Mountain in Boulder Canyon, up which the deposit 
nas been traced for 700 or 800 feet. The lower level, which is designed for a 
main working tunnel, as its location avoids the Phelps Glacier and all danger 
of snowslides, has been driven 290 feet, of which the last seventy-nine feet 
are in ore. It has been turned thirty-four feet to the left and again forty- 
seven feet to the right, across a number of stringers. The upper level, 265 
feet above, runs into the ledge at right angles thirty-five feet, turns forty-five 
feet to the left, making a cross-cut to the north wall and then follows it for 
forty-six feet. Another cross-cut runs forty-four feet to the right. All this 
tunneling is in ore. The ore body has also been located 120 feet further into 
the mountain by 1,200 feet of diamond drill holes. On the south wall, at a 
point 200 feet higher, another drift has been run twenty feet, also in very 
high-grade ore, proving the ore body to be at least 123 feet wide. The ore is 
copper pyrites, averaging about $12 in gold, silver and copper, at some points 
running much higher in copper and at certain points carrying nickel and 
cobalt, the ledge matter being slate mixed in places with quartz. The Stepto 
and Silver Peak are on a parallel ledge to the north, which shows eight feet 
wide in an open cut on the latter claim and has eighteen inches of solid ore 
in a forty-foot tunnel on the former. 

The company has made preparations to develop the property on a large 
scale. It has 2,000 horse-power in Copper Creek, which has a fall of 1.000 feet 
below the foot of Copper Lake, and has made a rock cut in which to lay a 
pipe line leading to the millsites below. A survey has also been made for a 
railroad twenty-six miles long from Sultan, on the Great Northern Railroad, 



24 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

to the foot of Little Chief Mountain. This road would not only carry the- 
traffic of the Little Chief, but that of the middle fork, Elk Basin and Olney 
Creek mines, and would develop the splendid body of timber in the Sultan 
Basin. 

The first mine to ship ore from this district was the rich Forty-five, on the 
opposite side of the north fork basin, now owned by the Forty-five Consoli- 
dated Mining Company. The group consists of eighteen claims, four of 
which are on the Deupree ledge, running parallel with the divide, besides 
forty acres for tramway terminals in the Sultan Valley and forty acres for 
the same purpose in the Stillaguamish Valley. Development has been vigor- 
ously prosecuted since the organization of the company in April, 1896. and has 
shown the property to be one of great value. The principal ledge extends for 
over a mile through six claims and runs east and west between walls of" 
talcose schist, the gangue being blue slate, quartz and talc. On the Deupree- 
Brothers, 1,800 feet above the camp, it crops out eighteen feet wide in a gorge 
with walls about fifty feet high, formed by the wearing down of the ore by a 
small stream pouring through it and deeply stained with iron leached out of" 
the ore. The slide rock in the gorge is nearly all ore, and, if there were a 
wagon road to Sultan, a car load could easily be picked up on the surface 
rich enough to ship at a profit. From here this ledge has been traced over the 
surface for 1,500 feet, and a tunnel run on the hanging wall for fifty feet is in, 
ore, the intention being to cross-cut from it. On the adjoining claim a tunnel 
has been run 163 feet in the hanging wall, with a cross-cut to the footwall. 
This shows on the hanging wall an eighteen-inch streak of solid ore carrying, 
white iron, copper sulphurets and galena, which runs about $30 gold and 
silver. On the footwall is thirty to forty inches of decomposed quartz and 
talc, which is good concentrating ore, averaging about $8 gold and silver, and 
is so soft that it can be very cheaply mined with pick and shovel. 

The development of the Forty-five was begun in the spring of 1896, where 
the ore crops ten inches wide about 400 feet below the summit. A tunnel was 
driven 140 feet on the ledge, with a cross-cut of thirty-five feet, showing two 
pay streaks which aggregate fourteen inches at the narrowest and six feet 
at the widest point. The gangue is mainly dark blue slate, veined with quartz; 
and considerable talc, and carries galena, white iron and gray copper. At the 
face of the cross-cut a shaft was sunk twenty feet in 'order to get the work- 
ings deep enough below the water which flows over the ledge in the gulch. 
A cross-cut was then run to the ledge, which was followed, widening and 
Improving in quality, with showings of ruby silver. The ledge carries three 
grades of ore, running about $100, $30 and $8 respectively, in gold, silver and 
lead. The first car load of high-grade ore comprised fourteen tons, and 
returned 135.8 ounces of silver, .76 of an ounce of gold, and 1V 2 per cent, of 
lead, paying $1,222.85 ever freight and treatment. The second car load returned 
about $109 a ton. The ore is carried down the mountain by a temporary 
tramway of hempen rope 2,000 feet long, but surveys have been made for 
permanent tramways from both the Forty-five and Deupree Brothers to the 
millsite, and also across the range to the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad 
near Silverton, over a route 13.000 feet long. A cross-cut 232 feet long tapped 
the Forty-five ledge 175 feet below the present tunnel, showing six to eight 
inches of high-grade ore on the hanging wall, which assayed $31.30 gold and 
102 ounces silver. At 214 f'-et this tunnel struck a stringer of gray copper and 
galena ten to fourteen inches wide, carrying $154 gold and silver. 

Preparations have also been made to erect a concentrator for reduction of 
the low grade ore at the proposed tramway terminus. The company worked 
twelve men throughout the winter on the cross-cut, has left $10,000 worth of 
ore on the dump ready for concentration and has spent $19,000 on the property 
so far. 

A thousand feet below the outlet of Copper LaKe is the Cornucopia group 
of four claims on two iedges of ore similar to that of the Forty-five mine, 
owned by Peter L. Trout and others. One of these ledges crosses the Forty- 
five and shows eighteen to thirty inches of ore in a thirty-foot tunnel, 
carrying galena and sulphurets, while a surface cut above showed five ie<-t 
of galena, with a little lead carbonate. An assay from the surface showed 
$10.33 gold, $1.40 silver, while as the tunnel progressed assays first of $28.90 gold 
and $9.60 silver, then of $68 for both values were obtained. White iron then 
came in on the hanging wall and ran $10.30 gold, $2.50 silver. The other ledge 
is three to four feet wide, assaying $4.13 gold, $10.40 silver; $4.13 gold, $26.10 
silver, 36 per cent, lead; then $70, all values. Only surface work has been 
done on this ledge. 

A blow-out of ore similar to the Little Chief has been discovered towards 
the summit of Hall's Peak and on it R. M. Burnet. John Erickson and otners 
have located the Columbus group of four claims and have run a short tunnel. 
On the south side of the same peak a similar blow-out, capped with copper 
and iron, beneath which the principal values are copper and cobalt, with a 
little gold and silver, was discovered last summer. On this George W. Ander- 
son, of Granite, has located the Big Copper Nos. 1 and 2; H. J. Andrus, of 
Machias, the Big Copper Nos. 3 and 4, and W. H. Ward, of Snohomish, the- 
Big Copper Nos. 5 and 6, but no work has yet been done to define the extent 
of the deposit. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 25 

Prospecting on the middle fork dates back to about the year 1889, but most 
locations were abandoned on account of their inaccessibility. Among the few 
claims which have been held up to the present time by the original locators 
are the Sultan Nos. 1 and 2, owned by E. R. Krueger, William Biggers and 
A. W. Hawks. They are on a ledge on Sheep Gap Mountain, which crops out 
eighteen feet wide, carrying copper pyrites and gray copper. A tunnel has 
been run forty feet, in ore all the way, with ore also on both sides. Assays 
show 27 per cent, copper, $23 gold, $6 silver, and it is estimated that the ore will 
concentrate 5 into 1. On what is believed to be an extension of this ledge up 
the mountain Robert and William R. Biggers have the Hard Pass, on which 
they have run a tunnel ten feet, showing good ore of the same kind. On the 
divide between the middle fork of the Sultan and Elk Creek W. R. Biggers 
and Ben James in August, 1896, discovered a small outcrop of copper pyrites 
in a slide to be a five-foot ledge carrying three feet eight inches of copper 
pyrites, with a little black oxide of copper, there being an inch of talc gougue 
on each wall. An average sample assayed $6.65 gold, V/ 2 ounces silver, 16 per 
cent, copper. 

On the same divide R. A. Vaughn and D. E. Taylor in January, 1895, 
relocated the Helena and Sadie on two abandoned claims having three parallel 
ledges running nearly east and west Detween walls of porptryritic syenite. 
Two of the ledges are thirty inches wide, with an eighteen- inch pay streak, 
and the third is six feet wide, with a forty-inch pay streak, all of copper 
pyrites carrying gold and silver. The large vein crops out for 120 feet and is 
traceable for 2,000 feet, and the middle one crops out for 300 feet. Assays have 
shown $8 to $10 gold, 16 to 20 per cent, copper. Adits have been run on tne 
several ledges eight to eleven feet. 

The Great Northern group of three claims, which is being developed by 
M. Sheehan, W. D. Simpson and J. H. Wilson under a bond from Thomas 
"Loekwood and C. D. Brownfield, is on a great contact ledge running up 
the mountain from the bank of Sultan River, ten miles from Sultan and 
three miles by trail beyond the end of the road. The ledge is in a contact 
between a bastard granite footwall and porphyry and slate hanging wall, and 
gradually widens from sixty feet close to the river to seventy feet at the top 
of the ridge, at 3,300 feet greater elevation, its course being north by east and 
south by west. The whole width of ledge matter appears to be well mineral- 
ized throughout with fine-grained pyrites of iron and copper, as shown in a 
tunnel running 150 feet on the footwall, giving a depth of eighty feet, and 
another forty-seven feet on the hanging wall, both tunnels being in ore all the 
way, and in a sixteen-foot shaft. Assays have ranged from $6 to $87 gold, sil- 
ver and copper, and an average of six different assays was $32 gold, $1.76 silver, 
$3.45 copper. The footwall tunnel is being driven thirty feet further and the 
ledge will then be cross-cut. 

The placer mines of the Sultan extend upward from the Horseshoe Bend, 
which is six miles by road and trail from Sultan City. This form of mining 
dates back nearly thirty years to 1868. when Thomas Lockwood and James 
Harris took out as much as $30 a day. They were followed by Chinamen, 
who worked with rocker and cradle. Tradition has it that two sailors took 
$6,000 in one season from the Sailors' Bar, and that Lawrence Hanson, of 
Everett, cleaned up $1,200 in one summer. Several parties of men are still 
working and average about $1.50 a day per man. 

The largest enterprise of this kind has been carried on during the year 
1896 by the Horseshoe Bend Mining Company on 157 acres of patented ground, 
half-encircled by the bend in the river from which the company takes its 
name. Here is the clearest evidence of the nature of the gold-bearing deposit. 
In the hollow of the bend is a bar 50 to 150 high, and similar bars extend along 
the banks for some distance up the river. In making this bend the stream 
enters a box canyon formed by a deep fissure in the bedrock and is here 
apparently fathomless. The explanation of this canyon appears to be that 
some natural convulsion split the rock and opened this new channel and that 
the river then left the higher bed now forming the bars and swept its way 
down through the fissure. The high bar in the hollow of the bend is com- 
posed of cement gravel, boulders and sand, with streaks of blue clay, all 
characteristic of river wash. 

In the quite reasonable belief that the deep hole in the box canyon had 
formed a depository for great quantities of gold washed from the gravel, the 
first owners of this property, the Sultan River Mining Company, in 1889 and 
1890 cut a tunnel seven feet wide and 800 feet long across the bend and turned 
the river into it for the purpose of emptying and working the present channel, 
the work costing $40,000. Soon after the river had been turned into it the 
tunnel was choked with boulders and driftwood by a great flood and the work 
was abandoned until it was taken up again in the spring of 1896 by the new 
company. The latter has made one and one-half miles of ditch and flume 
from Marsh Creek, with a fall of 100 feet and a possible fall of 700 feet, laid 
600 feet of eight-inch pipe and installed a hydraulic giant, fitted for nozzles 
ranging from one and one-half to four inches in diameter, which washes the 
dirt into a thirty-foot sluice box over five pole and one Hungarian riffles. 
The boulders are removed by a derrick and the debris is discharged into the 
tunnel, into which two-thirds of the river has been turned by the clearing of 



26 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

its course. At the point where work is in progress the dirt is being- washed 
down to bedrock, which is from eight to eighteen feet below the surface. 
The whole depth pays from 25 to 40 cents a yard, but the best dirt is two feet 
of blue clay near the surface and some streaks of cement gravel. The gold is- 
found in rough pieces ranging from 25 cents to $1 each, sometimes with pieces 
of quartz attached, and at times bits of native silver and copper ranging in 
size from a pinhead to a kernel of wheat are found. The old company took: 
out $1,200 during a temporary suspension ot work on the tunnel. Tne present 
company intends to turn the whole stream into the tunnel by damming the 
present channel, and to pump out the canyon and work the dirt in its bed, 
a gasoline engine and centrifugal pump having been already provided for this 

Four miles up Wallace River, which flows into the Skykomish four miles 
above Sultan, J. F. Wash and Charles Myers have the Gold Bar and Elmo on 
a ledge sixteen or seventeen feet wide, running across the river. There is a 
two-foot streak of galena ore on each wall, assaying $44 to $102 silver and 
lead, with a little gold, but a twenty-seven foot tunnel shows copper pyrites 

At present the mines of the north fork of the Sultan find their outlet to 
transportation by trails over Marble Pass to Silverton, about four and one- 
half miles The nature of the country, however, makes the Sultan Valley 
their natural outlet and the extension of the wagon road would open this 
route, while a railroad is by no means a remote possibility. 

SILVER CREEK. 

Though among the first discovered, one of the richest as regards the size 
and value of its ore bodies, and one of the most accessible, this has hitherto 
been among the most backward districts in the Cascade Range. This fact is 
due to a variety of causes. It was discovered at a time when attention was 
centered on real estate and men who had property of that kind for sale went 
out of their way to discourage the diversion of capital into mining ventures. 
At that time little was known of the character of the mineral belt of the 
Cascade Mountains, and mining engineers scoffed at the ores of this region 
as low grade and refractory, and declared that the formation was so broken, 
that it was impossible to trace the ore bodies to any depth. The attention ot 
prospectors was at that time centered on silver-lead and free milling gold 
ores so that they passed by the ledges of sulphide ore heavily capped with 
oxidized iron, which they found towards the mouth of the creek, and went 
on nearer its' source, where they found galena. Thus it was that the creek 
received the misnomer "Silver," and, when the fall in the price of silver 
caused depression in mining for that metal, the camp was almost deserted 
and many of the earlier locations were abandoned. Later discoveries and 
developments have proved that it is not a silver, but a gold and copper camp, 
and that the formerly despised iron caps cover ledges as rich as those which 
carry silver This discovery is due mainly to the riches unearthed from 
beneath similar iron caps across the boundary. The mining world has now 
formed a true estimate of the character and value of the ores and develop- 
ment has been resumed with such vigor that the camp will this year have 
renewed life. 

As a glance at the map will show, this district is the extension of the 
mineral belt southward from Monte Cristo, where the greatest development 
in the Cascade Range has been done. It is reached from Seattle by the Great 
Northern Railroad train to Index, seventy-one miles, thence by the county 
road up the Skykomish north fork to Galena, at the mouth of Silver Creek, 
a distance of nine miles. From that point a horse trail leads up the creek to 
Silver Lake, on the Monte Cristo Divide, a distance of seven miles, with 
branch trails to the different properties along the route. The county com- 
missioners have begun the extension of the road from Galena to Mineral City, 
four mil^s above the mouth of the creek, and will probably complete it this 
year The distance from Index to the nearest smelter, at Everett, is only 
thirty-eight miles, and to the Tacoma smelter 112 miles. 

The country rock of this district is mainly granite, which crops out above 
Index and in several places in the creek beds of the Silver Creek Basin, where 
the surrounding mountains are mostly composed of syenite and diorite. 
Silver Tip Mountain is mostly composed of diorite, cut by dikes or porphyry 
which often reach a width of 200 feet, and this rock extends down the creek 
about to Mineral City. The granite extends onward under the glaciers of 
Monte Cristo and crops out again in the Goat Lake District. The granite is 
alternated with strata of slate on the lower part of the course of Silver Creek. 
This formation is cut by mineral ledges in true fissures, which run a little 
south of east and north of west, and by a series of cross ledges of later date 
running east of north and west of south and intersecting the older ledges. 
Near the head of the creek the ore is copper and iron sulphides carrying gold 
and silver, but as the mineral belt is followed down the creek silver-bearing- 






MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 27 

•galena appears, as in the Morning- Star, and in the Vandalia and Lockwood 
^groups. Silver and lead predominate in this form, gold and copper taking 
.second place. Within half a mile below the Vandalia, however, the character 
•of the mineral again changes, and in the Michigan group, the Anaconda and 
-Oro Fino. gold and copper take first place and lead and silver are tne lower 
^values. The ledges generally contain pay streaks of high enough value to be 
profitably shipped to the smelter if the wagon road were extended to Silver 
Lake, and in almost every instance the whole ledge is well enough mineralized 
to pay for concentration. 

The first mineral location of which there is any record was the Norwegian, 
made in 1874 by Hans Hansen, who carved the name and date on a tree, 
■showing that the claim ran up the mountain on the left bank from a point 
500 feet above the forks of the creek. Shortly afterward a man named 
Johnson discovered a cropping of iron pyrites on the bank of the creek and, 
mistaking it for gold, located the Anna. He then carried the news to 
Snohomish, causing a stampede among the loggers all along his route, and 
induced E. C. Ferguson, Theron Ferguson, Lot Wilbur and W. M. Whitfield 
to spend $2,000 or $3,000 on building an arrastre on the present site of Mineral 
City. They produced a piece of amalgam about the size of a goose egg, which, 
was stolen by one of their employes, and they abandoned the experiment. 

Prospecting really began in 1882, when the late Elisha H. Hubbart cut a 
trail to Galena, relocated the Anna, with the Trade Dollar on the extension 
-and the Morning Star on a parallel ledge to the north. Discoveries then 
followed one another in rapid succession, until in 1890 there was quite a boom, 
and the towns of Mineral City and Galena were established, a trail having 
been meanwhile cut through. It was during the four succeeding years that 
the road was cut from Inaex to Galena, partly by the county and partly by 
the miners. 

The group on the divide between Silver Creek and Monte Cristo, adjoining 
the most southerly claims in the latter district, is the Silver Lake, composed 
of six claims, with a millsite in Monte Cristo, ow T ned by the Silver Lake 
Mining and Smelting Company. A ledge cutting through Silver Tip Mountain 
towards the lake is three to four and one-half feet and is covered by three 
claims. A tunnel 150 feet on the ledge shows it to carry sulphurets the full 
width, assays running $2 to $14 and proving the ore to be good for concen- 
tration. A parallel ledge covered by two claims shows three feet of ore Where 
it is cut by the creek and is opened by a tunnel 101 feet long at a point 300 feet 
higher, where assays of $10 to $43 gold and silver have been obtained, while the 
upper claim shows a large body of ore assaying from $1 to $20. A cross ledge 
shows eighteen inches of ore at the croppings and from two to twelve inches 
in a 160-foot tunnel, a fifty-foot cross-cut also tapping the ore. Assays have 
ranged from $16 to $140 gold, silver and lead. A parallel ledge cropping four 
to six feet will be tanned by a cross-cut now being run. Five tons of high- 
grade ore are on the dump read3* for shipment. 

The largest group in the district and the one showing the most develop- 
ment is owned by the Silver Queen Mining and Smelting Company. It is 
really two groups, one adjoining the Silver Lake group on the Monte Cristo 
Divide, and the other on Lockwood Gulch near the mouth of the creek. The 
principal ledge in the former group is the Orphan Boy, cutting through the 
divide and across Silver Creek, which is covered by four patented claims. 
A tunnel running 200 feet into the dividing ridge, where the ledge is six to 
thirty feet wide, shows eighteen inches of ore in the face. Thirty-five 
samples taken when the ledge was first struck gave assays averaging $26.12, 
largely in gold. As work progressed, assays showed $97.05, then $179.75, and 
later $130 for all values, but assays generally run from $40 to $60, and average 
about $45, from a pay streak of eighteen to twenty-four inches. A second 
tunnel started about 125 feet lower struck the ledge in 150 feet and has pene- 
trated 286 feet, being expected to strike the ore chute shown in the upper 
tunnel in twenty-five feet more. The first samples gave $20.80 and $72.40, 
nearly all silver. A thirty-two foot tunnel on the Monte Cristo side of the 
ridge shows the ledge about <six feet wide, another on the opposite mountain, 
across the creek, is in twenty-three feet, showing twent}'- inches of ore in 
100 feet of ledge matter, with indications of a blow-out, and a cross-cut on 
the same side of the creek is in 121 feet, but has not yet tapped the ledge. 
The Zeta, unpatented, is on three parallel ledges on the Monte Cristo side, 
all carrying iron pyrites, with some copper in bornite and variegated copper. 
A fifteen-foot tunnel on the upper ledge shows eight to twenty-four inches 
of ore, while open cuts show three to five feet of ore in the middle vein and 
three to eighteen inches in the lowest one. Assavs from near the surface 
on the middle vein gave $5.16 gold, $11.90 silver, and $6.25 gold, $3.99 silver, 
respectively. The Q. T., on a parallel ledge, further down the creek, is owned 
jointly by the Silver Queen and O. & B. Companies, and half of it has been 
patented. A ten-foot open cut with eight-foot face shows a wide ledge with 
a six-inch pay streak of pyrites and zinc, which assayed near the surface 
$36 gold, $3.35 silver. A twenty-five foot tunnel has been run on a small 
stringer running into the ledge. These claims lie well for development, for 
a 1,000-foot tunnel would cross-cut the Orphan Boy and Zeta ledges at a 
depth of 900 to 1.100 feet and the ore could be trammed from it to the railroad 
at Monte Cristo. 



28 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The Lockwood group has two patented claims on a ledge ranging from 
six to seventy-live feet, on which a ninety-foot tunnel shows a pay streak of 
sulphides and galena as wide as thirty inches, but narrowing at the face to 
four inches, of which assays range from $27.60 to $97.03. A large body of ore 
is exposed on the surface about 100 feet ahead of the face of the tunnel. Two 
ten-foot tunnels are each on twelve inches of ore, assaying $23.88. Two 
claims on the Wild West ledge have a short tunnel showing ten inches of 
ore on the hanging wall and a talc gouge on the footwall. The Little Lee 
shows a ten-inch streak of ore and two feet of soft ledge matter, well 
mineralized, in a thirty-foot tunnel. The company intends to resume opera- 
tions in the early spring. 

On the Zeta ledge J. C. Hubbart and Dr. T. M. Young, of Seattle, and 
John A. Brue, of Everett, have the Silver Lake, in which eight surface cuts 
show several seams of mineral from fifteen to twenty inches wide in a slightly 
mineralized dike of porphyry eighty feet wide. 

The Dutchman, owned by A. P. Michaud and William Booth, has a ledge 
which crops out four or five feet wide on Silver Tip Mountain, with a good 
pay streak shown up in a twenty-foot tunnel. Messrs. Booth and Michaud, 
with Edward Elwell, of Snohomish, also own the Wildcat, on a ledge of 
six and one-half feet of concentrating ore, on which a tunnel has been run 
forty feet, and which assays $10 gold, $1.87 silver throughout. 

The Minnehaha, owned by John Campbell, of Port Blakeley, has a ledge 
cropping fifteen feet wide on the left side of the lower of two falls having a 
combined height of over 300 feet. The water pours over the iron-stained wall 
and has washed out the ledge to form its channel. A sixty-foot tunnel is 
mineralized across its whole face and has a pay streak of six to twenty-four 
inches, 'assaying $30 to $65 gold, besides silver. Another pay streak is trace- 
able on the surface outside of the tunnel. 

The Hiawatha, owned by H. C. Niles and Frank Evans, of Snohomish, 
is on the cropping at the other side of the falls, where the ledge shows up 
equally well in a forty-foot tunnel. 

The Morning Star group of five claims, owned by E. D. Spurr and J. A. 
Maxwell, and bonded to A. F. Burleigh, has one of the best ledges on the 
creek, which is covered by three claims, with two others on cross ledges. 
The main ledge is apparently an extension of the Seventy-six ledge of the 
Monte Cristo District, and runs east northeast and west southwest across 
the creek, which cuts it and shows it eighteen feet wide. Tunnels have been 
run on it forty feet on one side and 100 feet on the other, showing a pay 
streak of over six feet the whole length, carrying galena, copper and iron 
pyrites which assay $40 to $60, mainly in silver. A tunnel has been run 
twenty-five feet on the west extension and another twenty feet on the east 
extension. On the second east extension the ledge crops fourteen to twenty- 
four inches of solid ore, assaying $40 to $60, shown in a twenty-foot tunnel. 
The Minnehaha ledge dips into this claim from the west, while another cross 
ledge eighteen to twenty-five inches wide and carrying sulphurets and arsen- 
ical iron worth $24 dips into the first east extension. 

On a three and one-half foot ledge parallel with the Morning Star on the 
north John Wallace, J. A. Cathcart, H. C. Ewing and M. A. Green have the 
Cora M., in which a twenty-foot tunnel shows eighteen inches of pay ore, 
assaying $12 gold. 

The Hope, south of the east fork of the creek on Hubbart's Peak, is owned 
by the Hope Mining and Milling Company, and has a ledge twenty-five to 
thirty feet wide, in which a 100-foot tunnel on the footwall shows five feet 
of iron and copper sulphides, assaying $5 to $42. A cross-cut has been run 
eighteen feet from the tunnel towards the hanging wall and another cross-cut 
of seventy feet taps the ledsre fifty feet below. 

A valuable group of twelve claims on Edison Gulch, which runs down the 
side of Silver Tip Mountain, three-quarters of a mile from Mineral City, is the 
Edison group, owned by uie Bonanza Mining and Smelting Company. Run- 
ning through the Louise and two adjoining claims in an east and west course 
is a ledge ten or twelve feet wide, in which two feet of pay ore are shown in 
several tunnels aggregating eighty feet, the average value being $30 to $40 
and the highest assay $130 gold. Parallel with this, further up the mountain, 
is the Edison ledge, covered by three claims, which is 125 feet wide and 
contains three streaks of ore three to six feet each, shown by tunnels aggre- 
gating 200 feet in length. The longest is sixty-eight feet and is being extended 
100 feet further. These streaks show a little free gold in the oxidized iron on 
the surface and carry sulphides and arsenical iron, assays of which average 
$57 gold, 6 per cent, copper and a little silver. A porphyry dike 1,000 feet wide 
runs diagonally across both the Edison and Louise ledges and contains an 
ore body 150 feet wide, which has been exposed in a cliff 500 feet high by the 
sliding of the hanging wall in\the gulch. Three cuts have been made across 
this dike, the deepest being twenty feet, and all are in ore, with no sign of 
the footwall. The ore is iron and copper pyrites carrying gold and a trace 
of silver, assays having ranged from $2.50 to $132. A cross-cut is in thirty-five 
feet at the base of this ore body to run through it into the Edison ledge, 
which if will strike at a depth of 800 to 1.000 feet when it has gone 450 feet 
further. A contract has been let to run it 500 feet. Lower down the gulch 
Is the White Rose, on an east and west contact ledge five or six feet wide, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 29 

on which an eighty-five foot tunnel showed an eighteen-inch pay streak of 
copper pyrites assaying $12 to $20 gold and copper, with a trace of silver,. 
A parallel ledge north of the Edison is four feet wide and carries eighteen 
inches of ore assaying from $}0 to $90. A blow-out forty to fifty feet wide 
still further north makes a good surface showing of pyrites, while on the 
south is a parallel ledge two or three feet wide similar to the Louise. A cross 
ledge seven to nine feet wide runs diagonally through two of the Edison string 
of claims and two others, then splits into two parts, which run parallel 150 
feet apart to the summit of Silver Tip. The undivided ledge is shown by a 
twenty-five foot tunnel, ore from the face assaying $7.40 gold, as against $2 on 
the surface. In its course the predominant mineral changes from iron pyrites 
to copper pyrites, sometimes assaying 25 per cent, copper, with pockets of 
native copper, and carrying about $18 gold, the ore being similar to that of 
Trail Creek. The company has a millsite on the creek. 

The Bxg Raymond group of four claims, owned by James C. Spurr and 
J. A. Maxwell, adjoins tne Edison group. Three claims are on the Big 
Raymond ledge, which runs east northeast and west southwest and averages 
fifty feet in width, and though it is broken on the surface the mineralized 
streaks of auartz and spar which run through it appear to be running together 
and at depth will probably lead to a solid ore body. Several tunnels have 
been run, aggregating 550 feet, and the deepest, sixty feet, was in ore all the 
way, which assays $2 to $50, while all the ledge matter is mineralized. One of 
the* tunnels, thirty-five feet long, showed ore assaying $4 to $56, while another 
of the same length shows some galena. The fourth claim of the group is on 
the Morning Star ledge, which crops twenty feet wide and is opened by a 
thirty-foot tunnel. 

The Jumbo, owned by Edward L. Ensel and Edward McDade. is on the 
southwest extension of the Big Raymond, and has a tunnel 140 feet showing 
ore all across the face, of which assays have ranged from $6 to $140. A cross- 
cut is in sixty feet and will tap the ledge in forty feet more. 

The northeast extension of the Edison is the Lida, owned by W. J. Riley 
and A. Vermurier, on which a fifteen-foot shaft shows good ore. On a twenty- 
foot ledge joining the Edison on the northwest W. J. Riley and E. Seroni have 
the Castle and an extension, where a thirty-foot tunnel shows four feet of ore 
assaving $25 gold, besides shver. The Whaleback. on a southeast extension 
of the Edison ledge, owned by W. J. Riley and Peter Chiodo, has fifteen feet 
of concentrating ore assaying from $4 to $10. 

The Mineral Mountain Mining and Milling Company has the Undaunted 
group of four claims on Mineral Mountain, which rises to the west of the 
creek, and has projected a main tunnel to cut all the thirteen ledges which 
vein this peak. On one claim it has two ledges, one five or six feet wide, 
with six to thirty-six inches of iron sulphuret ore shown in a thirty-five foot 
tunnel, assays ranging from $18 to $65 gold. The other ledge is fifteen inches 
wide, with four or five inches of ore, running $30 to $70 gold and silver. On 
another claim is an eight-foot ledge in which are small seams of pyritic ore 
assaying $12 gold. On the Gold Standard is a ledge varying in width from 
twelve to forty feet, on which an open cut and tunnel fifteen feet deep show 
seams of pay ore aggregating nowhere less than three feet and assaying 
$12 to $45 gold, besides silver, copper, nickel and cobalt, for which it was not 
assayed. On the Jessie are three ledges ranging from eighteen inches to 
six feet, of which the two smaller ones are undeveloped, but the larger one 
has eighteen to thirty-six inches of pay ore showing in open cuts and assay- 
ing $12 to $40 gold. This company is arranging to begin development in the 
spring, witk a view to shipping ore before August, and intends to patent its 
property. . 

On the extension of the Gold Standard Oliver Bisner has the Hancock, 
where the ledge shows fifteen to thirty feet wide, with seams of pay ore 
aggregating eighteen to thirty-six inches and carrying iron and copper sul- 
phides, with some nickel and cobalt, shown in a forty-foot tunnel. 

The Gold Eagle group of three claims on Silver Tip Mountain, owned by 
W. J. Caplin, William Hacker and Stephen Holbrook. of Tacoma, is on a 
ledge showing fine-grained white iron sulphides, copper sulphides and gray 
copper, averaging $12 to $15 gold across the ledge, and showing the full width 
of a tunnel 175 feet long. Parallel with the Gold Eagle on the northeast is the 
Last Chance, owned by W. J. Caplin, on a ledge thirty feet wide, in which 
streaks of copper and iron sulphides four to twenty-four inches wide, assay- 
ing $14 gold, are shown in a twenty-foot open cross-cut. 

The Remonille group of three claims is on a ledge running up Hubbart's 
Peak and is owned by Peter Chiodo and W. J. Caplin. It is shown three 
feet wide in a twenty-five foot tunnel and widens on the middle claim to 
ten feet, assays running about $10 gold. On the Marengo James Peccolo, 
A. Peccolo and Peter Hartle have a large ledge of pyrites cut by Silver Creek, 
and the same parties, with Z. T. Holden, have the Delcho on the extension 
up the mountain. On the Combination, running down to Silver Creek, Messrs. 
Riley and Holden, of Seattle, and Hall, of Chicago, have a twenty-four inch 
ledge with twelve inches of pay ore. 

Among the discoveries of 1896 in this vicinity is the St. Louis group of four 
claims by C. S. Gleason. W. W. Glazier, W. F. Babcock and A. S. Gibbs. 
They are on a ledge ranging from five to fifteen feet wide running through 



SO MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. "^ 

the granite near the bed of the main creek and up the mountain across St. 
Louis Gulch and the head of Hancock to the summit of the divide between 
Hancock and Molybdenum Gulches. As it cuts through both the granite of 
the creek bed and the syenite of the mountain, _ it is evidently a true fissure 
vein of great strength. As it is undeveloped only surface assays have been 
obtained. A pay streak eight to twelve inches on one wall yields $4.13 gold, 
$3.61 silver, $5.65 copper, and a two-inch streak lies against the other wall, 
besides five feet of concentrating ore. J. C. Hubbart and C. S. Gleason have 
the Blackstone on a ledge eleven feet wide, which cuts across Hancock Gulch 
and probably runs into the St. Louis ledge, surface assays showing 4 ounces 
silver, 9.9 per cent, copper. 

The Jasperson, Bullion King and Sigma, which have been relocated by 
Joseph Carignan, A. P. Michaud and J. O. Robinson, are on a ledge in many 
places as wide as thirty feet, which cuts clean through the mountain and can 
be traced from the west fork of Silver Creek over the Sultan and Stilla- 
guamish divides. The pay streak carries iron and copper pyrites, carbonates 
of copper and galena, assaying from $12 to $138 in gold and silver, with some 
copper. A tunnel has been run 175 feet to cut under an outcrop of ore six to 
eight feet wide where the ledge attains a width of thirty feet, but when in 
seventy-five feet ran off the pay streak, leaving it to the north. 

On the same ledge is the Gold Bar group of three claims, owned by the 
Gold Bar Mining Company, which will beg-in development this spring. 

The National, now owned by E. G. Krueger, has another strong ledge, 
which cuts through to the Sultan Divide. The ledge is really a dike of 
porphyry fully seventy-five feet wide, all slightly mineralized, with a pay 
streak of talc carrying iron and copper pyrites and carbonates of copper 
three to three and one-half feet wiu.e. assays of which average about $35 gold 
and silver. The talc along the footwall assays $18 gold and silver, and the 
richer streaks one to three inches wide run $300 and more. A cross-cut has 
been run fifty-six feet from the cropping to the pay streak on the footwall, 
and a tunnel was then run 185 feet on the pay streak, showing ore all the way. 
Above this tunnel three distinct veins of ore can be traced, coming togther 
in the dike. 

On the extension of the National down to the west fork of Silver Creek 
is the Diamond Hitch, owned by E. G. Krueger, Jasper Compton and H. A. 
Noble, oj. Seattle. A tunnel has been run forty-five feet on a three or four 
inch stringer to the ledge. 

On extensions of the National ledge J. O. Robinson has the Miike Martt 
and J. J. Hill. He has run two tunnels, twenty and fifty feet, showing four- 
teen to forty-eight inches of iron and copper pyrites, which assay $17 gold, 
4 ounces silver, 3 per cent, copper. 

On a four-foot ledge parallel with the Jim Hill the Treasure Mining Com- 
pany has the Treasure Box and Horseshoe, on which a sixteen-foot tunnel 
shows eight inches of ore assaying $17 to $27 gold, besides considerable copper. 

On a ledge parallel with the National, which crops out eight to ten feet 
wide and carries iron pyrites, George Probst, of Seattle, has the Ellen and 
Alki, on which he has driven a cross-cut tunnel sixty feet, and expects to 
tap the ledge in another twenty feet. 

The Webster, relocation of the old Trade Dollar, and its extension are 
owned by Messrs. Krueger, Compton and Noble. The ledge has not been 
■defined, but a tunnel eighty feet on the footwall shows twenty-three inches 
of ore carrying steel galena and gold, which assays $45 gold, $8 silver, besides 
lead. The pay streak pinched out for a few feet, but has since come in again 
as wide as ever. On the extension of the Webster ledge W. E. Smith, of 
"Seattle, has the Gipsy Queen, on which there is a twenty-foot tunnel. 

On the extension of the Anna ledge Joseph Carignan has the Lucky Joe, 
with six to twelve inches of pay ore carrying about $30 gold. On the west 
side of the creek A. J. Maxwell and James Spurr have the Ben Butler on a 
twelve to fifteen foot ledge, with pay streaks aggregating twelve to thirty 
inches, on which they have a tunnel sixty feet. On the same ledge H. H. 
Lewis and W. E. Ledgerwood, of Seattle, have patented the Emma Bess, 
running up Hancock Gulch, on which there are two tunnels twenty-five and 
thirty feet. 

On Straight-up Gulch is a series of ledges three to_ twelve feet wide, on 
which the principal group is the Crown Point of sixteen claims owned by 
E. J. Loyhed and Floyd Clark, of Seattle, and John Stretch, of Munroe. On 
the Crawford claim they have driven a tunnel sixty feet on a twelve-foot 
ledge of pyritic ore carrying some galena. On the west side of the creek, 
•opposite Straight-up Gulch, is the Red Cloud group of three claims, owned 
"by the Red Cloud Mining Company. All the claims are on a ledge four to 
six feet wide, with a pay streak of pyrites three to nine inches and a vein of 
lead carbonates. A tunnel has been driven sixty feet on the Red Cloud. 
L. L. Johnson has the jim Dandy group of six claims on a series of ledges 
cutting across Straight-up Gulch. One ledge is twenty-two feet wide, with 
an eight-inch pay streak of copper and iron pyrites, assaying as high as $80 
in gold and silver, shown in two tunnels, one of them forty feet long. The 
other ledges are of less width and carry the same kind of ore. exeunt that 
one has a two-foot pay streak of arsenical iron, assaying $16 to $40 gold, 
besides silver, and in another copper pyrites predominates. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 31 

Running up from the east bank of Silver Creek is the Bluff group of five 
claims, held by A. P. Michaud and A. W. Hawks. One has a four-foot ledge 
with a two-inch pay streak carrying gold and copper. Another twenty feet 
wide has a four-inch pay streak of white iron ore, shown in a twenty-foot 
tunnel. The whole ledge is mineralized and gave an average assay of $7.50 
gold, besides some copper. The remaining claim is on a parallel ledee to the 
south, of which the croppings run well in copper and carry galena, and a 
short tunnel shows ore the full width. On the west side of the creek A. P. 
Michaud and Eugene Chevrette have the M. & H. No. 2 and an extension on 
the Bluff ledge, with pay streaks eighteen inches on the footwall and fourteen 
inches on the hanging wall, assaying $24 gold, besides silver and copper. 
They also have the Last Dollar on the west extension of another of the Bluff 
ledges, the ten-inch pay streak assaying $18 gold and 7 per cent, copper. 

Below this group, on the west side of the creek, is the Billy Lee group of 
five claims, owned by the oilver Creek, Snohomish and Port Gardner Mining 
Company. Two claims are on a ledge about nine feet wide, with a sixteen- 
inch pay streak of iron pyrites showing in a 150-foot tunnel, assays of which 
have ranged all the way from $10 to $210. The other three claims are on 
parallel ledges. 

On another ledge parallel with these and as wide as forty feet Job Fields 
has the Ruby King, on w^ich he has driven a tunnel sixty feet and a cross-cut 
twenty feet, all in white iron and copper ore, which averages $30 gold. Mr. 
Fields, with others, has an eight-foot ledge with a twenty-four inch pay 
streak of similar ore on the Silver Slipper, which has been tapped by a forty- 
foot tunnel. Assays of the pay streak run as high as $80 gold. Messrs. 
Northrup and Patricks, of Snohomish, have the Gold Boy on a ledge sixteen 
feet wide, on which a twenty-foot tunnel shows two feet of pay ore averaging 
$16 gold. On the west extension of this ledge John McGloyne and others have 
the Jamboree, on which a twenty-foot tunnel and a shaft twenty feet deep 
show four feet of pay ore. 

The Vandalia group on Cascade Gulch, consisting of five claims, is one 
of the few groups in which silver is the chief value. The claims are on a 
series of ledges cut by Lie gulch, where the outcrops show plainly. The 
Vandalia ledge is twenty feet wide on the face of the mountain and is all 
slightly mineralized, with a pay streak ranging from six to eighteen inches 
and occasionally widening to three feet, carrying galena, carbonates and 
sulphurets which assay $-±0 in gold, silver and lead. A mill test gave $27 for 
all values over freight and treatment. A shaft has been sunk seventy-five 
feet on the ledge and from it two levels have been run, eighty and ninety feet, 
to the open air on the side of the gulch. Another tunnel was run forty-five feet 
to tap the ledge and then runs along it for 220 feet more. At a point 100 feet 
deeper a cross-cut tunnel has been run 355 feet, tapping the first ledge at a 
depth of 700 feet and showing it two to three feet wide. When extended 100 
feet further it will tap the next ledge at a depth of 1,250 feet, and the others 
at greater depth ranging up to 3,000 feet. There are 100 tons of ore on the 
dump, 200 tons having been washed down the creek by a flood in 1894, and it 
is estimated that there are 19.500 tons in sight averaging $20 over freight and 
treatment. The owners are F. L. Leslie, Edward Blewett, F. A. McDonald 
and H. A. Noble. 

On a ledge about twenty feet wide opposite the Lockwood Gulch A. P. 
Michaud and A. W. Hawks have the Texas group of five claims, extending 
across the creek. On the east end there are a twenty-foot tunnel and a 
thirty-foot open cut showing a four-foot pay streak carrying white iron and 
running high in gold. On another claim an open cut forty feet along the 
ledge shows six or seven ore veins about two inches wide, which assay from 
$46 to $363 gold and a trace of silver, and ten inches of talc which averages 
$20 gold. 

On the east side of the creek are the Beatrice and Sunset, owned by M. A. 
Green, H. T. Hannon and R. M. Crawford, on which is a twenty-foot ledge 
showing in a sixty-foot tunnel from three to six feet of decomposed quartz, 
which carries galena and lead carbonates and assays as high as $80 gold and 
silver. Mr. Crawford's interest has been bonded by his partners. 

On Moore's Gulch William Johns and L. C. Morse have the Mayflower and 
two extensions on a ledge about twenty feet wide, on which a thirty-foot 
tunnel shows a pay streak of eight to thirty-six inches of decomposed pyrites 
assaying $12 gold. 

The Michigan group of three claims on Michigan Gulch is owned by the 
Michigan Gulch Mining Company. Two claims are on a ledge about thee 
feet wide, with two to nfteen inches of pyrites and zinc ore assaying about 
$70 gold, and the other is on a cross ledge two to three feet wide, with three 
inches of pay ore assaying about $40 gold. The cross ledge is shown up by a 
seventy-foot tunnel, which cross-cuts the main ledge. 

On the mountain above Michigan Gulch F. L. Leslie and J. C. Hubbart 
have the Anaconda, on which there are four parallel and one cross veins 
varying in width from three to thirty feet, with ore bodies from eighteen 
inches on the smaller to firteen feet on the wider ledges, shown by a twenty- 
foot tunnel on the largest ledge and open cuts on the others. The ore would 
concentrate anywhere from ? into i up to 6 into 1 and the concentrates would, 
it is estimated, carry about $42 gold. 



82 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. ~1 

On the east bank of the creek, a mile above Galena, Ezra McLaughlin and 
A. D. Austin have the Ironclad group of four claims on a ledge of concen- 
trating ore about twenty feet wide, on which an eighty-foot tunnel shows a 
small pay streak of white iron running about $60 in gold. On a parallel ledge 
about eight feet they have the McKinley, on which a forty-foot tunnel shows 
a ten-inch pay streak of decomposed quartz carrying pyrites. 

A mile up the west bank of the creek the Silver Creek Gold Mining Com- 
pany has the Westland group of five claims on three ledges of sulphide ore. 
One of these, eight to twelve feet wide between syenite and granite walls, 
is exposed for 900 feet, and in a forty-seven foot tunnel shows three and one- 
half feet of pay ore averaging $20 gold, silver and copper. Another crops 
twenty to thirty feet wide between granite walls, and in a ten-foot shaft 
shows concentrating ore carrying $5 to $25 gold, reducing eight or ten tons 
into one. The third ledge is exposed four feet wide for 300 feet, and in a 
fifteen-foot tunnel shows arsenical iron assaying $18 to $36 gold. 

The Oro Fino group of five claims, immediately adjoining Galena City, 
has a ledge seven feet wide covered by three claims, on which an eighty-foot 
tunnel shows four feet of copper pyrites containing masses of native copper 
and giving an average assay of $56 gold and copper, the copper ranging from 
18 to 25 per cent. On the other claims a thirty-five foot tunnel and fifteen-foot 
shaft show three feet of similar ore. 

The Evergreen, owned by the Silver Creek Gold and Copper Mining Com- 
pany, is on a ledge sixteen to twenty feet wide running down to the creek 
from the east, 2,000 feet above Galena. The first work was a thirty-foot 
tunnel, which showed up three feet of solid iron pyrites and chalcopyrite, 
assaying $25 to $30. A cross-cut tunnel was then run seventy-five feet below 
and tapped the ledge in twenty-five feet. It has been continued seventy-five 
feet alone- the ledge and ran through a body of solid ore two to four feet wide, 
the mineral being chalcopyrite carrying gold and averaging about $30. On 
the footwall is another body of ore carrying about $24 gold. The copper value 
ranges from 3 to 27 per cent, and the gold from $5 to $65; besides a few ounces 
of silver. 

On the P. -I., which is on the east bank half a mile above Galena, J. J. 
Sheehan, of Seattle, and Frank McCall, of Stanwood, have a four-foot ledge 
in which several surface cuts have shown two feet of copper sulphides and 
galena, assaying on an average $32 copper, $26 silver. On the Gray Eagle, 
below the P. -I., Messrs. Sheehan, McCall and Ezra McLaughlin have a ledge 
of the same kind of ore, which they will strike by extending a thirty-foot 
cross-cut twenty feet further. At the head of Pole Gulch, on the west bank, 
J. J. Sheehan, John Wallace, M. A. Green and Claud Morris have the Editor 
on a twenty-four inch ledge of pay ore carrying galena throughout, as shown 
by surface cuts, assays running about $35 silver. 

The same mineral belt extends across the divide on the east into the 
canyon of Troublesome Creek, which enters the North Skykomish two miles 
above Silver Creek, the late J. C. Lillis having made the first discovery. 
The formation there also is granite, with some slate in the basin at the head, 
and the ledges cut it in an east and west course, with some cross ledges. 
The ore is generally in white quartz and runs higher in silver than most of 
that on Silver Creek. 

The principal group is the Daisy of ten claims, owned by Hon. H. G. 
Struve, Hon. John B. Allen, E. C. Hughes, Maurice McMicken, of Seattle, 
and Hon. John C. Denney, of Snohomish. Five claims are on a ledge ranging 
from four to twelve feet wiae between granite walls, which have been stripped 
for about 3,000 feet by snowslides. On the surface there is about twenty-four 
inches of galena and arsenical iron ore exposed, of which eight inches is on 
each wall, and a fifteen-foot shaft and a fifty-foot tunnel show from two to 
three feet of ore on the footwall, with the possibility of other streaks when 
the ledge is cross-cut to the hanging wall. Assays range from $7 to $70 gold 
and as high as $60 silver, the average being at least $20 for both values. 
Two claims are on an eight-foot cross ledge running into the main ledge from 
the west, in which an eighteen-inch pay streak carries 90 to 168 ounces silver 
and $8 gold, while the other claims are on small spurs. 

The Corona group of two claims is on a flat ledge half way up the 
mountain, near the head of the middle fork, and is owned by A. C. Lincoln, 
A. L. Walters and L. B. Parsons, all of Seattle. On the surface it had a pay 
streak carrying gold and bromide of silver, one specimen of which assayed 
5,000 ounces silver, while the lowest assay was $60 silver, and the gold value 
ran as high as $22. In a sixty-five foot tunnel the ledge has widened to six 
feet and the pay streak to three feet, but the value is not as high as near 
the surface. 

On t.-e west side of the basin, one and one-half miles above the Daisy 
group, is the Great Scott group of seven claims, owned by J. N. Scott, William 
Bennison and A. W. Hawks, of Everett. Three claims are on a ledge capped 
with iron, twenty to forty feet wide, between granite and slate walls. It has 
several streaks, three to eighteen inches wide, of arsenical iron and sulphides, 
assays of which run from $8 to $56 gold, a little silver and 2 to 3 per cent, 
copper. A cross-cut has been run twenty feet into the ledge and will go 
through it in ten feet more. On another ledge about five feet wide, with eight 
to ten inches of iron sulpnurets, are two more claims, and on a ten-foot ledge 
carrying sulphurets throughout are the two other claims. 



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INDEX TO NUMBERED CUIHS 

t Emms Moore. 

2. Jennie D. 

3. Orphan Boy 

4. Stockton. 
B. Dutchman'. 

6. Q. T. 

7. Wildcat. 

8. Little Lee. 
a. Wild Welshman. 

III. Cosmopolitan. 
11. 0. &B. 
igo. 

13. F. E~ Davis 

14. Otsego. 

15. Lady of the Lake. 

16. Lester. 

17. Silver Tip. 

18. Lakeview. 
1!). Edith 

20. Edna. 

21. Siver Lake. 

22. Mascotte. 

23. Zeta. 

24. Rainbow. 

25. Boston. 
20. Liilie (I. 

27. Hettic. 

28. Jnmbo. 
20. Edison. 

30. Lida. 

31. Lonise. 

32. Homeward Mound. 

33. Gold Bar. 

34. Little Diamond. 

35. Billy Goat. 

36. Jim Hill. 

37. Jiiike Maru. 

38. Horseshoe. 
:t'.i. Treasure Rox. 

40. Jasperson. 

41. C. R. & M. 

42. Sigma. 

43. Jessie. 

44. National. 

45. Diamond Hitch. 

46. Hurnev Baruato, 

47. Gold Standard. 

48. Hancock. 
4(1. White Pine 

50. Alki. 

51. Ella. 

52. Gypsy Qaccn. 

53. Daniel Webster. 

54. Alice. 

55. Katie. 

56. Hard 1'au. 

57. Sultan. 

58. Grace 
59. 

60. Lucky Joe. 

61. Hnbb'art. 

62. Emma Bros. 

63. Ben Butler? 

64. Ashland. 






A. 

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abo 
a tt 

pan 
One 
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has 
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Stru 
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the 
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Two 
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MINING IN THE PACIFxC NORTHWEST. SS 

The same mineral belt has also been traced across the Silver Creek Divide 
to Salmon Creek on the west. On Dominion Gulch, running into Salmon Creek 
from the east, is the Dominion group of seven claims, owned by J. J. Sheehan, 
A. D. Austin and A. P. Michauu. Four of these are on a ledge three feet wide 
and carrying galena ore, which runs northwest and southeast, and the three 
others are on a parallel ledge of the same size and carrying similar ore. 

The great need of this district is railroad transportation, for which the 
route is not difficult, and there is some prospect that a road may be con- 
structed in the next two years. A survey was made in the fall of 1896 by a 
syndicate interested in the district for a narrow gauge line from Index to 
Galena, a distance of nine miles, and to the Troublesome, two miles beyond, 
following the valley of the North Skykomish as closely as possible. The only 
engineering difficulties would be two blue clay cuts and some cribbing along 
a river bar half a mile long, the only rock work being on a hill near Galena, 
and the timber along the right of way being ample for construction. Such a 
road would also tap the rich copper belt in the Index Range across the river 
and would so stimulate development that it should soon have a lucrative 
traffic. 

INDEX. ( 

In grouping the unorganized mining country of the Cascade Range into 
districts, that section lying in the lofty spur of which Mount Index is the 
most westerly peak and the two forks of the Skykomish River are the north- 
ern and southern boundaries, is naturally set off by itself. The eastern 
boundary remains undetermined, though later discoveries will probably 
carry it along the main divide of the range. The district is compact, pos- 
sesses the same general characteristics and is easily accessible. Leaving 
Seattle on the Great Northern train and going to Index, seventy-one miles, 
one goes by road five miles up the north fork, crosses by a cable ferry worked 
by hand, and travels by trail four miles up Trout Creek; or g«es two miles 
further up tne south bank and up Lost Creek; or proceeds along the road 
nine miles to Galena and there crosses by ferry and goes by trail four miles 
to the head of Howard Creek. These are the routes to the properties on the 
north side of the range. In order to reach Eagle Creek, one leaves the train 
at Salmon Station, seventy-seven miles from Seattle, crosses the south fork 
and goes by trail eight miles, almost to the head of the creek. In going up 
Beckler River, one leaves the train at Skykomish, eighty-five miles from 
Seattle, and goes three miles by wagon road and eleven miles by trail, cross- 
ing both the south fork of the Skykomish and Beckler River. Index Station 
is only thirty-eight miles from the smelter at Everett and 109 miles from that 
at Tacoma. 

The formation of this district is metamorphic granite diked with fine- 
grained trap and conglomerate, and overlaid with magnesian limestone and 
metamorphic slates. Extending along the backbone of the range from Mount 
Index along the course of Trout Creek is a geologic fold, where a belt 
of diorite has been thrust through the metamorphic formation of schist, 
slate rock and quartzite and has formed a line of lofty peaks. A series of 
mineralized ledges cuts this formstion in a northwest and southeast course 
with a number of cross ledges running north and south, generally of 
great size and strength, traceable through the mountains from one creek to 
another. In the primary rocks, apparently in contact with lime and slate, 
are ledges carrying iron sulphides, chalcopyrite, copper in the form of bor- 
nite, gray copper and some red and black oxide of copper, while in true 
fissures, also in the primary rocks, are ledges carrying free gold. The cop- 
per-bearing ledges are generally capped with iron, like those of the belt of 
pyritic ores in British Columbia and the Colville Reservation, and on Trout 
Creek copper is found in association with specular iron. The iron capping 
led some of the early discoverers to imagine that they had found large de- 
posits of iron ore and for lack of thorough prospecting this error prevailed 
until last year, as it did on Money Creek and on the Skagit. The true nature 
of these ores has now been made plain and development has been under- 
taken with commendable vigor on several properties. 

Howard Creek rises in Howard Lake and flows generally northward 
from the Index range into the north fork, in a course of about four miles. 
Immediately below the lake it cuts a system of parallel ledges, on which the 
Co-operative Mining Syndicate has the Howard group of eleven claims. One 
of these is porphyritic quartz carrying sixteen feet of clean solid iron sul- 
phide ore, which assays $7 to $120 gold. A sixteen-foot tunnel is in ore all 
the way. On the same string of claims is a parallel ledge carrying eight 
feet- of the same kind of ore. A lower parallel ledge, forty feet between 
walls, is well mineralized with iron and copper sulphides, gray copper, 
galena and zinc and has been traced for over four miles. It is intended to 
run a cross-cut this -year which will give a depth of 100 feet on this ledge 
and 400 feet on the sixteen-foot ledge. 



34 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The Copper group of four claims is on a ledge of black quartz 300 feet 
wide, identical in formation with the Silver .King at Nelson, B. C, and the 
Coney in New Mexico. It shows streaks of bornite widening at frequent 
intervals into large bodies, which carry about SO per cent, copper and some 
gold and silver, twenty-four inches of solid -bornite taken from one point 
having carried $147 in all values. This group, together . with the Howard 
group, has been bonded by the Co-operative Mining Syndicate for $15,000, 
with the condition that development is to be prosecuted continuously. 

The Black Hawk group of four claims, owned by the Black Hawk Mining 
and Concentrating Co., runs down the west slope of Iron Mountain to the 
creek, one and one-half miles above its mouth, on two parallel ledges capped 
with iron and carrying gold-bearing iron and copper pyrites. One is eighteen 
to twenty feet wide and has an eighteen-inch pay streak in the center,, 
shown in a ten-foot cut. This cut is to be extended by a 200-foot tunnel, for 
which a contract has been let to W. F. Chadbourne, and after the completion 
of which patents will be secured. The second ledge is seven to eight feet 
wide and has six to eight inches of pay ore. Shipments will begin as soon 
as the road is repaired. 

The Iron Mountain group of six claims, owned by the Iron Mountain Con- 
solidated Gold and Copper Mining Company, is on a supposed extension of the 
Copper group ledge within a mile of the west bank of the North Skykomish 
River. There is a series of six well-defined ledges with several stringers 
which have been traced four miles east and west. They range from four to 
ten feet in width and carry ore similar to that of the Black Hawk group, 
though one shows free gold on the surface. Open cuts have been made ten 
feet deep on each ledge, and a contract has been let to W. F. Chadbourne for 
150 feet of tunnel, most of it to be on one ledge, with the intention of securing 
patents immediately. A tramway will be built to the road and shipping begin 
as soon as the latter can be repaired. 

Across the creek from the lion Mountain group is the Commercial group 
of two claims, owned by J. A. Cathcart, H. C. Ewing, M. A. Green and John 
Wallace on a ledge of iron and copper pyrites .and chalcopyrite four feet 
between walls, which has been traced about 600 feet on the surface, where it 
assays $15 to $20 gold and copper. 

On the west side of Iron Mountain, sloping down to Lost Creek, the 
Lost Creek Mining Company has three claims on a ledge which follows the 
same course as the Iron Mountain group. The locations were made in 1893 
by Peter Rucker, who mistook the deposits for iron ore in consequence of 
the iron capping, and sold them to N. Rudebeck as such. Their true char- 
acter was discovered in 1896, when they were acquired by the company. 
The ledge is shown by a fair amount of surface work to be twenty feet wide 
and carries copper pyrites, a mill test of which showed 16 8-10 per cent, 
copper. The ore makes 43 per cert, concentrates, which assayed 26 per cent, 
copper. This sample was taken from the foot of the bluff, into which a 
fifty-foot tunnel is being run. The same company has two claims on the 
right bank of the north Skykomish, four and one-half miles from Index, on 
a similar ledge four feet wide. 

In a basin within a mile of the head of the west fork of Trout Creek and 
on the mountains on its left bank is the Copper group of twenty-six claims, 
owned b}* - Col. Benjamin R. Tow nsend and Andrew Merchant. Running 
diagonally across the valley below 1he basin, including Merchant's peak and 
showing at the base of Headquarters peak, is the belt of sedimentary rock 
in which occurs the geologic fold already mentioned. In the schistose 
formation is a series of contact ledges running north and south and in the 
diorite occur a series of east and west ledges, which are in true fissures. 
The two principal groups of claims are on the contact, the ore bodies in 
which are rich in chalcopyrite and carry gold and silver. 

The group lying in or near Copper Gulch, which scores the face of the 
ridge between Quartzite and Headquarters Peaks, is composed of five claims. 
The main ledge belongs to the north and south series, though its course is 
northwest and southeast, and is about 100 feet wide, crossing the gulch near 
its head. The north end of the ore body occurs along the contact. It out- 
crops in the gulch, where the twin falls unite upon it. and on one side shows 
up a rich ore body five or six feet wide at a point 300 feet above the bed of 
the gulch, where it assays over 20 per cent, copper. Adjoining this rich 
body is a large body of lower grade ore. On the other side of the gulch is 
a cliff of ore nearly 250 feet high, and in the bed and in the slide at the foot 
of the gulch are boulders of chalcopyrite which have been broken from the 
ore body and which alone are worth many thousands of dollars. This ore 
body has assayed from 10 to 30 per cent, copper, and on it are located three 
claims. Running up the Copper Gulch from its mouth is another body of 
chalcopyrite ore of undefined width, with a spur twelve feet wide, running 
into it at an acute angle, which has been shown up by a thirty-foot tunnel. 
Running across the Blewett Gulch on Quartzite Peak, and showing up on 
each side and in the bottom, is an ore body at least fifteen feet wide, which 
is probably on the same contact with that in Copper Gulch and on which 
are two claims. This ore body is all chalcopyrite, very rich in copper and 
carrying silver and gold. An east and west ledge in a true fissure in diorite 
runs up Lost Treasure Gulch, on the side of Headquarters Peak, and is cov- 







jt 







<*0 V 


^ INDEX TO KUMBESEB CU1.W. 


HOWARD CRKES. 


TROCT CREEK. 


1. Boulder Placer. 


1. 


Idaho. 


2. Pbceiui Placer. 


2. 


KredP. 


3. Riverside. 


S. 


Kdlth. 


4. New Kgjr. 


4. 


Mammoth. 


5. War Eagle. 


6. 


Kkooltnm. 


6. Doke. 


6. 


Ore or No G«x 


7. Iron Cap. 


7. 


Nop.einch. 


8. Rabsl Clyde. 


8. 


Colombo*. 


9. Franklin. 


9. 


Apex. 


III. Black Hawk. 


10. 


Backet 


11. Joaie. 


11. 


Iron Clad. 


12. U> KoL 


12. 


So. 4. 


13. PhcenUL 


13 


No. 81 


14. Volcano. 


14. 


No. a 


15. Pennsylvania, 


tt. 


Ko.L 


15. Keystone. 


lfi. 


Last Ch«nc«. 


17. Commercial. 


17. 


\{XX Treaam*. 


18. Python. 


is. 


i Ur ax 


1». Howanl Placer. 


is 


r-t pa. 


20. Rainbow. 


m 


Sdorada 


21. Newark. 


21. 


Ccpppr. 


22. Trey. 


28, 


HKdcn Treasure; 


23. ►iewYork. 


w 


Annie. 


21 Empire. 


Si 


: • ratt 


25. Marlin. 


'/.-, 


No. &. 


2*. Kiprena. 


? , 


Ho. 6. 


27. Vtira, 


w. 


N*7. 


28. Bristol 


HI 


No. a 


20. Howard 


58 


No.il. 


80. J"3'e. 


30. 


Kellte. 


BKCKLSK E17KH. 


»t 


5ft Hi. 


1. Wuhingtca. 


St 


iteiabew. . 


i Argvnia. 


39, 


Vi'u.le •-'load. 




r>4. 


Monitor. 


4. lliKa. 


at. 


Gear d'Aleae. 


Li'ST csyKg 


E1S1JI C r R8*. 


Coti.iT yueja Oronp. 


(i„!ato TiattJ Srtnp. ! 



I TW PACBnC KOBTHWtrr 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 35 

ered by three claims. The ledge is ten to twelve feet wide at the surface, 
and a 'tunnel "has been run on it forty-five feet in chalcopyrite and iron 
pyrites ore, assaying 6 to 15 per cent, copper and four to sixteen ounces 
silver. An outcrop of another ledge twelve or thirteen feet wide has recently 
been found parallel with it. 

Further down the creek are three claims on two east and west ledges of 
specular iron, carrying silver and copper, fifteen feet and twenty to thirty 
feet wide. On these two ledges tunnels have been run fifty and seventy feet. 
A parallel ledge of the same kind of ore crops out to a width of at least 
fifteen feet, assays showing 7 to 8 per cent, copper. Another parallel ledge 
of great width and in some places cropping out to a width of forty feet, is 
shown up by a good deal of surface work. A fourth parallel, fourteen feet 
wide carrying iron pyrites, is covered by two claims and is shown up by a 
fifty-foot tunnel. The other claims cover ledges of less size and value, as 
well as the water power of the north fork of the creek, which has a fall of 
250 feet to the mile. Mr. Merchant's half interest in this property is under 
bond to M. E. Downs. 

One of the natural curiosities of the district is a natural tunnel in the 
basm near the head of Eagle Creek, on the Golden Tunnel group of four 
claims, owned by Henry Olsen and C. J. Ingram, of Skykomish. On this group 
are three parallel ledges cut by the creek, one of which has been prospected 
by nature in a peculiar manner. A tunnel sixty-five feet long, fifteen feet 
high and twenty feet wide was found to run through a porphyry dike almost 
straight into the mountain and on the roof and walls are streaks of high 
grade copper nvrites in large crystals carrying gold and silver. On the sur- 
face above this tunnel are a number of stringers of mineral from one to 
twelve inches wide which appear to be running together. The natural tunnel 
has been extended eighteen feet on a two-inch streak wnich carries $54 gold, 
35 per cent, copper. One of the other ledges is eight feet with an eight to 
ten-inch pav streak carrying 19 per cent, copper, $8 gold, $8 silver, shown up 
by a twenty-eight foot tunnel. The other ledge is about ten feet in a small 
c haft 

Cropping to a width of 2P0 feet up the side of a mountain, twelve miles 
above the mouth of Beckler River and four miles east of the Copper group 
on Trout Creek is a great copper ledge discovered in the fall of 1895 by J. 
Frank Bleaklev and Charles Shepp, who have the Anaconda group of four 
claims on it. This ledge is cut and exposed by the river and has been traced 
for 3,000 feet in a north and south course, pitching slightly to the west. It 
is in a contact between porphyry and slate and carries chalcopyrite and cop- 
per pyrites, with bunches of bornite mixed with porphyry, spar and quartz 
stringers, and is pronounced by men familiar with the ore of Anaconda, 
Mont, to be exactly like it. Three tunnels have been run from the foot wall 
to cross-cut the ledge, one of them being in thirty feet, and assays run from 5 
to 32 per cent, copper, five to eleven ounces silver. 

Development is already in progress by Lot Wilbur and others of 
Snohormsb, on the recently discovered Pride of Index group of two 
claims, near the base of West Index, one mile from the Great Northern 
Railroad and two miles due south of the town of Index. The ledge 
runs through a small mountain north of West Index and crops from 
twelve to twenty feet wide, being traceable 700 to 800 feet en the surface. 
A tunnel was started on the ledge and showed eight feet of mineralized 
ledge matter, but as it gave too little depth a new tunnel was started 
on the hanging wall 200 feet below. This ran through slide rock for the first 
twenty-one feet, but for the next twenty feet has been in the solid ledge, 
showing chalcopyrite across the whole face, with bunches of bornite all 
through and with mineral also on the walls. There is a pay streak of four- 
teen inches of solid chalcopyrite, which assayed ZSV 2 per cent, copper, $4 gold, 
$29.90 silver, a total value of $112.10. A test carload shipment will be made in 
June. 

Two miles south of Index, on a small stream running into the main Sky- 
komish river, is the Alpha group of three claims, owned by the Alpha Gold 
& Copper Mining Company. One ledge, on which are two claims, generally 
follows the course of the stream and has been uncovered by it for several 
hundred feet. Jt is twenty feet wide, heavily mineralized with iron pyrites 
on the surface, the ore in places being almost solid and assaying $5 to $6 gold 
and copper. The indications are, however, that, as depth is gained, copper 
will predominate. The third claim is on a forty-foot cross ledge running at 
right angles to the first and containing concentrating iron pyrites for its 
entire width. Both ledges can be opened by tunnels at great depth, the 
upper end of the property being 2.000 feet above the lower, and a bucket 
tramway two miles long would transport the ore to the railroad. 

A recent discovery of the same kind of ore was made by A. W. McRee 
and the late Bud McRee three miles west of Index and one-quarter mile 
north of the Great Northern Railroad. Three claims were taken on a series 
of parallel ledges of copper ore of great size, surface specimens of which 
assayed $15 gold and copper. 



36 MINING IN THE PACIFIC JNoRTHWEST. 



MILLER RIVER. 

Although the people of Seattle are too broad-minded and energetic to 
-confine their efforts to the development of the mining districts of their own 
county, the district drained by the streams flowing northward into the Sky- 
komish south fork has a peculiar interest for them, for it is close to their 
home and in King county. To arrive at it, they have only to take the 
Great Northern train to Skykomish, eighty-five miles, and then go by road 
five miles, and by trail two miles further, to reach tne head of Miller River, 
to which the road will be extended this summer. Skykomish is distant fifty- 
two miles from the Everett smelter and 126 miles from the Tacoma smelter. 
If any man has any doubts as to the strength and permanence of 
the ledges of this district, he has only to visit them and he will be 
convinced. The country rock on the backbone of the ridge in which 
the ledges are found is granite and syenite, and the mineral-bearing 
rock has filled fissures in these strata, only to be worn down by snow 
and water as it is decomposed by the action of the air, leaving perpendicular 
walls 100 to 200 feet on each side. Thus the ledges are usually found in the 
beds of narrow °-orges in the basins at the head of the streams or on the sides 
of the mountains which form the canyons, and are easily traceable from base 
to summit of the range. The ledge matter is generally porphyrinic quartz, 
often so uniformly mineralized as to pay for concentration on the ground, and 
carries cay streaks rich enough to pay for shipment, even with the present 
costly means of transportation to the railroad. The ore carries iron and 
copper sulphides, era.y copper and galena, carrying gold and salver, the pay 
streaks eriving usually from $50 to $60 a ton. the second grade ore from $10 to $20. 
Some of the ledges, however, are much richer, those on the Cleopatra Basin 
carrying several nunarea ounces in silver, and those near the summit over- 
looking that basin running high in copper. Further northward, towards the 
mouths of the streams, are dikes of diorite, in which occur ledges of pyritic 
ore carrying native copper and gold near the surface; also dikes of dolomite 
and porphyry with ledges of sulphide and gray copper ore. The ledges of 
pyrites are heavily capped with magnetic iron and are rich in copper and gold 
and often carry silver. 

Prospecting in this district began while the Great Northern Railroad was 
under construction in 1892, by W. L. Sanders and Archie Williamson, and 
successive discoveries have shown such wealth that active development by 
outside capital is in progress and the district can now boast of the posses- 
sion of the second power-drill plant in the Cascade mountains. Its principal 
mine, which is being developed by this plant, has already made large ship- 
ments giving conclusive evidence of its value. This is the Coney mine, 
" owned by the Baltimore & Seattle Mining & Reduction Company. It is on 
the basin at the head of Coney Creek, which flows into Miller River from 
the west and is six miles from the Great Northern Railroad. The group 
consists of nine claims on three parallel ledges running diagonally up the 
basin to the summit, ten, seven and six feet wide respectively, two of them 
uniting on the summit in a blow-out 100 feet wide and all three being trace- 
able across to the Snoqualmie side of the divide. A strong spur runs up the 
center of the basin into this series of ledges and is the point where develop- 
ment began. The ledge matter is porphyiitic quartz carrying auriferous ga- 
lena and iron sulphides between syenite walls. The spur above mentioned 
cropped five feet wide on the surface and a tunnel has been run along it for 
225 feet. This tunnel cut an ore chute thirty feet long and five feet wide 
forty feet from the mouth, and eighty feet further the ledge widened to 
fourteen feet wide, half of which was good ore. From the first chute forty 
tons was shipped in 1895 and returned $58.70 per ton over freight and treat- 
ment. In the fall of 1896 a power drnl plant of three drills operated by com- 
pressed air was installed, power being generated by a dynamo driven by a 
water wheel at the falls of Coney Creek and conducted to a motor in 
the tunnel, which is connected with the power house by telephone. The 
machinery was put in operation on January 12, 1897, and after being supple- 
mented with a fan to clear away smoke after the blasts, continued the tun- 
nel at the rate of nine feet a day. After penetrating 180 feet it cut a second 
chute of concentrating ore eight feet wide and twenty-two feet long, carry- 
ing iron sulphides and galena. After cutting through a granite horse, it 
ran into soft rock heavily mineralized, five and one-half feet wide between 
straight and smooth walls. This tunnel, while developing good bodies of ore 
in the Coney spur, sufficient to pay its cost, is designed to cross-cut the main 
ledges, the first of which it will tap 800 feet further at a depth of 800 feet, 
the second 150 feet further still at a depth of about 1,000 feet and the third 
300 feet further at a depth of 1,200 feet, while a further extension under the 
highest point will give a depth of 2,500 feet. The company is putting in a 
larger drill to work in the hard rock and intends to use the smaller ones for 
soft rock and stoping. Twenty men are employed on double shift. 



Railways 
Wagon Road 
Trail: 
Summit lanes 




MILLER RIVER. 

Mono. 

2. McKinley. 

3. s. & a 

4. Lvnn. 

5. Belle. 

6. Little Una. 

7. War Eagle. 

8. Jay Hawker. 
Mountain Lion, 

10. Blucher. 

11. Highlander. 

12. Mountain Goat 

13. Captain, 

14. Easter. 

15. Clara K. 

16. Great Northern. 

17. Bobtail. 

18. Grand Central. 

19. Le Roy. 

20". Washington. 

21. Seattle. 

?2. Aces Up. 

23. Lucky Jim. 

J4. Cleopatra Group. 

25. Minnecadusa. 

26. Baltimore. 

27. U. P. 
Condor. 

2V. Coney Group. 

30 £r©*KJy*\ 



MIN1NQ»JJ* ? T-H$ -PACIFIC 



- 



A 

•conf 
oour 
kom 
hom 
Gref 
five 
to "w 
two 
I 
the 
corrv 
the 
rock 
and 
wall 
beds 
of tl 
to s 
ofte 
•can 
cost 
cop] 
st. re 
Sorr 
can 
look 
moi 
ore 
and 
pyre 
and 

und 

SUC( 

out; 
sior 
min 
mei 
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the 
the 
con 
bas 
uni 
abl< 
cen 
mei 
len; 
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225 ' 
for 
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pre 
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mei. 
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the 
300 
hig 
lar 
sof 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 3T 

The Brooklyn group of thirteen claims, owned by Andrew Hemrich, D. N. 
Baxter George A. Pratt and Dexter T. Sapp, is on two ledges twenty-five 
and ten feet wide, traceable along a canyon which runs into the basin from 
the west and extending over the summit. They show on the surface streaks 
of high grade ore two and four feet wide, with smaller streaks through the 
gangue. The ore is iron and copper sulphides carrying 8 to 12 per cent, 
copper, $10 to $20 gold and silver. 

On eastward extensions of the Coney Basin ledges is the Tornado group 
of three claims, owned by Frank Campbell and George M. Bonney, showing 
pay streaks six to twelve inches wide, on which a shaft is going down and 
tunnels are being run. 

The property next in rank to the Coney, so far as active development 
is concerned, is the Cleopatra group of three claims on the King Solomon 
Basin, owned bv the Cleopatra Mining Company. The three claims are on 
one ledge, which crops to a width of forty feet between the perpendicular 
granite walls of a gorge wnich cv.^s the basin clear over the summit, the walls, 
which are 150 to 200 feet high, making its course clearly traceable. On the 
hanging wall an ore chute is exposed five feet wide and at least thirty feet 
long, carrving antimonial silver, chlorides of silver and gray copper ore, an 
average sample of which assayed 368 ounces silver, $10 gold. There are sev- 
eral other pay streaks assaying $35, $46 and $107 gold and silver, and the whole 
ledge is wtll enough mineralized with iron sulphurets to pay for concentra- 
tion. A cross-cut has been run 129 feet, striking a stringer which runs into 
the ore chute. The tunnel was then turned to follow this stringer, which 
showed streaks of galena and sulphides in all the seams of the ledge matter, 
and ran along it for 299 feet, when all the stringers ran together in a streak 
of ore two to three feet thick and the tunnel pierced the hanging wall of 
the ledge, with quartz carrying streaks of sulphurets and gray copper in the 
face. The ore in the feeder was left in the tunnel wall and drifting is being: 
continued for twenty feet on the ledge before cross-cutting to the foot wall, 
in which the ore chute crops. An assay of one stringer ran 581 ounces silver, 
$10 gold; another of gray copper carried 45 ounces silver and $6 gold; while 
the quartz in the ledge proper carried $7 gold in sulphurets, but no silver. 

On extensions on the Cleopatra group down the mountain and on parallel 
ledges the Miller River Mining Company has seven claims, located in the 
fall of 1896. "Work was continued until winter and will be resumed in the 
spring-. Three tunnels were driven about fifteen feet each, one showing two 
feet of ore which assayed $10 to $70 gold and silver in gray copper, sulphides 
and a little galena; another showing a twelve-foot ledge carrying streaks of 
ore which assay $15 to $65. 

The Cleopatra ledge is paralleled in another similar gorge by a seven-foot 
ledge which runs into it near the summit, and by a third on five feet of ore, 
George A. Pratt and F. D. McNaughton having the Cataract group of three 
claims on them. 

The two Unicorn claims, owned by S. J. Marquis and Albro Gardner, Jr., 
are on a ledge ranging from six to eight feet wide, carrying sulphides and 
gray copper, which has been traced half a mile up the Cleopatra Basin, 
while Mr. Marquis has the Sphinx on another twenty feet wide and the 
Ironsides on one of twelve feet, ,all of similar character. 

On the summit of the Cleopatra basin and extending down ooth the Sno- 
qualmie and Miller River sides of the ridge, Dr. L. M. Lessey and A. S. 
Nickerson have the Romeo group of seven claims. One of these is on the 
Cleopatra ledge, with as good a surface showing as that property, assaying 
$87 gold and silver in gray copper, galena and antimonial silver. Two more 
are on a parallel fifteen foot ledge with numerous feeders running into it. 
The other four are on a ledge of the same character traced from the summit 
down to the base of the ridge, an open cut showing it to widen from eight to 
ten feet with only slight depth. 

To the east of the Cleopatra Basin is a forty-foot ledge of porphyritic 
quartz and spar between walls of granite and diorite, showing six feet of 
copper sulphides and white iron, on which T. F. Townsley and J. W. Perkins 
have the Etta. On the summit of the basin T. A. Woodworth and Al Eurich 
have the King David on a ledge of sulphide ore which crops eight feet wide. 
These are recent discoveries which there has been no opportunity to develop. 

A ledge which promises to be as rich as the Cleopatra, though with less 
showing, is cut by King Solomon Creek a little below the Cleopatra Basin 
and is held by the Sunday and another claim of W. L. Sanders, E. B. Palmer 
and H. S. Phinney. On the surface it showed several streaks of gray copper 
and antimonial silver broken by granite horses and assaying 50 to 77 ounces 
silver, $10 to $16.40 gold. Two cross-cuts opened a streak of gray copper six 
to twenty inches wide, which assayed 365 ounces silver, $2.40 gold. A tunnel 
was then started further down, on which the ore is coming in. 

During the summer of 1896 discoveries were extended to the basin at the 
head of the west fork or Miller River, one mile east of the Cleopatra Basin. 
The Highlander group of four claims, in a block 1,200x3,000 feet, and a millsite, 
owned by the Highlander Gold & Silver Mining Company, has four ledges 
running through it, ranging in width from six to fourteen feet, the widest 
toeing traced the whole length of the claims between well defined walls. All 
show streaks of sulphurets, gray copper and some gale'ia, assaying $5 to $23, 



38 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

principally in gold. The discovery was made too late in the season to allow 
of much development, but trails were cut, camp built and a tunnel started 
in readiness for thorough work this season. 

The Clara K. group of live claims on this basin, under bond to William 
Garrard, has a series of ledges on which considerable prospecting was done 
before winter. One ledge is ten feet with a ten-inch streak of ore on each 
waii; another is covered by two claims ano is sit f et, with six inches of ore; 
a third shows six inches of pay ore in a thirty-inch ledge. 

The Mountain Gem group of four claims, owned by G. W. Morley, has two 
ledges each cropping eight feet wide and carrying su.iphurets. One of them 
gave an assay from the surface of $20 gold, $4 silver. Dir3ot!y across the 
river from them he has the Jumbo on a body of pyrites covered with an iron 
cap fifty feet wide. 

The two Bobtail claims, which Frank Campbell, G. M. Bonney, Pat 
Campbell and Bat Wilkinson have on the west of Miller River, are on a six- 
foot ledge with eight to sixteen inches of pay ore similar to that of the 
Cleopatra, the remaining ledge matter carrying enough mineral to pay for 
concentration. A late discovery was an eight-foot ledge with a sixteen-inch 
pay streak of similar ore, on which Frank Campbell, R. K. Anderson and 
John Corrigan have the Aces Up. 

On a mountain-top eight miles from the mout.'i of -Miller River is a grtat 
blow-out of iron covering a blanket ledge at Teast 100 feet wide carrying 
pyrites, which gives surface assays of $35 gold and a little copper. Further 
down the mountain is another similar ledge running along the shore of a 
small lake and partly under water, the exposed part being six feet wide and 
carrying pyrites which assays $8 gold. This was only discovered in October, 
1896, and is covered by the Twin Lakes claim, which the Cynosure Mining 
Company has bought and is preparing to develop. 

Cropping on both sides of Coney Creek is an iron-capped ledge which was 
originally located for iron several years ago and which shows in many places 
seventy feet wide, its ordinary width being twelve feet, with twenty feet of 
gray quartz beside it. On this ledge the Mount Cleveland Mining Company 
has the Le Roi and War Eagle, from the surface of which it has taken ore 
assaying $17 gold, $6 silver, besides copper. The company intends to cross-cut 
the ledge in tne spring to define its width and character. 

The Katie group of three claims, held by Henry Nute, covers a four-foot 
ledge, with eight to ten inches of pay ore carrying galena, sulphides and gray 
copper, on which he is tunneling. 

Development has been pushed to good purpose on the Triune group of six 
claims by W. L. Sanders and Frank Wandschneider. On one ledge from 
eighteen inches to six feet wide are two claims, on which a 140-foot tunnel 
shows twelve inches of ore, assaying $40 to $60 gold and silver, and four feet 
of concentrating ore full of streaks of sulphides, arsenical iron and galena. 

The pioneer locations by W. L. Sanders are the two Lynn claims, on a 
ledge running nearly north and south in a canyon on the left bank and 
cutting across the stream. It is three to six feet wide and has been traced 
2,000 feet, showing sixteen inches of sulphides, galena and gray copper. The 
supposed extension runs through the two Belle claims, owned by Messrs. 
Sanders and Schlegel. A twelve-foot ledge with four or five inches of $24 ore 
carrying copper, lead and sulphides runs through the two Hawkeye claims, 
and a stringer with six to eight inches of $11 ore carrying gold and silver is 
held by the remaining two of the Hawkeye group. 

Another strong ledge is on the Lone Star group of four claims, owned by 
Archie Williamson and William Timpe. It runs northwest and southeast 
across Great Falls Creek, between walls of granite, and is twelve feet wide, 
with four streaks of pay ore aggregating fifteen to twenty-one inches, which 
carry iron sulphides and gray copper and assay $57 silver, $10 gold, with 
concentrating ore filling the remainder of the ledge. A sixty-foot tunnel on 
the footwall shows one pay streak to widen to sixteen inches, with galena 
coming in. On extensions are the Mina, by James Dougherty and Hugh 
Mcintosh; the Spider, by William Lee, A. L. Bayliss and A. Williamson, 
and the Markley, by James Dougherty and William Lee. On two parallel 
ledges, two and four feet wide, < with four and six inch pay streaks, Mr. 
Williamson has the Double Stamp, and on another five feet wide, with three 
or four inches of ore, H. o. Phinney and E. B. Palmer have the McKinley. 

Adjoining the Lone Star is the Little Una group of eight claims, owned 
by W. L. Sanders and M. L. Ransom, of Toledo, Ohio. The group has three 
iron cap ledges, two parallel ones varying from thirty to sixty feet and a 
cross ledge twenty feet. The mineral is iron pyrites, with some copper in 
ore chutes fifteen to twenty feet wide, and assays give $3 to $11 g-old on the 
surface and all the way from $2.50 to $62 gold at greater depth. A cross-cut 
tunnel is being run to tap the ore chute on the widest ledge. 

Another of the early discoveries is the Mono, by Archie Williamson, on a 
ledge of pyrites forty feet wide, carrying ore which assays 7 to 30 per cent, 
copper, $7 to $36 silver, $5 to $8 gold. This ore shows in tunnels twenty-eight 
and sixty feet across the ledge, which have not reached the wall. Extensions 
of this ledge are the Orphan Boy, by Duncan Graham, J. J. Ferguson, James 
Dougherty and A. Williamson, and the Orphan Girl, by Messrs. Williamson 
and Dougherty. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 3» 

The large investments of outside capital in the principal properties in this 
district are an assurance of continued development, and the showings so far 
made warrant the expectation of further investment to put the mines on a 
producing basis. 



MONEY CREEK. 

The series of mineral ledges which is exposed at the head of Miller River, 
and in the mountains through which it flows, extends beyond the sources of 
Money Creek through the ridge dividing the Skykomish and Snoqualmie 
watersheds, the Tolt flowing southward into the latter river from a point 
whence Money Creek flows northward into the SKykomish. The mineral 
discoveries extend along the mountains on each bank of Money Creek, having 
begun with the Apex ledge of galena, gray copper and sulphurets on the 
headwaters by Alexander McCartney in 1889. Further down the stream and 
on the tributaries wnich leap down precipitous gorges, there are great bodies 
of sulphide ore carrying gold and copper, which from their proximity to the 
railroad are likely to be early developed. The route from Seattle is by the 
Great Northern Railroad to Skykomish, eighty-iive miles, by road one mile, 
and by trail six miles, to the head of the creek. Tne distance from the 
Everett smelter is fifty-two miles; from that at Tacoma, ninety-three miles. 
Communication will be much improved this season by the construction of a 
wagon road up the creek within a short distance of the most remote 
properties. 

The first discovery was also the first property to be developed and ship 
ore. This was the Apex group of five claims, recently bonded by Alexander 
McCartney, G. R. Procter, Edwin Stevens and Miss Fanny Stein to J. R. 
Stephens, of Spokane, tor $20,000. Four of these claims are on one ledge, 
which crops in the gorge of Milwaukee Creek between syenite walls and has 
been traced up the mountain and over the summit to Lake Elizabeth. At one 
point in the gorge it crops forty feet wide and at another thirteen feet 
wide, but the richest ore is found on the side of the Milwaukee Basin, i00 feet 
above, where the ledge is three to five feet wide between strong walls. It has 
been opened at the latter point by means of two tunnels, the upper 118 feet 
and the lower 300 feet, with a lift of seventy feet between them. The lower 
tunnel was driven forty feet through the slide rock and cut three ore chutes, 
each about forty feet long with a six-inch pay streak of smelting ore. The 
third chute has been stoped out from the upper tunnel and for a lift of fifty 
feet from the lower tunnel, the ore being shipped to the smelter and returning 
an aggregate of over $13,UG0. It carried about 2y 2 ounces gold, 6 ounces oiiver 
and 4 per cent, copper, being steel galena, gray copper, sulphides of iron and 
arsenical iron. The other two chutes carry $43 and $46, respectively, in gold 
and silver and have in sight over $15,000 worth of smelting ore. Beside the 
pay streak is a streak of concentrating ore from six to forty inches wide 
assaying about $12 a ton. There are several hundred tons of second-grade ore 
on the dump. The ore shipped has paia for development in the face of a cost 
of $13 a ton for packing seven and one-half miles to the railroad. 

The same parties have the Damon and Pythias on a four-foot ledge of 
similar ore, and on Goat Basin, four miles above the mouth of Money Creek, 
they have the Sockless and Solomon on a ledge seven or eight feet wide, 
with twenty inches of high-grade ore similar to the Apex, whicn assays u. to 
$60 in gold, silver and lead, chiefly gold. A forty-foot tunnel on the ledge 
shows good ore all the way. 

The Bonanza Queen group of eight claims, owned by the Gold Mountain 
Mining Company, consists principa^y of several properties on a gulch run- 
ning down to Money Creek's left bank. The Bonanza Queen itself is on a. 
ledge which crops on the face of a perpendicular clilf to a width of about 
seventy-five feet, with a defined hanging wall of soft granite, the footwall 
not having been found. The ledge matter is porpnyry and is shown by a 
tunnel run twenty-five feet along the hanging wall to be veined throughout 
with sulphide ore carrying $5 gold and copper, while a sample taken across 
the face of the tunnel assayed about $25. Half a mile further up this gulch 
is the San Francisco on a mass of similar rock striking into the face of a 
bluff. A tunnel sixteen feet in this rock shows a streak of six to twelve inches 
of solid sulphide ore. On a parallel fifty-foot ledge of porphyry, three- 
quarters of a mile further up the creek, is the Paymaster, on which two 
tunnels have been run about thirty-five feet apart. One starts near the 
footwall and has run forty-five feet through mineralized rock, and the other 
has run thirty-five feet towards the hanging wall on heavy sulphide ore 
similar to that in the Bonanza Queen, which will pay well to concentrate*, 
the value being about ?8 -old and silver. The other claims have good surface 
showings, but are undeveloped. 

One of the strongest showings on Monev Creek is on the Chicago group 
of four claims, owned by C. W. Frisbee, Malcolm McFees and Mike Earles, 
of Seattle, A. D. Smith and Joseph Rudderham. The first discovery was a. 
great deposit of magnetic iron in the rocky peak at the summit of a mountain 



40 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

rising 1,500 feet above Money Creek, four miles above its mouth, and in a gorge 
■down the slope, and it was proposed to mine the ore for the iron, a tunnel 
being run forty feet on it. A tunnel lower down the mountain iast summer 
ran into a body of fine copper and iron pyrites carrying flakes of native copper 
and some peacock copper. The outcrop is in a ravine between high wails of 
■diorite and is fully fifteen feet wide, but further down the pyrites itself was 
found cropping to a width of eight feet. Three claims are on this ledge, the 
ore in which assays 20 per cent, copper, besides gold and silver, and the 
fourth claim is on a similar paialiel ledge. Thorough development will be 
carried on this year. 

On the east fork of Money Creek H. II. Darst and W. M. Lee have the 
Vandalia, on which a twenty-live foot tunnel shows a twenty-inch pay streak 
carrying $23 gold and silver in a seven-foot ledge. 

+©^©>©^©*®+©+©+©+ 

SNOQUALMIE. 

The mountain ridges among which the several forks of the Snoqualmie 
River flow to their commence near North Bend have long been the scene of 
prospecting trips on the part of the settlers in the valleys and the inhabitants 
of the surrounding country, including some of tne pioneer residents of Seattle, 
and it has been proved beyond doubt that great bodies of mineral existed 
there. A number of reasons can be assigned for the failure to transform 
these promising prospects mco mines. The first was, in the early times, the 
difficulty of access to the country, for not oniy were there no railroads, but 
the country was without wagon roads until the toll road was constructed 
through the Snoqualmie Pass. The valleys were a jungle through which 
•dimly traceable Indian trails led, and, there being no grass for horses, men 
had to pack their supplies on their backs. Another reason was that the 
country was settled by farmers, who knew little or nothing of mining, and 
they did not readily turn their hands to this unfamiliar and laborious occu- 
pation. A third reason was that the ore bodies, wnile large, were of low 
grade and could not be mined profitably without large investments of capital, 
which could not be obtained in the country, especially in days before low 
grade mines had come into demand among investors. 

But these difficulties are fast being surmounted. The Seattle & Inter- 
national Railroad runs from Seattle to Sallal Prairie, far up the Snoqualmie 
Valley, and a road has been built some distance up the middle fork. The 
settlers are adapting themselves more and more to the new industry and the 
general demand for mining property has encouraged them to develop their 
claims, which they are showing to be equal in merit to those in other districts 
in the Cascade Mountains. With roads, intelligent work and capital, the 
Snoqualmie District will take rank with the other promising districts to the 
north, south and east, ana will be able to boast of mines instead of prospects. 

The route to this district from Seattle is by the Seattle & International 
Railroad to North Bend, sixty miles, for the north and middle forks and the 
claims on and around iviOurt Si, or to Sallal Prairie, sixty-three miles, far 
points on the south fork. From the latter point the Snoqualmie Toll Road 
leads up the south fork to the pass, thirty miles, and trails branch off at 
short intervals to the various claims. From North Bend to the Everett 
smelter is ninety-three miles and to the Tacoma smelter 101 miles. 

The geology of the Snoqualmie Basin has been little stuaied, the first 
attempt to describe it being made by Professor W. H. Ruflner in his "Report 
on Washington Territory" for the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway 
Company, published in 1889. He says: 

"The core of these high ranges (the Cascades) is chiefly rock originally 
stratified, which has been metamorphosed by heat, and perhaps inside of all, 
with branches bursting out at various places, are plutonic rocks which have 
never been stratified. This is the state of things on the top of the Cascade 
Range near Snoqualmie Pass, as well as on some subordinate peaks and 
ranges. On Mount Logan, the Denny Mountain, etc., are larg-e bodies of 
syenitic granite, whose a^e I have no means of determining. Associated 
with this are quartzites of fine grain and extremely hard, porphyries and 
serpentinoid and chloritic rocks of different sorts, in which are imbedded the 
magnetic iron. ores; and also large beds of crystalline limestone, both fine and 
coarse grained. Crossing these at various angles are veins containing the 
precious and base metals." 

The rocks forming this section are described by a well-informed prospector 
as granite, gneiss, diorite, talcose slate and chloritic talcose slate, with large 
•dikes of porphyry, and he says that in the contact between these dikes and 
the talcose slate the mineral ledges are mostly found. 

The first mineral discovery in this district of which there is any record 
was on Denny Mountain, nineteen miles from Sallal Prairie. It is reached by 
following the Snoqualmie wagon road to a point four miles west of the pass 
and then taking a trail for one mile. It was made by Arthur A. Denny, 
father of the City of Seattle, in 1869, from information obtained from the 
Indians. He went to Snoqualmie Pass in search of plumbago, which he 



40QUALMIE 



NG COUNTY, WASHINGTON. 




y v Mt. Thomson §^ j 
Chair P«ak. / \ J ^-^ / 

/Red Mountain, 



\/ 



wife, t^ i 
%%§/ Guye's Peak. 

A 

^ ^ Kendall Peak. 







' , 






rtoB H 



. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 41 

supposed they used to paint their faces, and, climbing a mountain near the 
pass, tip observed a great streak of iron rust in a gorge on the opposite 
mountain, which has s-ince been named Denny Mountain. Climbing to it, he 
found .-— gorge to be a rift in the side of the mountain, pitching about 40» 
degrees at its foot. On each side was a vertical cliff about 150 feet high, in 
which were vertical ledges of magnetic iron about sixty feet wide, large 
bodies of this mineral being also found on the top of these cliffs. He located 
several claims, but did nothing to improve them. 

In 1882 Mr. Denny, Angus Mackintosh, C. D. Boren, James Taylor and 
Jeremiah Borst, the last three of whom have since died, went to this mountain 
to make locations and, on further investigation, found three parallel ledges 
of the same character. The one first discovered, which crosses Denny Creek 
at the falls, they named the Denny Lode; another 500 feet south, which is 132" 
feet wide and stands out in a cliff several hundred feet high, they named the 
Cliff Lode, and the third, about six feet wide, was called the Climax Lode. 
They located nine claims, four on the Denny, three on the Cliff and two on the 
Climax Lode, and Messrs. Denny, Mackintosh and others organized the Denny- 
Iron Mines Company, which still owns the group. 

In 1883 about $7,000 was spent in development and patents were obtained. 
A tunnel was driven 100 feet on the Climax Lode, proving it to be valueless as 
iron ore, as it carried white arsenical iron. Several thousand tons of ore were 
blasted from the cliff on the Cliff Lode and tests were made by a number of 
assayers. Analysis showed it to carry the minimum of sulphur and phos- 
phorus ana it was pronounced the best quality of Bessemer ore. It was also 
subjected to working tests by the Moss Bay Iron Company, of England, whicn, 
used marble from one of the walls as a flux, and was proved to be free from 
sulphur and phosphorus. Some surface work was done on the several claims 
on the Denny Lode, and C. K. Jenner, of Seattle, who had charge of the 
development, determined L.at it was of no value for iron on account of the 
large quantities of sulphur it contained, even on the surface. In 1885 he had 
an assay made of a piece of peacock copper float, believed to be from the 
Denny Lode, and it carried $20 gold, $8 silver and 33 per cent, copper. In that 
year he put a force of men to work on this ledge and, finding a deep snowdrift 
in the gorge, he tunneled through it to the bottom of the ledge and then drilled 
into the cliff for a width of fourteen to twentv feet. In doing so he ran 
through what proved to be an iron capping three or four inches thick into a 
body of carbonates, copper sulphurets and pyrites. Mr. Jenner took a ton of 
this ore and had a w r orking test of it made in San Francisco by an assayer, 
who pronounced it the highest grade of precipitating copper ore. Later in 
the season of 1885 the members of the company went to the scene and found, 
the snow out of the gorge and that the workings were forty or fifty feet above- 
its bed. In 1890 and 1891 steps were taken towards the mining of the iron ore 
for smelting at the blast furnace and steel works then under construction at 
Kirkland, but when that enterprise failed during the panic, work was stopped 
and has not been resumed. 

Another early discovery of iron ore, which may also prove to be only the 
capping of a body of copper pyrites, is the Guye Iron Mines on Guye's Peak, 
overlooking Snoqualmie Pass. It is reached by following the wagon road for 
twenty-five miles from North Bend to a point directly west of the pass and 
then taking a trail for one and one-half miles. The mountain is formed of 
porphyry, diorite and quartzite and the ore bodies follow a northeast by 
southwest course in a formation of porphyry and marble. Near the foot of 
a cliff on this mountain the body of- magnetic iron crops to a width of sixty 
or seventy feet and has ueen stripped to a depth of 100 feet, while another- 
cropping is 100 feet deep and 150 feet wide. The ore carries 60 to 72 per cent 
metallic iron, with only traces of sulphur and phosphorus, and is pronounced 
by metallurgists to be first-class Bessemer iron. On the summit of the 
mountain. 300 feet higher, is a round knoll of similar ore 300 feet long and 
100 feet wide, but not as rich in iron. On these several croppings and the 
extensions of the ledges F. M. Guye, Hon. Thomas Burke. Hon. John Leary, 
B. F. Briggs and John W. Guye have twelve claims patented. 

Another body of what is, on the surface, iron ore is on the six claims- 
owned by F. M. and John W. Guye and known as the Green Mountain group 
These are on the mountain between the middle and north forks, six miles 
from Sanal Prairie. The deposits are red hematite and magnetic iron thirty 
feet perpendicular and twenty-five feet wide in a formation of porphyritie 
granite, but they have only been stripped and thus it has not been ascertained 
whether the ore changes character with depth. The magnetic iron ore 
carries 69 to 72 per cent, and the hematite 50 to 65 per cent, metallic iron and 
both are almost frep from sulphur and nhosphorus. 

Yet another similar body of magnetic iron exists on the Chair Peak group* 
of five claims, owned by the Chair Peak Mining Company. Leaving the rail- 
road at Sallal Prairie, one goes by the wagon road up the middle fork to> 
Rushing's ranch and by trail up Tuscohatchie Creek to Chair Peak, so named 
from its having the form of a great arm-chair. A great cliff of magnetic 
iron eighty-two feet wide rises from Snow Lake on the east side of the 
mountain and also crops on the west side. It shows copper in the croppings, 
and will probably change to copper ore when the capping is pierced. There 



42 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

are on the same mountain deposits of marble and limestone, but the former 
has been so shattered by convulsions as to be commercially worthless. 

On the next ridge to the east of Chair Peak Lon Jose and others, of North 
Bend, have a similar surface showing on the Copper Chief group, from which 
they have run a tunnel 300 feet in the form of a horseshoe, for the purpose of 
reaching- the solid formation, and have shown sulphide ores and some galena. 
Adjoining this eroup Victor Penberthy and others have the Emma group, on 
which a fifty-foot tunnel has shown a body of copper sulphides, and on Red 
Mountain, to the northeast, J. W. Walrath and Robert Diamond have the 
Commonwealth, on which a 250-foot tunnel has shown a large body of copper 
pyrites. 

Returning to North Bend, we find a number of claims on Mount Si, the 
bold shoulder of the ridge dividing the north and middle forks, and on the 
continuation of that ridge. 

On the north fork side of Mount Si, three and one-half miles from North 
Bend, i red Liiis ana Albert Kelly, of New iork, have two claims on a ledge 
which is said to crop eighty feet wide and in which a seventy-foot tunnel 
shows a sixteen-inch streak of sulphides with some galena, assays running 
as high as $20. 

On a heavily iron-cappea ledge traced up this mountain W. C. Keith, "W. 
H. Clark and F. Henderson have the Annie group of three claims. A fifty- 
foot tunnel is in sulphide ore and chalcopyrite all the way between well- 
defined walls pitching 80 degrees, and a seventy-five-foot tunnel is also in ore 
almost its whole length, while an eight-foot shaft shows the ledge seven feet 
between walls. An average of several assays is about $28 gold and silver. 
Another ledge crops on the middle claim, but has not been defined. 

On a parallel ledge John B. Gregor has shown similar ore in a sixty-foot 
tunnel, and in a new tunnel started below it in the fall of 1893, he struck two 
feet of fine sulphide ore, while further down the mountain he discovered a 
new ledge containing three feet of ore, which assayed $75 in all values. 

The Copper Bell and ueta are new locations by Sherry McElroy, Joseph 
Sheriv, George Sharik and Charles Baxter on what was formerly well known 
as the Black Jack ledge, two and one-half miles from Sallal Prairie on the 
north fork. The ledge is a large one, in the contact between granite and 
gneiss, and carries low-grade concentrating ore in the form of sulphides, 
which assay about $10 in gold, silver and copper, while four cross ledges, one 
to four feet wide, carry ore of higher grade, which is free milling on the 
surface. A tunnel was run 136 feet on a stringer and showed the ore to change 
from free milling to concentrating. A drift from this tunnel ran forty feet 
to the left and then ran sixty-eight feet to strike the contact of the main 
ledge. Another tunnel is in 170 feet on a stringer, 200 feet below, to tap the 
same ledge. The owners propose to erect a small mill this spring to reduce 
the free milling ore. 

On Mount Teneriffe, aoout half a mile further up the north fork, W. C. 
Keith and W. B. Akers uave the Cleveland and Legal lender on a twenty- 
foot ledge, carrying fine sulphurets of iron and copper, which assay about 
$40 gold. The ledge has been cross-cut for sixteen feet, and a thirty-foot 
tunnel follows the pay streak on the hanging wall. 

Near the foot of Chair Peak is the Laura Lindsay, one of the oldest loca- 
tions in the district, now owned by the Bowker brothers. It has a four-foot 
ledge of sulphide ore in a soft talcose gangue between walls of granite and 
slate and a 250-fcot tunnel shows ore carrying $30 to $40 gold and silver. 

On Taylor river, a tributary of the middle fork, Thomas Niles has the 
Lost Lode, on which an ei£rht3 r -foot cross-cut has tapped a strong ledge, but 
has not struck the wall, showing ore well mineralised with gold, silver, lead 
and molybdenite, generally associated with hornblende. 

The Last Chance group of three claims on McClellan Butte is on a true 
fissure ledge of quartz, carrying pyrites, which has been traced for a mile. 
Three tunnels, the longest one of which is sixty feet, have shown four feet 
of ore between strong walls, assaying $7.50 to $45 in gold and silver. 

On Profile Mountain, so called from a big cliff which, when seen at a 
certain angle, forms a perfect profile of George Washington, the Pacific 
Mining Company has the Delia Jane group of seven claims. The ledge is a 
true fissure two feet wide, as shown in a twer*ty-foot cross-cut, and carries 
about $17 free gold in decomposed quartz gangue. Another ledge of the same 
size a,nd character runs into a porphyry dike and has been opened by a 
seventy-four-foot tunnel. This company is preparing to resume work this 
spring. 

At the Star Cabin, twenty-six miles from North Bend on the south fork, 
W. C. Weeks and George W. Tibbetts have the Black Prince group, on which 
they have done a good amount of work. 

The miners along the south and middle fork of the Snoqualmie have 
organized the Summit Mining District, but it is generally known as the Sno- 
qualmie district, and that name has been adopted to avoid confusion with 
the Summit District in Pierce County. 



PIERCE end YAKIMA COUNTIES* 
WASHINGTON. 









IH&EX TO NUMBERED CUlftS. 



R<m.ro*-d3 • 



1. 


Mascot. 


a 


Knox. 


3. 


Comet 


4. 


Crater. 


5. 


Opjiir. 


6. 


Fairview. 


7. 


Good^nongh. 


8. 


Mammoth. 


!>. 


Campbell Group. 


ill. 


Hawks. 


ii. 


Neptune. 


I,'. 


Terror. 


M 


Cnrrent. 


14. 


Flora 


15. 


G A. R. 


16. 


fikck Hawk. 


17 


White Elephant 


18. 


White Genii. 


1*. 


Viies or S^ir Greap. 


£',! 


Little G^m. 


21. 


Mastodon. 


22 


Bi'mug Star. 


23 


Highland Mary. 


24. 


Forrest & FarreiTs 




fcrunp. 



25. Cold Spring. 

26. Parrot 

27. Forest Qneen. 
23. Tip Top 

29. Emma 
3D. Silver «ee£ 

31. B!ne Bell 

32. Crown Point. 

33. Warrior's Mask. 
3t fry Spring. 

35. Dam Kino. 

36. Gold Spring. 

37. Lamson & Cole. 

38. Comstock. 

39. Lauretta. 

40. Gold Finch. 
4i. Boat on. 

42. Lady of the Lake. 

43. Bonanza. 
4-i. Srunmit Co. 

43. Black Diamond. 

46. Bertha G*-orgie. 

47. HoUey. 

48. Combination. 

49. Elizabeth. 



HlfclWJ IM TH£ PACIFIC MQJTOftVEST. 



^ 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 43 



BUENA VISTA. 

This district lies along- the north fork of the Snoqualmie river and its 
tributaries and is an extension across the ridge of the Miller and Money- 
Creek districts, having uie same characteristics. In fact, many of the 
principal claims are on extensions of the great ledges of Miller river and 
Money Creek traced through the ridge to the Snoqualmie side— a striking 
evidence of the strength and permanence of the mineral bodies of the Cas- 
cade Range. 

It is only within the last year that much work has been done on the north 
fork, its distance from tae railroad— about twenty-five miles— being an 
obstacle, though the extension of the road by King County would do much 
to make it accessible. The route to it is by the Seattle & International Rail- 
road to North Bend, sixty miles from Seattle, then by road for nineteen miles 
and the remainder of the distance by trail. 

A notable instance of the tracing of a series of ledges through a lofty 
mountain ridge is the Mastodon group of eleven claims, near the head of the 
north fork. These are on the extension of the Brooklyn series of ledges from 
Coney Basin in the Miller River district. On one of these work has been 
continued since June, 1896, having begun on a small scale in the previous 
year. A shaft is down fifty feet, cutting a ledge ten or twelve feet wide, in 
which there is three feet of copper sulphurets and galena assaying as high 
as eighty ounces silver, $20 gold and 29 per cent, copper. The other ledges 
are of the same character and equally strong. This group is owned by J. M. 
Sharp, the estate of John Miller and J. L. Warner, of Rossland, B. C. 

One mile from this group are the Arizona and Washington, owned by the 
Arizona Gold Mining Company, which are on the extension of the Money 
Creek ledges through the ridge, being one and one-half miles from the Apex 
and one mile from the Brooklyn. The Arizona has an east and west ledge of 
porphyry forty feet wide between walls of granite which stand up 100 feet 
perpendicularly on each side and carries a body of copper sulphide ore assay- 
ing $35, mostly gold, on the surface. The Washington has a similar ledge 
fifty feet wide, mineralized througnout and carrying twenty feet of pay ore, 
being clearly traceable up the face of the cliff. The company has a millsite on 
two small lakes 400 feet south of the Washington, the outlet of which will 
furnish water power. 

One mile above the mouth of the middle prong of the north fork is the 
Fletcher Webster group of nine claims owned by Andrew Hemrich, Philo 
Rutherfora and others. The main ledge is eight feet wide in the croppings, 
but widens at one point to forty feet. An open cross-cut and a forty-foot 
tunnel snow it to be mineralized enough throughout to pay for concentration 
and to carry four feet or pay ore averaging $32 in gold and silver, from a 
number of assays. The mineral on the surface is iron sulphides, but changes 
at depth to galena ore, with increasing value. This change in character is 
general throughout this district. 

On IlLnois Creek, a tributary of the main north fork, George A. Pratt and 
David Rushing have the Belle of Tennessee group of nine claims on a ledge 
twenty feet wide, showing in the cronpings an ore chute forty feet long, 
carrying $15 gold, $5.60 silver on the surface. 

+©>©+©+©^@+©+©+®+ 

SUMMIT. 

Deriving its name from its position on the summit of the Cascade Range 
among the foothills of Mount Rainier, this district, which was organized in 
1891, occupies the northwest corner of Yakima and the eastern part of Pierce 
counties. On the west it is at the sources of Silver Creek, flowing into White 
River, and on the east its waters form Morse a.nd Union Creeks, which unite 
in American River, an affluent of Bumping River, which empties into the 
Yakima. Accessible alike from the east and west, it has been explored by 
the people of Tacoma and Buckley on the latter, and of Yakima on the 
former side, but the. western men have the majority of the properties. The 
•country formation is mostly of crystalline eruptive rock, although slate and 
limestone are to be found. The ledges are large and well mineralized 
throughout, carrying gold on the surface which has been made free by 
oxidation, but as depth is attained the ore will probably become base, as in 
■other districts on the Cascades. The ores also" carry a small silver value, 
and galena and iron sulphides are also founu associated with the precious 
metals. 

Tacoma is the headquarters of those interested in the district, and 
Buckley, thirty miles east on the Northern Pacific Railroad, is the out- 
fitting point. Thence a good horse trail leads up White river and Silver 



44 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Creek to Gold Hill, at tire head of the latter stream, a distance of fifty-five 
miles. From North Yakima on the east, the district is entered by horse trail 
sixty-eight miles long - , up the Yakima River and its upper tributaries to the 
summit. A movement is now on foot to construct a wagon road from 
Buckley to Yakima by way of Greenwater River, White River, Silver Creek, 
to the Silver Basin, then down the Yakima watershed on the eastern slope. 
This would reduce the distance from Buckley to Gold Hill to forty miles 
and the Buckley people have by voluntary effort constructed six miles of it. 
The state legislature has made a liberal appropriation for an extension from 
the summit to Yakima. 

The first mining in this district of which there is any record was done in 
1880-82 on some placer ground near the head of Morse Creek, below the 
present Comstock Mine. Here H. L. Tucker, George Gibbs and others, of 
North Yakima, took out good wages, one nugget of $80 having been found, a 
$7 nugget being taken out last season and $1 nuggets being not uncommon. 
This mine came into the hands of Robert Fife and others, who lately sold it 
for $3,000. The first owners of this mine, however, found that somebody had 
been there before them, for an old cabin stood far up the west fork of White 
River and some trees on the west side of the east fork of that stream were 
marked with old blazes. 

Led on, by float in White River, George M. Brown, Frank W. and George 
W. Gibbs, ^of Tacoma, and Thomas and Robert Fife, of Yakima, made the 
first quartz location in the summer of 1888 on Gold Hill and have since proved 
them to be among the best in the district. Other claims took up the hill and 
spread all around it, making it the center of a fast- widening circle of activity. 
One of their first locations was the Comstock, already mentioned, on which 
the ledge has not yet been defined, though a pay streak shows the full width 
of a seventy-foot tunnel and in several open cuts, and has given an average 
assay of $39.40 gold and silver. This claim, together with thirty-five other 
quartz claims and one placer claim, is now owned by the Summit Mining and 
Reduction Company, of lacoma, which in 1896 purchased it, together with a 
number of claims on Gold Hill owned by Mrs. Emily Knight, of Tacoma. 
Much money has been spent on these claims in the way of cutting trails and 
building cabins, but little has been done to prove the value of the ledges. 
That they have much merit is shown by the following assays made at the 
Tacoma smelter from the principal ones: 



DESCRIPTION. 



Sailor Queen 
Blue Bell ... 

Boston 

Current . 

Comstock ... 
Blue Grass . 



Per Ton of 2,000 lbs. 



Ounces 


Ounces 


Value Per Ton 
of 2,000 lbs. 


Gold. 


Silver. 




4.04 


44.00 


$110 72 


8 per cent 


48.30 


48 84 


13.20 


1.20 


264 81 


4 per cent 


3.60 


10 44 


1.80 


5.00 


39 40 


2.40 


17.60 


59 96 



This company now controls the ground in the vicinity of Gold Hill and 
will begin development in the spring. 

The Crown Point, a little west of the Comstock, owned by George M. 
Brown, has a seven-foot ledge in which a thirty-foot tunnel and several open 
cuts have shown ore averaging $38 gold and silver, though assays have run 
as high as $60 gold, 6 ounces silver. East of the Comstock Mr. Brown has the 
Lolette on a four-foot ledge, on which a tunnel has been driven fifteen feet, 
showing ore which averaged $36 gold. From a four-foot ledge on the Eva he 
has also obtained assays of 4 ounces gold and 44 ounces siiver. 

The Fife brothers retained their faith in the district when all others lost 
heart, and remained at work until late in December, only leaving when 
supplies ran out and hunger drove them back to civilization. At that time, 
too, they had no roads, nor even trails, and had to find their way by blazes. 
Their best group is the Blue Bell of six claims at the head of Union Creek, 
a mile west of Gold Hill. The Blue Bell ledge itself is on the summit of 
the range, the ore being in a porphyry dike, with a seam of quartz and a 
seam of porphyry. All of this carries value, but the quartz assays high in 
free gold. A roughly constructed arrastre was erected several years ago on 
Union Creek, below the mine, and has made a run each season. Ten tons 
of ore was milled last season without any pretense of sorting and a little 
over eight ounces of amalgam was cleaned up. Robert Fife also has the 
Elizabeth, on Morse Creek, on which a five-foot ledge has been opened in 
several places, giving an assay of $72. Mr. Fife and J. J. Armstrong, of 
Yakima, have run a tunnel twenty-five feet and made several small cross- 
cuts on a similar ledge on the Morning Star and Bonanza, just below the 
Comstock. 

James A. Farrell and J. R. Forrest, of Tacoma, made their advent in the 
district in 1891 on a hunting trip, but turned their attention to prospecting 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 45 

and made a number of valuable discoveries on a mountain spur near the 
head of Silver Creek, which they named Pick-handle Point. They have done 
as much as any two men to open up the district. This mountain seems to be 
transversely cut by numberless narrow but very rich parallel ledges. On the 
Blue Grouse and Sure Thing there is a network of parallel ledges two to 
three feet wide, opened by a twenty-foot shaft and numerous cross-cuts. 
Their first assay was $3 gold, but last year they took out ore running $52 gold 
and 31 ounces silver. On the Damfino and Dry Spring they have free milling 
ore which carries $13 gold and 2 ounces silver, and have also some good 
placer ground on Morse Creek. On this mountain is the Little Gem, owned 
by Edward Collins, of Buckley, and below it on Silver Creek he and William 
and Alexander McNicol, of Buckley, have the Collins. 

Near the summit of the range, two miles south of Gold Hill, George Sedge, 
of Yakima, has a group of claims on which he has driven a tunnel 110 feet, 
exposing ore which averages $33 gold. Below this claim William and Alex- 
ander McNicol and M. B. Compton have the Blazing Star on an eight-foot 
ledge, in which a twenty-five foot shaft and a cross-cut show a three-foot 
pay streak assaying $190 gold and 10 ounces silver. The Highland, with three 
and one-half feet of similar ore on the surface, has the same owners. The 
Evening Star, owned by John Shantz and George Fuller, is on a thirteen-foot 
ledge, believed to be an extension of the Blazing Star. 

In 1894 exploration was extended by E. K. Current and his son, J. B. Cur- 
rent, of Buckley, John Wilkeson and Samuel Fletcher to Crystal Mountain, 
an extension of the Summit ridge dividing White River on the west from 
Silver Creek, its tributary, on the east, and rising to an elevation of 8,000 feet. 
This mountain is formed of gray and purple porphyry, dotted with crystallized 
feldspar, and is cut by ledges of decomposed porphyritic quartz ranging from 
twelve to twenty feet in width, carrying free gold on the surface, and assayers 
pronounce the ore first-class free milling. As in other parts of the district, 
the gold is chiefly found in the form of fine sulphurets and is f^ee on the 
surface only through the oxidation of the iron. 

One of Mr. Current's groups, comprising nine claims, is owned joJwMj by 
him and his brother-in-law, James Gebert, of New Iberia, La., and they have 
pushed development during the past year. On one of their claims a shaft i* 
down eighty-five feet, showing a fourteen-foot ledge, all pay ore. Assay9 
range from $15 to $103 gold, but the most reliable returns are three mill testa 
giving an average of $13 free gold. A twenty-foot tunnel on an extension 
shows the ledge eight feet wide with ore assaying $4 to $28 gold, mostly free. 
On an immense parallel ledge, of which the walls have not been traced, ara 
three claims. On one of these a forty-five foot cross-cut has shown ore 
assaying $8.75 to $150 gold and silver, mostly the former. Another has the 
ledge defined to a width of nine feet, and from a forty-foot tunnel assays of 
$53 gold and 5 or 6 ounces silver have been obtained. A sixty-five foot tunnel 
on the third claim showed ore assaying as high as $28 gold. Another claim 
is on a large ledge of low grade ore, assays from a twenty-five foot tunnel 
averaging $25. It is intended to erect a stamp mill on this group during the 
summer. 

The Crystal Mountain group, owned by Mr. Current, in conjunction with 
A. W. Frater and A. W. Hawks, of Everett, comprises five claims south of 
the Current group and 1,500 feet below it, along Silver Creek. On one 
of these the ledge is twenty-two feet wide and a ten-foot shaft is down 
on ore assaying from $10 to $250. Another has a six-foot ledge assaying from 
$28 to $44, and the others make good showings on the surface. The same 
parties have some valuable placer ground below these claims, and Messrs. 
Frater and Hawks have three other claims on the same mountain. It is 
proposed to erect a stamp mill on this group also during L.e summer, ditches 
having been cut and buildings erected in readiness. Despite the great height 
of the mountain, it will not be difficult to transport machinery over ziz-zag 
trails up its sides. 

Another group of six claims, owned by John Campbell, of Yakima, covers 
some good-sized ledges on Crystal Mountain, which assay well on the surface, 
but little work has been done. North of the Crystal Mountain group William 
H. Dooley, Herbert Rease and John Stone have a group of claims, on one of 
which a seven-foot ledge has been stripped for eighty feet and shows ore 
panning well, though no assays have been made. Adjoining the Frater- 
Current group on the southeast, Mr. Presby, of Goldendale, has the Nell, 
on which a small amount of development shows good ore, carrying free silver. 

Adjoining the Current Group No. 2 the Gold Hill Mining & Milling Com- 
pany has the King Group of three claims on extervsiohs of three of the princi- 
pal ledges, which are shown by development on other properties and by sur- 
face cuts to be three to fifteen feet wide, carrying free gold and some native 
silver. Assays range from $3 to $50 and average about $12. 

Other ledges that have been located near the Current group No. 2, and of 
somewhat similar formation, are the French, the Thompson, the Ewing, 
belonging to gentlemen whose names they respectively bear, and the King, 
owned by E. K. Current, of Buckley, and Dr. Fletcher, of North Yakima. 
These are all large and prominent ledges. 

On the summit, south of Gold Hill. J. A. Viles, W. S. Viles, L. W. Rogers 
and H. F. Rogers, of North YaKima, have the Star grroup of four claims on 
(3) 



46 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

a contact ledge between granite and slate, and have done considerable 
development, showing ore which assays from $7 to $60. 

The Black Hawk group of three claims, owned by the Northwest Mining 
Company, lies three miles southwest of Gold Hill, and will begin operations 
in the spring. On one ledge it has two claims and two tunnels about thirty- 
five feet each and a third twenty-five feet long are in ore assaying $33 to $101, 
mostly in free gold. The third claim is as yet undeveloped, but the surface 
ore pans well. Near this group Thomas Baker, of Goldendale, and Spencer 
Jacobs, of Yakima, have the McKinley on a seven-foot ledge, which pans 
well on the surface. 

W. J. Knapp, T. J. Sullivan, William Dougherty and Professor Fred 
Chamberlain, of Buckley, have the Welcome group of four claims on a ledge 
which averages about four feet in width and assays from $2 to $8 gold, on the 
east branch of White River. 

Messrs. Knapp and Chamberlain are owners of the White Glacier and the 
Cascade lodes, near the glaciers. In this locality are also the Lone Star, 
White Fawn and Esther, owned by W. J. and Guy Knapp, the walls of which 
are thirty-two feet apart, and assay, copper $25, silver 42 ounces and gold 
$29.70. Together with Professor Chamberlain and Drew Jones they also own 
the Blue Marmot and the Blue Wednesday, situated between the Crow Creek 
and Silver Creek Basins. Mr. Knapp has a promising placer claim, which he 
intends working with sluices next summer, situated very close to the glaciers 
of the east branch of White River. 

William A. Rainejr and A. W. Tweedem, of Tacoma, are also on Upper 
White River and own the Gold Standard group of four claims. In the same 
vicinity F. C. Brodie and William Hart, of Goldendale, have six claims, from 
which they have taken good ore. 

Late last summer a number of claims were located west of Gold Hill, on 
which no work has yet been done, but which prospect well on the surface. 
Chief among these are the Parrot and Forest Queen, owned by George Brown, 
T. Sullivan and T. L. Baker; the Forest King, owned by Herbert Morris; 
the Tennis, by A. R. Scott; the Ethel, by W. Froggett, and the Florence and 
Mahapac, by Charles E. Gregory. 

A group of six claims was located along the headwaters of Rattlesnake 
Creek, on a range of mountains called the Nelson's Peaks, in August, 1894, by 
F. E. McDougal and S. P. Bennett, of Buckley. The ore carries $20 gold, 
16 ounces silver and 2 per cent, copper. P. Henning, John T. Davis and C. B. 
Talbot, of Tacoma, have covered 220 acres of nickel ore territory, situated 
twenty-five miles eastward of Buckley and on the lower Green Water River. 
While these groups are not in the Summit District, they are naturally tribu- 
tary to it. 

A remarkable discovery comes within the same category, for it is tributary 
to Tacoma. This is the Vanguard group of four claims in the canyon of the 
Big Mashell River, one and one-half miles from Eatonville, which is reached 
by the Mount Rainier wagon road, thirty-two miles from Tacoma. This is a 
ledge of volcanic cement about 400 feet, running northwest by west and south- 
east by east between walls of trachyte, the rock being similar to the tufa 
channels on the Forest Plill Divide in Placer County, California. It shows 
only sixty feet up the sides of the canyon, being capped with gravel wash 
from Mount Rainier. Two or three feet below the surface indications of 
copper appear in the shape of prills, or small grains, of copper. As a shaft, 
which is down sixteen feet, was sunk it encountered sheets of copper, thin as 
paper, wherever there were any cracks or seams in the rock, and the propor- 
tion of copper has increased 300 per cent, in sinking. This strange deposit is 
owned by C. P. Topliff, William Foran and Wilbur Todd, of Tacoma, who 
have bonded it to Spokane parties. 

Although the whole of the Summit District was included in the Pacific 
Reserve in 1892, this fact has not deterred the miners from continuing opera- 
tions, and they have taken steps to obtain exemptions from interference with 
their work. 

+«+#+®<^@>@^©+«+®+ 

CEDAR RIVER. 

This district has peculiar interest for Seattle people, since it is tributary 
to the Seattle & International Railroad, one of the chief feeders of the city's 
trade, is at the head of a stream flowing down to that city's suburbs and the 
mining properties are almost entirely owned in Seattle. The route to it from 
the city is by the Seattle & International Railroad to North Bend on the Sno- 
qualmie, by a good wagon road to a point six miles below the confluence of 
Bear Creek with Cedar River and thence by trails, one running up each of 
those streams. The commissioners of King county propose this season to 
extend the road to the mouth of Bear Creek, the mining men agreeing to 
make further extensions to their properties. 

The mineral belt is an extension of the granite and syenite formation 
which has been traced north and south through the backbone of the Cascade 




MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 47 

Range almost the whole width of the state. The course of the ledges is 
generally northeast and southwest. The original discoveries were iron and 
copper pyrites carrying gold and silver, but more recently great ledges of 
free milling quartz have been found to parallel them. Discoveries began in 
1891 and have been steadily continued, with the inevitable lull during the 
panic years, to the present time, and development was prosecuted with 
renewed vigor during 1896. The principal discoveries were made by E. B. 
Robinson, P. E. Mills, Harry Earnart, Sherry McEiroy, William and James 
Irving, B. C. Ives, Fred Turner and J. M. Hamilton, the more recent by L. 
Lewis. 

The May Earhart mine, which promises to become the first producer, 
consists of six claims half a mile up Cedar river from the confluence of Bear 
Creek, and is owned by the Robinson Mining Company. The ledge has been 
broken over on the surface, so that it Lies almost flat, cropping out on the 
river bank to a great width under an iron capping, and is in a contact 
between granite and syenite. The first work done was to sink a shaft, in 
which the width of the ore was seven feet. As the accumulation of water 
caused trouble in this shaft, a tunnel was run eighty-nine feet into the hill, 
on a level with the top of the shaft, and diagonally with the course of the 
ledge, but over the top of the ore body. This shows the ore body to be fully 
forty feet wide, with no hanging wall in sight. Work was then resumed on 
the shair which is now down forty feet and shows the ledge to have 
straightened up. The ore is copper and iron sulpnides, with a large propor- 
tion of silver and copper glance and pockets of bornite, and also contains a 
large quantity of hornblende carrying gold, the gangue being porphyry, easy 
to mine. An average of four assays made from samples taken from the 
dump gave $14.98 gold, twenty-nine ounces silver. At that time the shaft was 
only down sixteen feet and there were 125 tons on the dump, from which 
thirty tons could be sorted averaging $100 a ton, the remainder averaging 
about $30. The shaft has since been sunk to a depth of forty-three feet on 
the footwall, and is all the way in high-grade ore, which continually improves 
in quality with depth. Assays made at various times during operation have 
shown much higher values than those given above, but the company is con- 
tent to rely upon these moderate results. There are about 200 tons of ore on 
the dump, of which about one-fourth is of high enough grade to ship. Two 
claims are on a cross ledge. 

The Brown Bear and Eureka, on the north extension of the May Earhart 
ledge across Bear Creek, are owned by B. C. Ives and others. The ledge 
cropped out in the sidehill with only four inches of ore on the surface and a 
two-inch stringer twenty feet distant, which is making for the ledge. A 
twenty-foot shaft showed the main pay streak to widen to sixteen inches, 
-and a ten-foot shaft on the feeder showed it to widen to eight inches, the ore 
being of the same character in every respect as that taken from the May 
Earhart shaft. 

A short distance further up Cedar River are the Woodline and Online, 
owned by E. B. Robinson and John Curry, on a thirty-foot ledge containing 
several streaks of sulphides. From a small shaft ore assaying about $30 gold 
and 14 per cent, copper has been taken. 

The most development work in the district has been done on the San Jose 
group, now owned by T. F. Townsley and others, and perseverance in the 
face of many discouragements has been rewarded by the discovery of a large 
body of ore in the last tunnel. The main ledge crops out on the right bank 
of the creek, and running across, shows up again on the other side and runs 
up the mountain diagonally from the left bank, with a blow-out on the right 
bank. The ledge matter is porphyry and is forty feet wide where it shows 
up in the solid granite formation, and the ore carries iron and copper sul- 
phides, black oxide of copper carrying gold and silver. The course of the 
ledge is about northwest and southeast, with a pitch of 65 degrees east. 

The first work done was a cross-cut 300 feet through the granite on the 
left bank, showing one ore body eight feet wide and a number of stringers, 
ranging from one to eight inches. A shaft was sunk thirty-four feet on the 
eight-foot ore body, and a stope was raised thirty feet from the tunnel imme- 
diately above the shaft. Assays of this ore averaged $9 to $12 gold, silver and 
copper, and a badly sorted shipment of ten tons made in 1894 returned $12 a 
ton from the smelter. A shaft was then sunk on the solid cropping to a 
depth of twenty feet, but proved not to be in the pay chute and was aban- 
doned. A cross-cut was next started on the left bank and continued for 180 
feet, cutting through about forty feet of ore in a uroken formation, which 
carried $2 to $5 gold and would concentrate forty to one. A short tunnel was 
started further up the creek, with a view to following a stringer eight to ten 
inches wide into the main ledge, and in this ore was struck averaging $30 to 
.$40 for all values. The following year a cross-cut was started on the San 
Jose with a view to striking the ledge, but after it had been run 300 feet 
work upon it was suspended, as the croppings on the creek proved to be in a 
slide which had crushed the ledge matter nearest the surface. This fact, 
too, had misled the owners as to the strike of the ledge. The proximity of 
the main ore body was evidenced by the fact that the tunnel cut seven or 
eight stringers, from four to eighteen inches wide, the lowest assay from 
which was $22 for all values, whue an eighteen-inch stringer showed an 
average of $60 for all values, including 27 per cent, copper. A shaft was then 



48 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

sunk on the mountain above, where the stringer was supposed to run into 
the ledge, and the junction was found in a broken formation. A tunnel was 
started immediately below this, and at the end of thirty-four feet entered a 
broken ledge of talc and crushed quartz, highly mineralized with pyrites of 
iron and copper, chalcopyrite and pockets of bornite. It was continued for 
180 feet through this broken ledge matter, with frequent large bodies of 
chalcopyrite ore, and then ran into an unbroken ledge and continued along 
the wall for fifteen feet. The gangue in this ledge is porphyritic quartz con- 
taining patches of white quartz and some calc-spar, and is fairly well miner- 
alized with iron pyrites and some chalcopyrite. The depth now gained is 
seventy-five feet and the tunnel will be continued along the wall, gaining 
depth rapidly. The general run of the ore in this property will well pay for 
concentration, and much of it is of high enough grade to pay for smelting, 
whenever the road is extended to the mine. 

The free milling quartz claims located by L. Lewis last year are also- 
owned by Mr. Townsley and his associates, and, though no work has yet been 
done, the surface showing is so large and strong that development may prove 
them to eclipse the San Jose group in value, with the further advantage that 
they are evidently in the solid formation. The Ophir and two extensions are 
on a ledge, or rather dike, cropping in a great bluff up the mountain side, 
half a mile from and parallel with the San Jose ledge. The rock is quartz, 
carrying- feldspar, and in many places highly crystallized, and the dike is 
fully sixty feet wide. Several pieces knocked off the surface at various 
points across the ledge gave an assay of eighteen ounces of gold and seven 
ounces silver. The Stemwinder and an extension are on a similar ledge, 
cropping to a width of at least 100 feet in two gulches which it crosses, only 
a few hundred feet from the Ophir ledge. Further up the same mountain a 
solid mass of the same kind of ore is exposed, 400x200 feet, on which the 
Seattle is located. This season's prospecting on these deposits will show 
the amount and value of the pay ore they carry, but they are certainly 
promising prospects. 

The Christina ledge, further up Bear Creek, below Bear Lake, is of good 
width, as yet undetermined, and is in a broken formation; but a tunnel 
driven fifteen feet on it shows ore all the way, with one wall of slate, from 
which great cubes of quartz are taken. The ore carries copper pyrites and 
gold, but, unlike the other ledges, contains no hornblende. Assays show $6 to 
$30 gold, 15 to 20 per cent, copper, one giving as much as 75 per cent, copper. 

The Bridal Veil, owned by Sherry McElroy" and William Irving, has a 
ledge cropping out under Bridal Veil falls, two miles above the May i^arhart. 
The croppings show oxidized iron to a width of sixty feet, and a 100-foot 
tunnel on the ledge is in white quartz carrying iron and copper sulphides, 
assaying from $6 to $12 gold and silver, besides copper. Below this ledge is 
a parallel one, on which the same parties have the Oriole. They have 
driven a tunnel 200 feet on a syenite wall, with ore the whole width, assaying 
$7 to $15 gold, and have not cross-cut to the footwall. 

Above the Bridal Veil Joseph Linz has the Victoria on a four-foot ledge,, 
carrying gold and copper and assaying $31 for all values. 

The Last Chance, on a ledge cut by the river above the Victoria, is 
owned by Fred Damburrat and Michael Wise. They have about six inches 
of sulphide ore, carrying $38.50 gold and copper on the surface. 

The route followed by the wagon road from North Bend would be a good 
one for a railroad, for the pass over the divide from the Snoqualmie south 
fork to Cedar Lake is ,ow. with a plateau of considerable width on the 
summit, and beyond Cedar Lake the difficulties are not great, nor expensive 
to overcome. The Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad might also be 
extended up Cedar River without great difficulty, whenever the development 
of tne district promises enough traffic to offer an inducement. 



ST HELENS. 

The St. Helens Mining District is among the foothills of Mount St. Helens, 
one of the great peaks of the Cascade Range, near the southern boundary of 
Washington, and comprises an area of about 1,000 square miles in the middle 
ground marked off by the three great extinct volcanoes— Mounts Rainier, 
Adams and St. Helens—although exploration has not extended much beyond 
the region north of Mount St. Helens. The route to this district from Seattle 
is by the Northern Pacific Railroad to Winlock Station, 108 miles, thence by 
stage to Toledo, six miles, where parties outfit for the mountains. From 
Toledo a road runs up the Toutle River about twenty-six miles to the con- 
fluence of the north and middle forks. From this point two trails diverge, 
one up the north fork to Samson's, the other up the middle fork via Spirit 
Lake to the St. Helens group, the distance in each case being about thirty 
miles. Another trail leads up the Cispus River and Quartz Creek. The 







Widens 



''''"'■'/l^'KvSy" 

50 3 CI 

-"Ir-l.le-i 



^c-GZ'fr 





INDEX 


1. 


Great Eastern. 


8. 


Mountain King. 


3. 


Mountain Qneen. 


4. 


Toledo. 


5. 


Last Hope 


6. 


Black I ills. 


7. 


German.'R. 


8. 


War Kagle. 


9. 


Tip Top. 


10. 


Golconda. 


11. 


Cinderella. 


12. 


Ironclad. 


13. 


Grizzly. 


14. 


Green Biver. 


15. 


Venus. 


16. 


Crystal. 


17. 


Minnie Alice. 


18. 


Athens. 


13. 


Peter Jackson. 


20. 


Norway. 


21. 


Sweden. 


22. 


'.-lonDt Rainier. 


23. 


Chicago.. 



70 claims, 

24. Cristobal. 

25. Mountain Fairy. 

26. Mary. 

27. Jack Pot 
Hoyal Wash. 
Jamba 

30. Eureka. 

31. Good Hope. 

32. Morning Sun, 

33. California. 

34. Argo. 
Copper Bottom, 
Bnmble Bee. 

37. 

38. Goat Crag. 

39. Cispns Gronp. 

40. Gladys. 

41. Mammoth. 

42. Ozark. 

43. Tnion Basin Group, 
44 Mount Hood. 
45. Samson Group, 



. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 49 

opening up of the country is due mainly to the prospectors and settlers, 
who found it a pathless jungle. 

There are evidences, however, that in the 50' s California gold-hunters had 
visited the region in search of placer gold, and that the Indians had dug out 
the bright crystals of pyrites from the mineral croppings. About ten years 
ago W. W. O'Connor, of Toledo, discovered placer gold on the middle fork of 
the Toutle and worked it for several years, but, despairing of securing means 
of transportation, abandoned his claims. In 1889 K. Ludloff, of Toledo, was 
sent up into the mountains by the Northern Pacific Land Department to 
report on the resources of the country, and on the banks of the North Toutle, 
near the mouth of Devil's Creek, found a piece of gold-bearing copper ore 
hanging to a piece of syenite. No attempt was made to follow up the dis- 
covery for some time, but it ultimately induced a Mr. Witt, of Oregon, Peter 
Koontz, a hotelkeeper oi Toledo, and Ed Burbee, a merchant of that town, 
to go into the wilderness. They returned for several succeeding years, but 
kept silent about their discoveries until others had penetrated the district, 
when they made a number of locations. In the meantime settlement had 
extended into the foothills and lower valleys of the North Toutle, the new- 
comers being mostly Swedes and Germans, and they cut trails and opened 
the way into the mountains. 

The credit of making the mineral wealth of the district known to the 
world belongs to W. W. O'Connor, Robert Brown and A. Hoofer, who went 
up the North Toutle in the spring of 1892 and made several good locations 
on the main spurs of St. Helens. They were followed in a few weeks by 
Al Maker, Mr. Duffy and others, of Chehalis. Some excitement followed and, 
the ledges being of large size and carrying gold, silver and copper, extrava- 
gant expectations were indulged by those unfamiliar with the character of 
the ore. When they learned that it was refractory and could not be treated 
by the crude processes applicable to free milling ore, enthusiasm cooled 
somewhat, but prospecting continued and proved the district to abound in 
copper ore, rich in gold and silver. The prospectors helped themselves before 
seeking the aid of others, and have enlisted Eastern capital to some extent in 
the work of development, the principal investments coming from Milwaukee. 

The country rock of the higher altitudes is gneiss and schist, but in various 
localities porphyry occurs in dikes and overflows. The ore bodies are many 
and large, as shown by the comparatively little development which has been 
judiciously done, and are equal to those of any other district in the Cascades. 
The mineral belt extends through all the mountain spurs of the district, but 
the ore of each locality has its peculiar characteristics. That of the Samson 
group differs from that of nearly every other locality, while on the upper 
North Toutle the ore is in true fissure veins of quartz averaging about five 
feet in width and carrying much iron sulphide, with frequent occurrences of 
black sulphurets, and copper in many combinations. This locality, however, 
has but little development. The Black Mountain Belt has well-defined fissure 
veins carrying iron pyrites, of which assays average $20 gold, $30 silver. 
The Shovel Lake country has an altitude of about 3,000 feet above the valley, 
crater lakes being an evidence of great volcanic disturbance. Some fine 
fissure veins have been opened, showing ore which carries sulphurets and 
magnetic iron and assays about $70 gold, silver and copper. The Spirit Lake 
Belt is in a formation which gives evidence of great volcanic action. Very 
limited development has shown bodies of ore carrying arseno-pyrite, iron 
pyrites and in some ledges copper pyrites, all bearing gold. On Mining Creek, 
where the first discoveries were made, development has in every instance 
shown marked improvement in the ore, which carries copper, gold and silver, 
with copper predominating, and some galena, assays ranging from $2 to 
$20 gold. 

The Samson group comprises eighteen claims and one tunnel site on the 
upper North Toutle, near Ludloff's Pass, on the south slope of the Goat 
Mountain Range. The whole mountain, about 3,500 feet high, is mineralized 
with pyrites. On the Samson is a deposit so large that $8,000 expended in 
development has not yet defined its extent. A tunnel has been run 190 feet, 
a cross-cut 103 feet and a shaft sunk thirty-seven feet at the bottom of a 
gulch, which is 100 feet deep. This shows a mass of talcose matter carrying 
iron and copper pyrites, gray copper, traces of galena and native copper, 
assays of which run as high as $10 gold, several dollars silver, $60 copper. 
A new tunnel has been started at greater depth. In one of the quartzite 
ledges were found pockets six feet high, four feet wide and eight feet deep, 
lined thickly with cubes of iron pyrites, quite regular and often as large as a 
man's hand. The discovery was made in a gulch, and at the foot of the 
mountain the decomposed ore, mixed with pulverized pumice stone and sand, 
has been deposited to a depth of twenty feet. This deposit assays $4 to $6 
gold and is held as placer ground. 

The Golconda group, southeast of the Samson, includes two claims and a 
tunnel site, covering a body of ore in talcose slate and quartzite, of which 
assays run as high as $30 gold. A sixty-foot cross-cut shows ore the whole 
distance similar to the Samson. 

The Sweden and Norway group, comprising four claims on the northeast 
end of Spirit Lake, are on true fissure veins with well-defined walls. A thirty- 



50 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



foot tunnel showed rich copper ore carrying $5 gold, and the ore shows con- 
tinuous improvement. Some fifteen test pits around the lake show good ore. 

On the divide between the heads of the North Toutle and Lewis Rivers 
veins of free milling gold quartz were discovered last fall, one of them con- 
taining red ore similar to that of Cripple Creek. 

The St. Helens Gold Mining Company, of Milwaukee, owns two groups of 
claims on Mining Creek, on which it has established a camp and done a large 
amount of prospecting, preliminary to vigorous work this season. The Minnie 
Alice lode embraces four well-defined veins between syenite walls, all pointing 
to one center, which will be reached by a 300-foot tunnel at a depth of 100 feet. 
A tunnel for this purpose has been run forty feet. Each of these veins has 
its distinctive characteristics. One has quartz gangue carrying much copper 
and iron oxides, and some copper and iron pyrites; another is much decom- 
posed and stained with copper and iron; another has heavy spar gangue 
carrying argentiferous galena. 

A mile further up Mining Creek this company owns the Athens group of 
ten claims, on each of which prospecting has been done. On the Copper 
Bottom a tunnel has been started and a shaft sunk eleven feet, showing very 
fine copper ore carrying gold, silver and some lead. On the Bumble Bee a 
twenty-foot shaft shows a well-defined fissure vein four and one-half feet 
wide, with eight and ten inch pay streaks carrying copper, galena, much 
iron pyrites and some blende. On the Wisconsin a shaft is down six feet, 
showing three feet of iron pyrites and arseno-pyrite. A twelve-foot shaft 
on the Snowflake shows three and one-half feet of ore carrying galena and 
some blende. A four-foot ledge on the Black Hornet carries iron and copper 
pyrites. All these claims will probably be developed by a tunnel about 2,000 
feet long, which would tap the main group at a depth of 600 feet and from 
that point would gain foot for foot in depth. 

Near the head of the North Toutle, five miles south of the Samson, A. 
Hoofer, T. W. Shultz and Victor Carlson have the Chicago, on which a 
twenty-foot open cut shows a ledge twelve to fourteen feet wide between 
syenite walls with six to seven feet of solid copper ore, native copper showing 
in bunches throughout. 

The Mountain Fairy, owned by the Bennett sisters; the Mary, Jackpot, 
Royal Flush, Transvaal and Mount Hood, are in the vicinity of the Chicago 
and are nearly all of the same character. These claims are mostly new 
discoveries, with little development, but the Mountain Fairy shows a fine 
body of ore. 

The Toledo group consists of six claims, owned by Charles and Joseph 
Schmand, E. C. Weiler and J. H. Spangler, on the North Toutle five miles 
west of Camp Samson. On the Toledo tunnels sixty and twelve feet long 
show a five-foot ledge carrying iron and copper pyrites. A tunnel on the 
Bonanza shows a ledge averaging two feet, with eight inches of galena and 
iron pyrites. On the Carbonate a cross-cut tunnel has been started to tap 
the ledge at a depth of 120 feet. The Last Hope shows a body of pyritic ore 
about 100 feet wide, carrying some copper, on which a tunnel is in twelve feet. 
On the Cinnabar a shaft is down twelve feet on similar ore, but the width 
of the ledge is not defined. A sixty-foot tunnel on the Star shows two feet 
of ore. 

On Grizzly Creek, two miles south of Camp Samson, is the Grizzly, owned 
by J. W. and Gertie Shultz. A twenty-foot tunnel shows a well-denned ledge 
of heavily mineralized quartz six to seven feet wide. 

Messrs. Koontz, Witt and Burbee have sunk a shaft thirty-six feet on the 
Crystal and done considerable work on the Black Falls, showing good bodies 
of copper ore. 

The Polar Star, owned by W. Gray, Thomas Gray and James Pyron, is one 
of the best copper properties, assaying as high as $30 and $40 in gold alone. 
Frank Thorne and James Pyron have fine prospects on the Cross Lode and 
Kentucky Belle, assays running about $55 silver. Many other prospects have 
good surface showings. 

The district is now comparatively accessible through the opening of about 
150 miles of pony trail with easy grade, including the three main trails already 
described. Two packtrains are running regularly, one up the North Toutle, 
the other up the Cispus and Quartz Creek. The development of this district 
will ere long justify the construction of a branch railroad, which would also 
draw much traffic from the opening of the coal fields in the foothills. 



WHITE HORSE. 



The whole watershed of the north fork of the Stillaguamish River, cover- 
ing a strip from Arlington, at the confluence of the forks of that stream, 
including White Horse Mountain, on which the north fork has its source, 
and extending over to the Sauk River near Darrington, is comprised within 
an unorganized district. Like the adjoining districts on the north and south, 



WHITE HORSE 

SNOHOMISH COUNTY 
WASHINGTON 



1. Barns Group. 


17. Rose. 


2. Jfoline. 


18. White Gander. 


S. North Pole. 


19. Hnnter. 


4. Forwft Hope. 


20. Lone Stat 


6. Hornet 


21. 8mith * armetronjt. 


6. Ben-Ton. 


22. Highland. 


7. myrtle C. 


23. Hannah. 


& Jsetin. 


24 Jessie. 


9. Lest Chance. 


25. Arthur. 


10. Harrington. 

11. Western Onion. 


26. Bnckeye. 

27. BedCload. 


1&. Courtney. 


28. Bon Ton. 


13. Hanley. 


29. Wellman. 


14. Pelicam. 


30. Schlomao. 


15 Key Winder. 


31. .Koran's. 


IS. Howard. 


32. Green Crown, 




-fe/^/?^.^ 



THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. » 51 

it has granite and porphyry as the country rock, with frequent belts of slate, 
this formation being cut by numerous ledges of iron and copper pyrites and 
arsenical iron, of great strength and traceable over the mountains for great 
distances. One of these ledges, forming the backbone of White Horse Mount- 
ain, is fully 100 feet wide and is richly mineralized with copper pyrites, and 
on Gold Mountain, near Darrington, a dike of cinnabar carrying quicksilver 
has recently been discovered. These properties are generally in the hands 
of the original locators and only a limited amount of development has been 
done on them, but it has usually made good showings, sufficient to warrant 
further exploration of the ore bodies. 

The White Horse District is easily accessible from Seattle. The outfitting 
point is Arlington, on the Seattle & International Railroad, sixty miles from 
Seattle. Thence a county road leads up the north fork to the headwaters 
and over the ridge to Darrington, a distance of twenty-eight miles; another 
road leads down the Sauk to Sauk City at its mouth, twenty-six miles, and 
another up that river to Monte Cristo, at the head of its south fork, twenty- 
seven miles. Thus the district is quite accessible from several directions, 
and the Sauk City road is a good one, teams having hauled 3,300 pounds over it. 
It is also within easy reach of a smelter, Arlington being only thirty-four 
miles distant by rail from Everett and 108 miles from Tacoma. 

This mineral belt begins about four miles east of Arlington. As was the 
case with most mining districts in the Cascades, the first prospecting was 
done for placer gold. Some pay dirt was found in clay benches and bars 
along Deer Creek, which enters the north fork from the north about twelve 
miles east of Arlington, and an attempt was made to reduce it to a condition 
for washing, but the process was too slow and the attempt was abandoned, 
as cradle rocking and sluicing were out of the question. 

The presence of float in the Stillaguamish first led to prospecting for 
quartz ledges six years ago, when the Welman, on White Horse Mountain, 
was discovered by Charles Welman and Victor Thorp. It has a fourteen-inch 
ledge of sulphurets carrying $94 gold. Aroused by this discovery, the pros- 
pectors pushed their explorations, and the Schloman ledge, carrying three 
feet of iron and copper sulphides, was located in 1892. A twenty-seven foot 
tunnel on this ledge has shown ore assaying $27.70 gold, $9.80 silver, and a 
mill test showed $17.75 gold, $7 silver, $5.60 copper, a total of $30.35. 

Meanwhile Charles Burns, Knute Neste and Soren Bergersen had in May, 
1890, made a number of discoveries on Jumbo Mountain. The country rock 
is here syenite and quartzite cut by serpentine dikes. The two Hunter claims 
are on a true fissure ledge running a little south of east and north of west, 
three feet wide and having on the walls a nine-inch pay streak of sulphide 
ore carrying gold and silver near the summit. A thirty-foot tunnel 1,500 feet 
below the summit shows galena, gold and silver, assaying $20 gold, 8 to 40 
ounces silver, 10 per cent, copper and 4 per cent. lead. The White Gander 
ledge, which is considered the best on this mountain, and on which A. H. 
Andrews, of Toledo, Ohio, has two claims, carries three feet of solid ore, 
arsenical iron and copper pyrites carrying gold and silver. Three claims on 
two parallel ledges complete this group. On the Pelican ledge a twelve-foot 
tunnel shows twelve inches of white arsenical iron carrying $12 gold. On the 
Keywinder a seventy-five foot tunnel 1,500 feet below the summit shows three 
feet of quartz carrying copper sulphides with gold and silver. A ten-foot 
tunnel on the Courtney shows a three-foot ledge carrying $8.50 gold, 14 per 
cent, copper, 15 ounces silver and 4 per cent. lead. On the Manley a 130-foot 
tunnel 800 feet below the summit shows a thirty-six inch streak of copper 
pyrites carrying $8 gold, though copper is the predominant value. A tunnel 
has been started 600 feet lower, showing the same width of ore, between well- 
defined walls of quartzite. 

What appears to be the mother lode of White Horse Mountain was dis- 
covered by Charles Burns in July, 1895, and is covered by the Hannah group of 
five claims, owned by Albert H. Andrews, of Ohio, Knute Neste and Soren 
Bergersen. It cuts the granite formation for over two miles, for which 
distance it can be traced to the almost uniform width of three feet, as appears 
whenever openings have ben made on it. For the whole width it is solid ore, 
assaying $19.85 gold, 41 ounces silver, 30 per cent, copper. Adjoining the 
Hannah ledge on the east is the Highland group of five claims, owned by 
Messrs. Andrews and Neste, showing eighteen inches of similar ore, assaying 
$20 gold, 15 to 40 ounces silver, 18 per cent, copper. The Jesse shows nine to 
eighteen inches of pay ore carrying tne same minerals. 

In the Buckeye ledge, extending through two claims, Messrs. Tvete and 
Johnson, of Arlington, Knute Neste and A. H. Andrews have a small pay 
streak on the surface and in a nine-foot tunnel on the Buckeye Basin 2,500 feet 
below the summit, where silver is the predominating value. 

The Green Crown ledge runs north and south through two claims and 
forms the backbone of White Horse Mountain. It is about 100 feet wide, with 
numerous stringers of blackish quartz about ten inches thick, and is so rich 
in copper pyrites that a blowpipe test leaves a button of pure copper one- 
fourth the size of the original piece of ore. Assays run about $100 gold, 
32 ounces silver, 26 to 42 per cent, copper. 

The most recent valuable discovery in this district was made in July, 1895, 



52 4 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

by Charles Burns on Gold Mountain, on the east bank of the Sauk River, 
within half a mile, of Darrington Postofflce. All the claims on this mountain 
are owned" by Mr. Andrews, with the exception of two. 

There are. three main groups on this mountain, chief among- them being 
the Gold Mountain group of eight claims. Three of these are on the Burns 
ledge, which is readily traceable over the summit and down the east side, 
showing iour feet of ore carrying $26.65 gold, 8 ounces silver, 18 per cent, 
copper. On the Moline ledge are three claims, which have an eighteen-inch 
streak of , chalcopyrite carrying $18 to $36 gold, 14 ounces silver, 32 per cent, 
copper. The two other claims in this group are on a ledge showing three feet 
of gray copper pre which carries $20 gold and a trace of silver. The mineral 
has broken through the capping in many places on all these ledges and crops 
for several hundred feet. The side of the mountain is covered with float, 
some pieces weighing a ton or more. 

The Myrtle; C. group consists of nine claims on seven parallel ledges. 
Three claims, are on . a ledge showing a nine-inch pay streak of gray copper 
ore on the surface, an assay of which ran $20 gold, 26 per cent, copper, a trace 
of silver. Another string of three has a twelve-inch streak of copper pyrites 
carrying $26 gold, 18 per cent, copper. The other three claims have a three- 
foot vein of gray copper ore on the north line; a six-foot ledge of solid 
chalcopyrite carrying $18 gold, 18 ounces silver, 30 per cent, copper, lies 
seventy-five feet to the southward; a ledge carrying nine inches to three feet 
of gray copper ore runs along the center of the string of claims. On the south 
side of these claims are two other ledges of gray copper ore, each carrying a 
three-foot pay streak, beside which there are bodies of reddish quartz ten 
to twelve feet wide, carrying $8 to $12 gold. On the north of some of the pay 
streaks is a body of cinnabar, heavily charged with quicksilver, and showing 
free gold to the naked eye. Assays on the whole group range from $8 to $26 
gold, 8 to 41 ounces silver, 18 to 32 per cent copper. 

The Justin group of three claims is on the southeast side of th^ mountain 
and has a ledge showing twelve feet of red iron capping 2,000 feet down the 
side and three feet of gray copper ore at the summit, carrying about the 
same value as the other groups. On the Forest Hope ledge, where Stacy B. 
Emens owns two and Mr. Andrews one claim, there is eight feet of ore crop- 
ping for 1.00Q feet. About 500 feet below the summit it splits into three ledges, 
four, five and six feet wide respectively. About twenty assays have been 
made, ranging from $6 to $36 gold, 8 to 41 ounces silver, 10 to 18 per cent, copper. 
On the north wall of this streak of mineral lies a dike of cinnabar from which, 
it is said, one,. can break a piece and, holding one's hand under it, can catch 
enough quicksilver to fill the palm. The ledge has been prospected by nature 
so thoroughly that a. small amount of labor would give vast bodies of ore 
in sight. 

Gold Mountain has one peculiarity which gives it a great advantage for 
mining purposes, In that it faces towards the southwest and thus catches the 
full force of the warm ocean winds from that direction. This melts the snow 
from its whole slope as early as from the valleys and prevents such a depth 
.of snow as : will interfere with traffic or mining operations. 

. w ; +•*•♦•♦•+•+•♦•♦•♦ 

THE SKAGIT COPPER BELT. 

One of the most notable discoveries of the past year was that the great 
gold-bearing belt of copper ore, which is being worked in the Coast district of 
British Coluhibia on the north and in the Silver ton, Sultan, Index, Money 
Creek and Cedar River Districts on the south, crops out in the foothills of the 
Cascade Rang* for miles along the Skagit River. The presence of the capping 
of magnetic 'iron has been 1 known for years and has led to the erroneous 
impression 'that -this mineral ran down into the earth, but only recently has 
it been proved- that it was merely me capping of the copper ores similar in 
character to thbse of Trail Creek, Boundary Creek, the Kettle River District 
of the Cdlyilie. Reservation, the Silverton, Sultan, Index and other districts 
west of the Cascade summit. , .* , . 

This district has the advantage of being easily accessible and of having 
the mineral deposits at so low an elevation that snow rarely lies any length 
of time and work can be continued without difficulty the year round. The 
principal discoveries are on what is known as Iron Mountain, on the south 
bank of the Skagit River, opposite the town of Hamilton, but prospecting 
h s rapidly ' traced the 'belt, even in midwinter, along the foothills to Marble 
Mount and 'up the Sauk River. Hamilton is the eastern terminus of the 
Seattle & Northern Railroad, and is distant only ninety-four miles by that 
road and the Seattle & International road from Seattle, while the former road 
extends to tide water at Anacortes,' thirty-four miles west, and the latter 
connects wi.th the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad at Snohomish. Thus a 
haul of sixty-eight miles- would take the ore to the smelter at- Everett, and 
135 miles to that at Tacoma. The Skagit River is navigable for good-sized 
steamers as far as Hamilton, and for light-draft steamers as far as Portage, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 53 

forty-two miles further and eight miles above Marble Mount. The ore from 
Iron Mountain could be dumped almost from the mines on board steamers, 
which would take it by water to the smelter at very low rates. With both 
failroad and steamer transportation at its doors, the district has every 
opportunity of rapid development. 

Iron Mountain, the scene of the principal discoveries, is also the scene of 
the most active development. It is the easterly one of two rounded peaks 
rising 2,500 feet above the river and 2,800 feet above the sea, almost directly 
from the south bank of the Skagit, opposite Hamilton, Cumberland Creek 
flowing between them. The more westely of the two peaks is known as Coal 
Mountain, its geological formation being entirely different from that of Iron 
Mountain. It is of sandstone and contains numerous veins of coal, hence its 
name. Iron Mountain and the country six miles eastward, as far as Birds- 
view, is formed of schist and dioritj, which is cut off near the latter place by 
the granitic rocks of which the main trunk of the Cascade Range is built. 
This belt is cut by ledges of copper pyrites, carrying gold and a little silver, in 
a course 22 degrees south of east and north of west, with a dip to the south- 

The first mineral was discovered on Iron Mountain in 1881 by J. J. Connor, 
whose attention was concentrated on iron ore. He found magnetic iron on 
the surface of the Mabel claim and brought it to Seattle to be tested. He 
obtained a button so thickly coated with copper that he at first thought it 
was entirely composed of that metal. He then had assays made which showed 
the ore to carry 4.80 per cent, copper, 35 per cent, magnetic iron, 4y 2 ounces 
silver and a trace of gold. Considering the ore of too low grade to work for 
gold, silver and copper, and having his mind fastened on iron, he continued 
his explorations in search of richer iron ore. He discovered the Tacoma ledge 
' in 1887 and shipped twenty tons from the surface to the Irondale smelter. -\ear 
Port Townsend, but in the course of his mining he again struck iron and 
copper sulphides carrying gold. Still bent upon having an iron mine, he 
avoided this point also in his search for mineral. 

Others made the same mistake, for W. D. O' Toole, now register of the 
United States Land Office at Seattle, patented seven claims in the same 
vicinity. L. F. Menage, of Minneapolis, obtained patents to 900 acres, organ- 
ized the Puget Sound Iron Company, and in 1890 and 1891 spent a large amount 
of money on surface prospecting, but onls* gained slight depth. Thus the 
true nature of the mineral remained a mystery, for Mr. Menage failed in the 
panic of 1893 and his operations on Puget Sound came to an end. These 
deposits of magnetic iron were the subject of frequent comment and gave 
rise to the belief that they might be made the basis of a great iron and steel 
industry on Puget Sound. 

These discoveries long ante-dated the similar discoveries in the Trail and 
Boundary Creek Districts of British Columbia, but it remained for the latter 
districts, through the pluck and persistence of a coterie of Spokane lawyers,. 
to prove the wealth concealed beneath the capping. Mining experts have 
examined the Skagit deposits and made learned reports on them as iron, 
deposits. Other experts examined the capping of magnetic and oxidized iron 
on the ledges of Trail Creek and declared them worthless as gold mines. 
"Development has proved them to have been wrong in both cases and they 
r.ive since been occupied in revising their opinions to fit the newly discovered 

The credit of the discovery of the true nature of the Skagit mineral belt 
belongs to E. C. Strong, a miner of long experience in Colorado, who now 
resides nt Hamilton. In October, 1896, he visited another supposed iron deposit 
in the Cleveland group, on Mount Cleveland, Money Creek District, and found 
that in prospecting those claims Peter Olsen had uncovered a clearly defined 
ledge of iron and copper pyrites on the side of the mountain. He examined 
the capping and found it similar to that of the Skagit ledges. On his return 
to Hamilton he questioned Mr. Connor on the subject of indications of copper 
and the information he thus obtained confirmed his opinion. Further con- 
firmation was furnished by an examination of the croppings and he then 
prospected systematically for copper signs. He sank a shaft by contract with 
the owners of the Everett claim and at slight depth ran through the magnetic 
iron into copper sulphides, thus proving finally the correctness of his theory 
that the magnetic iron was merely a capping. Assays have since proved 
that the ore is valuable for gold, silver and copper. The highest obtained 
from the surface was 20 per cent, copper, y 2 ounce gold, 6 ounces silver, the 
aggregate value being $44. 

The news of this discovery caused a general renewal of activity and 
attracted numbers of prospectors, who have traced the copper belt along the 
Skagit foothills beyond Marble Mount and southeast for fifteen miles up the 
Sauk. Valley, fully 150 new locations having been made. After years of 
neglect, the district is at last in a fair way to be developed and the prospect 
is that several camps will be opened this spring. 

Iron Mountain, the scene of the discovery, i.s veined throughout with great 
ledges of the character already described, ranging in width from e'^ht to 
thirty feet, with chutes of ore ranging from 100 to 300 feet long. The Eveiet' 
on which Mr. Strong made his notable discovery, is owned by W. M. Mack- 
intosh and Dr. G. B. McCulloch, and has a ten-foot ledge on which the shaft 



54 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

is just beginning to show the change from magnetic iron to copper pyrites. 

The most vigorous development is in progress on the Hamilton group of 
five claims, owned by the Hamilton Copper and Gold Mining Company. Four 
of these claims are on one ledge varying from eight to thirty feet in width, 
while the fifth shows croppings six feet wide. Six men are sinking a shaft 
on an ore chute in the main ledge, and at a depth of ten feet took out ore 
assaying from $18 to $44 for all values, including 7 to 20 per cent, copper. 
At this writing the shaft is down twenty-five feet and the ore carries copper 
pyrites, with chalcopyrite coming in. 

, On the same mountain J. J. Conner and E. C. Strong have the Last Chance 
and Star on a parallel ledge with the Everett and an extension on that ledge, 
and Mr. Conner, H. S. Conner and Judge Henry <McBride have the Tacoma 
and Scottish Chief on a third ledge, on which they are sinking a shaft. The 
Little Pittsburg group of three claime, owned by W. H. Hainsworth and 
Samuel Thompson, is on a ledge varying from eight to twelve feet, and several 
open cuts have been made through the capping and shown copper ore carrying 
gold and silver. 

The O' Toole group of seven claims, which has been patented by Register 
W. D. O'Toole of the Land Office as iron property, lies mostly on one ledge 
along Marietta Creek, two and one-half miles southeast of Hamilton, and the 
ledge will be cross-cut by a tunnel which has now penetrated between fifty 
and sixty feet. 

Six miles further up the south side of the Skagit, above Old Birdsview, 
David Kellogg and others, of Seattle, have fourteen claims on a series of 
ledges from five to twenty-five feet wide on the surface, which they have 
traced from the river to the summit of the mountain, in every case showing 
copper stains and in some places streaks of chalcopyrite. In the bed of a 
creek near Birdsview Mr. Kellogg found pieces of float in which chalcopyrite 
and galena were mixed. In the same vicinity Messrs. Thompson and Fitz- 
gerald have seven claims and Harry Tappan has three. 

The recent influx of prospectors has traced the same belt onward beyond 
Marble Mount. A. Von Pressentin has four claims near Sauk City, twenty- 
four miles above Hamilton, and on the foothills north of Marble Mount, ten 
miles further up, E. C. Strong, William Perry, of Anacortes, F. S. Backus, of 
Hamilton, and John Russner, of Marble Mount, have begun work on a group 
of eight claims, with ledges cropping eight to fifteen feet wide. 

On Dispasi Creek, which runs into the Skagit five miles above Marble 
Mount, C. H. Landers, A. E. Hardy and John Siegfried have during February 
located six claims on a ledge of quartz carrying copper and gold, with some 
indications of nickel. 

TfTfTWTVTWTfTfTfT' 



. . . , ,..,„ ,-_ , , THE CASCADE 

Among the earliest mineral discoveries in the Cascade Range was the 
-galena district at the head of the Cascade River, one of the headwaters of tne 
Skagit. Tradition dates it back to one of a party of soldiers, who were coming 
across the summit from Fort Colville to Fort Vancouver, about twenty years 
ago. This man found a piece of rich float and afterwards returned and located 
the Soldier Boy claim. But it was not till many years later that the dis- 
coveries occurred which led to the inrush of prospectors, for the district was 
then almost inaccessible, and only in the early 90' s were trails made from tne 
east and west to open it to packhorses. / 

There are two routes into the district. One is by the Seattle & Inter- 
national Railroad to Woolley, eighty miles, thence by the Seattle & Northern 
Railroad to Hamilton, fourteen miles ; thence by wagon road to Marble Mount, 
thirty-four miles ; thence by road six miles, and by trail twenty-four miles, 
to the Cascade Pass. From the east the district may be reached from 
Wenatchee, on the Great Northern Railroad, by the steamer City of Ellens- 
burg to La Chapelle Landing, forty miles, and stage to Chelan, two and 
one-half miles, or the steamer to Chelan Falls, thirty-nine miles, and stage 
to Chelan, three and one-half miles. Thence the steamer Stehekin takes one 
up Lake Chelan, sixty-eight miles, and a horse will complete the trip over tne 
trail to the mouth of Bridge Creek and over the state trail to the Cascade 
Pass, a total distance of thirty miles. , 

The mountains in this district are formed of granite, of which the direction 
is northeast and southwest, and are cut in the same course by true fissure 
ledges of quartz carrying galena, iron and copper sulphides and some gray 
copper. As in other districts, the croppings occur in the rocky beds and walls 
of the gulches and on the cliffs above timber line, so that they are traceable 
with small difficulty, though at times covered by soil or rockshdes. Feeders 
run into the main ledges from all directions, the principal ones running north 
and south. The granite formation carrying this galena belt has been traced 
northeast across Doubtful and Horseshoe Basins, east of the main divide, 
to the divide between the north forks of Thunder and Bridge Creeks, eight 



Creek 




MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 55 

miles from Cascade Pass and southwest through the whole watershed of the 
Cascade's several forks to their confluence. 

The discovery of the Cascade District was made by George L. Rouse, 
John C. Rouse and Gilbert Landre in September, 1889, while tracing across 
the summit the great ledges exposed by the glaciers of Horseshoe Basin and 
on the rim of Doubtful Basin. Tney discovered the Boston ledge cleaving the 
summit and cropping far down the eastern slope, and the Rouses located the 
Boston claim and Mr. Landre the Chicago on its west extension. In November 
of that year Gilbert Landre and John Russner also located the Buffalo on 
that ledge. 

The Boston, owned by George Sheckler, G. L. Rouse and J. C. Rouse, has 
the greatest showing in the district. The ledge crops on the west side of the 
Boston Glacier, which in places has worn away one of the walls, leaving a 
great body of galena exposed in a cliff to a height of forty feet. The ledge, 
which is divided in the middle by a three-foot horse of black porphyry, crops 
at this point to a width of fifty feet. A cross-cut of eighteen feet from the 
side of the glacier showed ore for ten feet, and a tunnel sixty feet along the 
wall showed galena and sulphides almost solid for the whole width. A thirty- 
five foot tunnel at a point 150 feet higher made a similar showing. The 
thickness of the ore body where it has been exposed some distance higher is 
four feet. Assays run as high as 110 ounces silver, 60 per cent, lead and a 
little gold, and two tons shipped to the smelter returned $92 silver and lead 
per ton. 

Below the Boston the ledge forks, with galena predominating in one and 
sulphides in the other fork, and is covered by the Chicago group of six claims, 
held by Gilbert Landre and C. H. Landers. Several short tunnels have been 
run to strike the ore bodies in ledges which run about six feet wide, showing 
streaks of galena and sulphides. 

Southeast of the Boston and on the eastern rim of the glacier is the 
Ventura, or San Francisco, group of four claims, owned by the Cascade 
Consolidated Mining Company. They have, parallel with the Boston, a well- 
defined three-foot ledge with six inches of galena showing in a small tunnel, 
samples from which assayed as high as 104.26 ounces silver, 40.1 per cent, lead 
and $4.40 gold. 

West of the Boston William McKay, John Millett and others have the 
Eldorado group of five claims on a parallel ledge four feet wide, well defined 
for some distance down the mountain, and carrying a pay streak which runs 
well in gold. An eighty-foot cross-cut will, when extended, tap the ledge at 
great depth, and a forty-foot drift shows good ore bodies, of which the main 
one assays $70 gold, silver and lead. On a parallel ledge William Mertaugh, 
Charles Simpson, George W. Boles and Alexander Munroe have the Bunker 
Hill and Sullivan, with three or four inches of high-grade ore, of which assays 
have run into the hundreds of ounces of silver. 

South of the Boston and traceable over the summit is a ledge on which 
Gilbert Landre and others have the Denver group of three claims. The ledge, 
which is nine feet wide and is broken by granite horses, carries eighteen inches 
of ore on one wall and two inches of mineralized talc on the other, shown in 
a twenty-foot tunnel. Assays run as high as 140 ounces silver and a trace of 
gold, and it is claimed that the ledge will average nearly $50. All of Messrs. 
Landre and Landers' interests, comprising fifteen claims, have been acquired 
by the London and Galena Mining and Milling Company, which will develop 
them. 

The largest single investment in this district has been made by the Silver 
Queen Mining and Smelting Company, which has fourteen patented claims in 
several groups. The Midas group is a mile west of Cascade Pass and has two 
claims on a ledge opened by tunnels fifty and fifty-eight feet, with twelve to 
sixteen inches of ore on the footwall assaying $47 in silver and lead, and a 
two-inch streak which carried $604 silver, $12.50 lead, a total of $616.50. A cross- 
ledge is covered by three claims, on one of which a twenty-foot tunnel shows 
one to four inches of ore assaying $98.90 and $101.80 from two samples; on 
another there are a twenty-foot cross-cut and a thirty-foot tunnel, with two 
to ten inches of fair ore showing on the floor all the way in, while the face 
of the dr^i. is in ore of lower grade. The Soldier Boy group is composed of 
five claims near the pass. Three are on the Soldier Boy ledge, the pioneer 
location of the district, in which a twelve-foot tunnel shows ten to fourteen 
inches of good ore carrying some native copper and assaying $21. A cross-cut 
has been run seventy feet to tap this ledge in 250 feet at a depth of -±00 feet. 
A ten-foot cut nine feet wide on another claim shows four feet of ledge matter 
with a two-inch pay streak on the hanging wall, and another cut eighteen feet 
long and twelve feet deep shows five inches of iron sulphides and galena. 
The other claims are on a parallel ledge, in which a sixteen-foot cut shows 
four inches of iron pyrites and a little galena. The Johnsburg group consists 
of four claims on a ledge running up to the summit from the south bank of 
the Cascade River, three miles west of the pass, and cropping on the side of a 
gulch. A tunnel intended for a main working tunnel has been run fifty feet 
at a point 1,500 feet above the valley, but is not yet through the slide rock. 
Another tunnel has been driven 200 feet at a point 500 feet higher and shows 
a good strong ledge four feet wide, with eight inches of ore, while a third 
tunnel is in fifty feet at a point 800 feet higher and shows three feet of solid 



56 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

galena^ Samples taken for the full width between the walls in each of these 
tunnels, and ground together, gave an assay of $51.75 for all values. 

A number of ledges parallel with the Soldier Boy cut the curve of the 
basin, but have had little work done on them. On one of these R. A. Osterly 
and others have the Grand Republic group of three claims, on which tunnels 
twenty-five and fifteen feet and a twenty-five-foot open cut show a nine-inch 
pay streak carrying about $40 for all values. On other ledges with about as 
much pay ore are the St. Patrick and Nip and Tuck. 

The same mineral formation extends across to the middle and south forks 
of the Cascade, where the granite is cut by dikes of quartzite, gneiss and 
schist. The largest group, consisting of six claims, is the Fourth of July, 
owned by Joseph Rigby, of Omaha. One ledge shows twenty-four inches of 
ore in a fourteen-foot shaft and fifteen-foot open cut, carrying galena, car- 
bonates and sulphurets to the value of $50 and upwards in gold and. silver. 
Another ledge showing twelve inches of $80 ore in the croppings will be tapped 
by a cross-cut,. now in forty feet. Another ledge shows sixteen inches of pay 
ore in a thirty-five foot cross-cut, assays showing 13 per cent, copper, besides 
good gold and silver values. Below this, on the Granite, Thomas Barrett, 
of Woolley, has shown up sixteen inches of pay ore in a four-foot ledge by 
means of a ten-foot shaft, and on the Jumbo he has ten inches of pay ore, 
though a forty-foot tunnel on the ledge has not penetrated to the ore chute 
showing in the croppings. Half a mile below this he has the Homestake on 
a five-foot ledge, in which several small streaks aggregating sixteen to eigh- 
teen inches assay from $40 upwards. 

Charles L. Pollard has the Michigan group of five claims on two parallel 
ledges which have been traced for 1,500 feet. One of these is five feet wide, 
with a sixteen-inch pay streak showing on th wall of a tunnel run sixty-five 
feet along the ledge. Two assays show 192 ounces silver, 60 per cent, lead and 
$3 gold; 204 ounces silver, 40 per cent, lead, $3 gold. Southwest of this group 
Thomas Barrett has the Black Canyon on a four and one-half foot ledge, in 
which an open cut twelve feet long shows twelve inches of good galena ore. 

A great blow-out of oxidized iron which has been traced 4,000 feet up the 
mountain from the south fork is covered by Richard Joy and Joseph Peraud 
with the Cascade group of three claims. A sixty-five foot tunnel shows a 
ten-inch streak of black sulphurets and iron pyrites carrying gold and silver. 

SLATE CREEK. 

By Douglass Allmond, of Anacortes. 

The mining regions of the Skagit Valley, for the sake of convenience, may 
be divided into five distinct districts, as follows: Slate Creek District, em- 
bracing the country between the Slate Creek summit and the mouth of Ruby 
Creek; Thunder Creek District, including allthat section drained by Thunder 
Creek; Cascade District, the country about Cascade River; Monte Cristo 
District, at the headwaters of the Sauk, and Hamilton District, including all 
that section of the valley from Marble Mount to tide water. 

The route to the Slate Creek District from Seattle is by the Seattle & Inter- 
national Railroad to Woolley, eighty miles, and thence by the Seattle & 
Northern to Hamilton, fourteen miles. From Hamilton a good road can be 
followed up the Skagit Valley to Marble Mount, thirty-four miles, and from 
that point a pony trail leads to the mouth of Ruby Creek, the western 
boundary of the district, twenty-nine miles, and to the headwaters of Slate 
Creek, twenty-five miles further, with branch trails to the various sections of 
the district. From the head of Slate Creek a trail leads down the Methow 
River for fifteen miles and a wagon road thence to Ives Landing, seventy-five 
miles. 

The Slate Creek District includes Ruby, Canyon, Granite, Mill and a num- 
ber of lesser streams and the country north toward the international boundary 
line. The principal mines, however, are near the headwaters of Slate Creek, 
hence its name. The first discoveries in this country were made nearly twenty 
years ago by a man named Rowley. Then prospectors looked for placers only, 
but as the placer ground was limited, the creeks were difficult to handle, the 
cost of getting to the camp was enormous, and the trip extremely hazardous, 
the camp was short lived, although upwards of 2,500 men went in the first 
season an- fully $100,000 worth of dust was taken out. In those days the only 
route to the diggings was through British Columbia. 

After abandoning the district for twelve or thirteen 3 r ears, prospectors 
again went in, and not succeeding very well in getting at the placer gold, 
turned their attention to prospecting for ledges. On and on they pressed, 
until, on nearing the source of Slate Creek, they found that some of the gold 
in the creek carried particles of quartz. But at first the ledges could not be 
found, so it was determined to dig for them. The result was that a number 
of blind leads were located, some of them proving very rich. 

One of the first and also one of the most valuable finds was the Eureka 




i IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWES' 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 57 

group, which was located in 1893, its owners incorporating under the name of 
the Eureka Mining Company of Anacortes in 1895. In this group are six quartz 
and two placer claims. These are all situated on the eastern slope of Slate 
Hill, and, except the Lowman, are extensions on the Eureka lode. Slate Hill 
is a part of a spur of the main Cascade Range, and with Benson Mountain 
forms the divide between Slate Creek, the waters of which find their way into 
the Skagit, and the headwaters of the Similkameen River. After running 
westerly about three miles this spur turns to the south and forms the divide 
between Slate Creek and Canyon Creek. The spur is composed mainly of 
slate, with poryhyry overlying or capping the summit in places. The Eureka 
lode, the only one on Slate Hill on which any systematic mining has been done, 
is probably the principal lode of the hill. Nowhere does it show any out- 
cropping, being covered with from four to eight feet of earth, the top two 
feet being soft earth and the rest a hard cement compounded of clay with 
oxide of iron. At the Eureka this surface dirt was stripped off for about forty 
feet in length and thirty feet in width, exposing the ledge. In this process of 
stripping the cement was washed through a primitive cradle and yielded good 
wages. The ledge thus exposed is thirty feet between walls. The quartz, 
which extends from wall to wall with very little slate intermixed, is much 
decomposed and mixed with oxide of iron. The entire ledge assays high in 
free milling gold. Seemingly there is little difference in value of any part 
of it. Pieces picked up at random, being broken, usually show free gold. 
The ledge runs nearly north and south, parallel with Slate Hill, dipping to the 
east about 70 degrees, the walls, so far as exposeu, being well defined. A shaft 
5x9 feet, starting on the east side or hanging wall, was sunk in 1895 to a depth 
of fifty-four feet. At this depth a cross-cut was run six feet to the footwall, 
and was then run in the opposite direction twenty-four feet without reaching 
the hanging wall, making thirty feet of solid quartz, all well mineralized and 
assaying well in gold. The ledge shows in the shaft to a depth of twenty-five 
feet the same brown iron oxidized ore as on the surface. At this depth it 
changes to a hard white quartz, impregnated with fine iron pyrites, carrying 
gold apparently in a free state, as several tests show it will amalgamate to 80 
per cent, of the assay value. Work in this shaft was abandoned late in the 
fall of 1895. owing to the difficulty of hoisting the ore by hand. A tunnel was 
then started further to the east and below the shaft. Work was continued 
in 1896 and the tunnel is now in 270 feet. This will cut the ledge at a depth of 
124 feet perpendicular below the shaft. The mine can be easily worked by 
comparatively short tunnels to a depth of 1,400 feet, this being the level of 
the creek. The ore carries $30 in gold, apparently free milling even when in 
sulphurets. 

The Beck group of five claims is situated on the western slope of Benson 
Mountain, a part of the same spur as Slate Hill, and is distant from the 
Eureka group about three miles. There are two parallel ledges, about 400 
feet apart, with three claims on one and two on the other. These claims are 
owned by Melville Curtis, A. M. Barron and H. H. Soule, all of Anacortes. 
The veins run northeasterly and southwesterly, with a dip of 80 degrees 
northwesterly. The outcrop is well defined and is traceable through all the 
claims. The quartz shows from three to six feet in width, with a slate foot- 
wall, and porphyry in places on the hanging wall. The quartz is generally 
white, carrying very little oxide of iron. It carries gold, silver and a small 
quantity of copper, an average of four assays giving 2% ounces gold and 51 
ounces silver. Tunnels have been started on three claims and are in from 
twenty to fifty feet. Situated on the sidehill, all these claims can be worked 
from one main tunnel to a depth of 1,200 feet. 

The Mammoth, also on Benson Mountain, and near the Beck group, Is 
owned by Messrs. Risley and Woodin. It is a four-foot ledge, from which 
some very rich ore has been taken. Very little development work has been 
done, however, although the surface showing would seem to warrant it. 

Northerly from the Eureka group and on the Canyon Creek slope of Slate 
Range, is the Excelsior, owned by Messrs. Benson and Templar. This is a 
six-foot lead, well defined, but of comparatively low grade, shown by an open 
cut and short tunnel. 

Four miles northwesterly from the Eureka is what is known as the Ana- 
cortes group, near the headwaters of Cascade branch of Canyon Creek. 
Probably thirty claims have been here located, and without doubt some of 
the richest ore ever taken from any mining camp came from some of the 
ledges of this locality. The first location was made in 1894. In 1895 ten pounds 
of ore from the Anacortes claim yielded $76.40 in gold. The ledge from which 
this rich rock was taken runs through four claims of the Anacortes group, 
which, with four others, are owned by J. H. Young, T. B. Childs, P. E. Nelson, 
D. M. Woodbury, M. S. Smith, John Russner and Douglass Allmond. The 
ledge is small, not showing over twenty inches in any place. Eleven hundred 
feet up the hill from where the rich rock of 1895 was taken the ledge was again 
uncovered and very rich rock struck. Surface work only has been done on 
this property. 

The Crown Point, alongside the Anacortes, has a ledge four feet between 
walls, the gangue being quartz mixed with black slate, and carrying gold and 
a little silver. The owners, R. C. Sylvester, C. I. Carpenter, W. J. Farrell and 



68 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

C. Ashley, have carried on development work systematically from the begin- 
ning - , and have a sixty-foot tunnel. 

Other promising claims Of this group are the Gold Coin, Kootneai, What- 
com and Gold Coin. 

The Alameda group is southerly of and across Cascade branch from the 
Anacortes group. Unlike most of the other mines of the Slate Creek country, 
which are blind leads, the Alamedas show on the surface a three-foot ledge of 
white quartz. The Alamedas are owned by P. E. Nelson, J. C. Phelps, G. B. 
Smith, of Anacortes, and others. From the assays it would seem that the 
ore runs from $28 to $35 per ton in gold, and that it is free milling. The find 
is a late one and very little work has been done. 

The Whistler is on Crater Mountain, five miles southeast of the Eureka, 
and is owneu by J. W. Romaine, R. A. Maxwell and John Leedy, of Whatcom. 
The ledge is about twenty feet in width, with a fifteen-inch streak of rich 
ore, carrying gold in a free state and also in black sulphurets. Shipments of 
ore have been made, yielding, it is said, $200 in gold per ton. 

The Rockefeller, owned by John McCullough and James Bedell, is on 
Slate Hill. A ton shipment of ore yielded good results. The Bismarck group 
of four claims on Slate Mountain is owned by C. F. Megquier, H. Havekost 
and P. W. Law. A fifty-foot tunnel has been run on a four-foot ledge. The 
ore carries gold and a small quantity of silver and copper. 

While placer mining on a small scale will not, in all probability, ever be 
a success on Ruby or Canyon or their tributaries, there is every reason to 
hope that with proper appliances, hydraulicking will prove remunerative. 
Gold can be panned from almost any of the benches along the creeks, and 
nuggets weighing as high as $20 have been found. During the past season 
F. J. Scougale worked a group of fourteen claims near the mouth of Ruby 
Creek with a small hydraulic plant and in six weeks took out $950 in nuggets 
ranging from 10 cents upwards. Frank Ledger and others built a flume a mile 
long and worked the Old Discovery claims near the mouth of Canyon Creek 
for about a month, employing seventeen men. 

But the placer ground can only be worked thoroughly on a large scale, 
and this will be done during the coming summer by the Ruby Hydraulic Gold 
Mining Company. This company has bought the Scougale claims, extending 
a mile up Ruby Creek from its mouth and covering an area of 420 acres. 
It has a depth of auriferous gravel ranging from thirty-five to 200 feet, esti- 
mated to contain from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 cubic yards, carrying from 25 cents 
to $1 in gold per cubic yard. There are several prospect holes on the property, 
one of them being eighty feet deep. At the bottom the gravel runs about 80 
cents to the yard in coarse gold and the gold grows finer as the surface is 
approached, but it shows good colors all the way down. On the north side 
of the creek the ground is broken in places by rock, the gold is coarser and 
bedrock is frequently exposed. 

The company proposes to equip this property with a complete hydraulic 
plant. It will make about three miles of ditch and flume, with a capacity of 
2,000 miner's inches, giving a pressure of 300 feet, lay 1,000 feet of twenty-four 
inch steel pipe, with giants, install a dynamo for electric lighting, in order 
that work may continue night and day, and build a sawmill to cut the neces- 
sary lumber. A five-foot tailing flume will carry the debris into the Skagit 
Canyon, where the river is swift enough to carry off the largest boulders. 
Estimates of the cost of this plant and of the necessary buildings range from 
$16,000 to $30,000, and it is estimated that it could move from 4,000 to 6,000 cubic 
yards of gravel every twenty-four hours. 

There is a prospect that a similar plant will be erected on Canyon, near 
Boulder Creek. 

THUNDER CREEK. 

By Douglass Allmond, of Anacortes. 

Not until late in the fall of 1891 did the prospector penetrate to the head- 
waters of Thunder Creek. This stream has its source at the backbone of the 
main Cascade Range, a little north of east of Marble Mount, in Skagit County, 
and, flowing northwesterly for twenty miles, empties into the Skagit River 
about four miles south of the mouth of Ruby Creek. The headwaters of 
Thunder Creek and Cascade River (the next large stream to the south) are 
not more than four miles apart, but the divide is rugged in the extreme, well 
deserving the name of Sawtooth Range. 

In 1891 John Russner and two other prospectors crossed the Boston Glacier, 
at the head of the Cascade, climbed the Sawtooths, and descending the 
northerly slope crossed another glacier that really forms the head of Thunder 
Creek. The trip was a dangerous one, but the men were rewarded by finding 
a "good prospect," although they did not then have any conception of the 
richness or extent of their find. Cascade District prospectors had found only 
galena ores, and this was what Russner and his companions were looking for; 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 59 

so when they located a ledge of green ore, not having any of the attractiveness 
of bright galena, they put in their stakes simply because the lode was well 
defined, and carried away samples, having only a faint hope that these might 
show some value, although there did not seem to be anything to cause 
enthusiasm. The locations were called Willis and Everett. To the surprise 
of all, however, this greenish ore proved to be very rich in silver, some assays 
running as high as 3,400 ounces. 

In 1892 there was quite a rush to the new camp, and many more good finds 
were made, although galena ores predominated. Six more claims were located 
on the Willis and Everett lead and covered the entire distance from these two 
claims, which were at an altitude of about 7,500 feet, down to Thunder Creek. 
The works at the lower claim are near the creek, and at an altitude of perhaps 
2,500 feet above sea level. At this point the ledge carries galena. 

Perhaps several dozen claims in all have been located in the Thunder 
Creek country, but the amount of development work done is very limited. 
In the fall of 1892 the Skagit Mining and Milling Company was formed and 
obtained control of the Willis and Everett claims. This company shipped 
several tons to the smelter, the returns being 190 ounces in silver. But not- 
withstanding the richness of this ore, it was found unprofitable to ship, 
because of the heavy charges for packing, etc., and mining was not again 
resumed. This was the only ore ever shipped out of the district, owners of 
claims contenting themselves, on account of the low price of silver, with 
merely doing assessment work. 

• A. E. Hartay and others own two good claims at the head of Thunder 
Creek Basin. They are northerly of the Boston, in Cascade District, and it is 
believed that the Boston lead cuts through the Sawtooth Range, again crop- 
ping on the Thunder Creek side, where Hartay made his locations. Assays 
show about $140 for all values. 

Among other promising locations in the district may be mentioned the 
Hartford and extensions, on the Willis and Everett lead; the Ice Gate group, 
a high-grade galena; the Major, Silver Queen, Jasper, St. Louis and Puget 
Sound. 

The Thunder Creek country may well be said to be a camp of great 
promise, although difficult of access, only awaiting the quickening touch of 
capital and energy. It can be reached by two routes. One of them is by 
trail up the Skagit; the other via Lake Chelan. From Marble Mount to the 
mouth of Thunder Creek is about twenty-five miles, anc3 from the mouth to 
the headwaters is about twenty miles. It is about forty miles from Lake 
Chelan to the headwaters of Thunder Creek. This latter route is up the 
Stehekin to Park Creek, thence up the latter stream and across the main 
Cascades via the Park Creek summit. 

RUTH CREEK. 

Prospecting in this district only dates back to the close of the summer of 
1894, but the few discoveries so far made are an earnest of what remains to 
reward more general and thorough work and an evidence that the mineral 
found further north and south in the Cascade Range extends through the 
whole width of Whatcom County. The district lies between the main range of 
the Cascades and the loftier parallel range on the west, of which Mounts 
Baker and Shuksan are the principal peaks, and is drained by the Nooksack 
River and its tributaries. Most of the ledges so far discovered crop in the 
south slope of the ridge closing in the Ruth Creek Valley on the north, and in 
and about Hannegan Pass, which crosses the divide between the headwaters 
of the Nooksack and Chilliwack Rivers. 

' The exploration of this region began in 1894 with the partial construction 
of the state trail up Glacier Creek, due north of Mount Baker, for twenty 
miles eastward, with the intention of crossing the Baker Range north of 
Mount Shuksan, thence down Beaver Creek to the Skagit, across the main 
range and down the Methow. This route was abandoned in favor of the one 
by way of the Cascade and Twisp Passes, over which the trail was last year 
constructed, but its partial construction by the Hannegan Pass route opened 
the way to prospectors. Whatcom County has followed up this work by 
building bridges across the north fork of the Nooksack and converting the 
trail into a wagon road, thus making it possible to haul supplies within 
fourteen miles of the camp. The route from Seattle is by the Seattle & 
International Railroad to Deming Station, 112 miles, thence by wagon road 
twenty-six miles and by trail fourteen miles. 

Late in the summer of 1894 E. H. Thomas, of Blaine, and J. W. Hulett made 
the first discovery, on which they located the Hulett. This was a ledge of 
great width, heavily capped with iron at frequent intervals, which crops high 
on Burnt Mountain, north of the nineteenth mile post. The walls are granite 
and hornblende and the ledge is easily traced for several miles over the 
mountains. The ore carries iron and copper pj^rites and arsenical iron, and 
assays from surface specimens range from a trace to $23 gold, with traces of 



60 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

silver and a small percentage of copper. This was the first of five parallel 
ledges, all heavily capped, running through Ruth and Granite Mountains. 
The country rock is granite, in which large masses of hornblende occur, but at 
the base of Ruth Mountain is a trap overflow. On one of the parallel ledges, 
with a large heavy capping, are the Granite and Edith, which have been little 
prospected. On another, near Hannegan Pass, Messrs. Galloway and Shoe- 
maker, of Lynden, have several claims from which good gold assays have 
been obtained. A good prospect was found in the Marine, located in Septem- 
ber, 1895, by J. W. Barber and others on Burnt Mountain, half a mile east of 
the Hulett. In the cropping was twenty inches of honey-combed guartz 
carrying pyrites and arsenical iron, of which three assays of surface samples 
ran $5.60 gold, $24.58 silver and lead, 6 per cent, copper; $23.20 gold; $19 gold, 
respectively. In an eighteen-foot shaft the ledge widened to five feet and 
carries five inches of solid mineral. 

Last season George Longdon and others discovered near the head of 
Beaver Creek a small lake formed by a dike of granite against a mass of 
quartz 300 feet wide. This quartz constitutes the bed of the lake and is 
plainly visible through the clear water, evidently carrying mineral. 

THE CHICO TIN MINES. 

A great deposit of tin ore cropping near Wildcat Lake, four miles from 
Chico in Kitsap county, has for some time been the subject of much specula- 
tion and its value has been attested by such authority among mining engin- 
eers as to warrant the organization of the Cook Kitchen Mining Company to 
develop it. The deposit is held under twenty-six mining claims, covering 462 
acres of land, with a water right on Wildcat Lake, a sheet of water covering 
160 to 200 acres. 

The deposit consists of a great body of killas carrying cassiterite, or 
pyrites of tin, native oxide of tin, with considerable wolframite, tourmalin, 
arsenious iron and mica. It is over 400 feet wide and of much greater length, 
running six degrees north of west and south of east, the contact south about 
one mile being gray sandstone, and north a hard calcine dolomitic rock. Four 
shafts are down for depths ranging from twenty-five to eighty-five feet, the 
deepest being at the footwall with an extension now in progress fifty feet 
deeper. One of these shafts shows solid tin ore on all four sides, increasing 
In value as it goes down, while a small cut near the footwall shows rock 
richly impregnated with arsenious iron, sulphate of iron, cassiterite or tin- 
stone and brittle argentum, the cassiterite crystals being in plain sight. An- 
other cut shows more malachite copper than the first mentioned. A number 
of assays have been made, showing the percentage of tin in the ore taken 
from the deepest shaft to range from three to five and one-half, while sam- 
ples from one of the cuts carried traces of tin, iron and copper, and from 
another cut ten ounces silver and 4 per cent. tin. An assay from a depth of 
twenty-five feet in the shaft ran: Silver, 39% ounces; tin, 4% per cent; copper 
sulphides, 5% per cent., and another assay for gold and silver alone showed 
$3.72 gold, $2.32 silver. 

This deposit is peculiarly accessible, being only four miles distant by road 
from Chico, on Port Washington, a branch of Puget Sound. With deep water 
navigation thence to any railroad the cost of transportation will be at the 
minimum. 

In order to reduce the ore, it is proposed to crush it and wash out the 
lighter waste, then roast the concentrates remaining in order to get rid of the 
arsenic and sulphur and oxidize the iron pyrites, which is removed by a 
second washing. Oxide of copper will be extracted with diluted sulphuric 
acid and the copper in the solution then precipitated with iron. The purified 
ore, known as black tin, will then be shipped to the smelter. 

GOLD CREEK. 

A short distance east of the summit of the Snoqualmie Pass is a mining 
district, of which little has been heard but where much has been done with 
satisfactory results. At the head of Gold Creek, which flows into Lake 
Kitchelos, the source of the Yakima River, the granite and syenite country 
rock is cut by true fissure ledges, running almost north and south, with the 
line of the divide, and sometimes cutting both granite and syenite in their 
course. The surface ledge matter is porphyry, but as one goes down in it, it 
changes to quartz. The mineral carries gold and silver in the form of sul- 
phides, bromides of silver, ruby silver, steel galena and carbonates of lead. 

The nearest route by rail from Seattle is by the Northern Pacific to Martin 
Station, 101 miles, thence northward on the Snoqualmie wagon road along 
the east bank of Lake Kitchelos, ten mlies, and by trail up Gold Creek, 




ttWOU) tN TM£ PACIFIC NORTHWEST, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 61 

eight miles. The district can also be reached by the Seattle & International 
Railroad to Sallal Prairie, sixty-three miles, and the Snoqualmie Pass road, 
thirty-four miles. Prospecting began in the year 1890 and has been followed 
up by a large amount of development. 

The principal property is the Esther and Louisa group of twelve claims, 
owned by the Gold Creek Mining Company of Seattle. One of the main ledges 
running through two claims has widened from thirty-six to forty inches in the 
face of a thirty-foot tunnel and carries concentrating ore ranging in value 
from $10 to $40, according to various assays. Two lower levels have been run 
seventy feet each on this ledge and two feeders have been opened. Several 
shipments of sorted ore aggregating about ten tons were made to the Tacoma 
smelter in 1896 and the returns showed an average gross value of about $100 
a ton. A parallel ledge has been opened, varying in width from two to three 
feet, with a pay streak of eight, to twenty-two inches. On another ledge 
extending through two claims a twenty-foot tunnel has shown a pay streak 
of six to eight inches and a 100-foot tunnel on another ledge has shown six to 
twelve inches of ore assaying from $20 to $100. This company has two power 
drills, operated by steam, and an ore breaker. It will this season erect a 
concentrator and put in a water power plant to run all the machinery. 

On the right bank of the Creek is the Granite King group of six cialms, 
owned by the Granite King Gold Mining Company, two claims being on each 
of three ledges. One of these has three tunnels, the upper 180 feet, the second 
seventy feet long 150 feet lower down the mountain and the third thirty feet, 
showing it to be about four feet, mineralized for the full width between strong 
walls and carrying twelve to twenty inches of highly mineralized rock. A 
second ledge runs into this one from the right and has twelve inches of pay 
ore carrying gold and copper. The third shows galena and copper sulphides 
in a twenty-foot tunnel. Assays from these several ledges have never gone 
below $26 and have run as high as $180. Work was continued far into the 
winter, until the cabin was carried away by a snowslide and the occupants 
had a narrow escape with their lives. 

On the Good Luck, Lon Jose and Mrs. Revington have run a cross-cut 
100 feet to tap a good ledge, cutting a number of stringers ranging from six 
to twelve inches and carrying rich galena ore, on one of which tiiey have run 
a drift. The same parties have run a tunnel thirty feet on the Fourth of 
July ledge, showing a good pay streak. 

CLE-ELUM. 

The great belt of copper and gold ledges which runs through the backbone 
of the Cascade range crops with great strength on the mountains drained by 
the Cle-elum River and extends northeastward across the Teanaway to the 
base of Mount Stuart and west to Lake Kahchees. In the same belt are 
many ledges of quartz carrying free gold and sulphurets, with galena in its 
various forms. Further southeast, down the course of the river, is a belt of 
pyrites ledges capped with magnetic and hematite iron, which have caused 
them for years to be miscalled the Cle-elum iron mines. The district has been 
legally organized and extends from the headwaters of the river to Cle-elum 
Lake and from Kahchees Lake on the west to the Teanaway divide on the 
east. Recent discoveries have, however, extended beyond the latter line to 
a connection with the Negro Creek unorganized district among the foothills 
of Mount Stuart. 

The district is easily reached from Seattle or Spokane. From the former 
city one takes the Northern Pacific train to Cle-elum, 122 miles, and the 
branch line to Roslyn, four miles distant. A wagon road leads thence to 
Cle-elum Lake and up the Cle-elum River to I-i-ass Lake, near its source, 
thirty miles away. Trails branch off from the road up all the principal creeks 
and traverse the district to the summits on the right and left. 

The country rock of the district is granite, syenite, porphyry and slate, 
with dikes of serpentine and the mineral ledges cut in a generally northwest 
and southeast direction, with some cross ledges running east and west. Dis- 
coveries in this district began about 1881, when A. P T'.oyls, the present 
venerable but vigorous mining recorder, in company with S. S. Hawkins and 
Moses Splawn, traveled up Camp Creek and on Hawkins Mountain traced 
three parallel ledges carrying iron sulphurets. From that time forward 
prospecting traced the belt twenty miles down the Cle-elum from its head and 
east and west for fifteen miles as already outlined. 

The best developed property is the Aurora group of five claims on Mam- 
moth Mountain, owned by John and Timothy Lynch, which carry high-grade 
gold and silver ore. The mountain is composed mainly of metamorphic rock, 
cut diagonally by dikes of granite in which are fissure ledges of quartz run- 
ning east and west. One ledge has been traced five feet wide over 2,000 feet 
and carries free gold and sulphurets, being heavily oxidized to a depth of 
fifty. feet. A shaft fifty feet deep on the hanging wall cut a twelve-inch 
stringer at thirty-five feet and showed ore averaging $40 gold. A six-inch 



62 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

feeder widened to eighteen inches in a sixty-foot tunnel, from which a winze 
is being sunk. A twenty-foot dike of porphyry crops out very distinctly on 
the west and carries decomposed red oxide of copper and iron, with two feet 
of red ochre on the hanging wall carrying $114 gold, 8 ounces silver. On a 
parallel five-foot ledge, enclosed in a porphyry dike, a tunnel is in twenty feet, 
showing free gold and sulphurets. Another ledge four feet wide runs parallel 
and will be tapped by a tunnel now in seventy feet. An average of the crop- 
pings shipped to San Francisco returned $126 gold, $1.09 silver and assays 
have shown $200, $269, $229 gold, with a trace to $1 silver. On another parallel 
ledge three feet wide and traced for 1,000 feet, a tunnel has penetrated sixty 
feet showing ore the full width, after cutting a slate horse carrying pyrites, 
and another tunnel is in 115 feet at a point 100 feet deeper, while a third tunnel 
is in twenty feet and shows good mineral. A shipment of twenty tons from 
the two last-named ledges returned $56 gold and a trace of silver. A mill of 
four 320-pound stamps and one four-foot concentrator was erected in 1896 on 
a millsite at the foot of the mountain and made a successful run, exact 
results of which were not obtainable. The running of a 2,000-foot cross-cut to 
tap al lthese ledges at depth is contemplated for this season. 

"West of this group E. P. Gassman has the American Eagle group of four 
claims on a parallel four-foot ledge with two feeders, and a shaft is down ten 
feet on it showing ore which assayed from $27 to $125 gold. A cross-cut has 
been run sixty feet to tap the main ledge, which would also be struck by the 
proposed cross-cut on the Aurora group. On a twenty-four inch ledge on the 
Vidette, A. P. Boyls is sinking a shaft showing similar ore. 

On another parallel ledge to the southwest P. A. Stanton and James Grieve 
have the two Bronco claims. A thirty-foot tunnel has been driven on a 
four-foot ledge of sulphurets and arsenical iron, and 100 feet below another 
tunnel is in 110 feet, striking a 26-inch feeder. A sackful of ore shipped to 
the Tacoma smelter returned $138 and assays have run $140 to $180. 

Also on Mammoth Mountain, J. H. Topping, of Seattle, has the Topping 
on a six-foot ledge of free milling and concentrating ore, on wnich an inclined 
shaft is down thirty-three feet, and a cross-cut has been started. Two 
assays ran $60 and $37 gold, $23 and $3 silver. The Prince group, owned by Mr. 
Topping J. A. Johnson and Mrs. J. F. Cummings, of Seattle, comprises five 
claims on a ledge of sulphuret ore traced through the whole string across 
the head of the river, with one claim on the Topping ledge. A tunnel has 
been run a short distance. 

On the south side of Mammoth Mountain is the Fish Eagle, owned by 
James Grieve and K. W. Dunlap, on a great outcrop of copper ore stained red 
with oxidized iron, blue with bromide of copper and black with oxide of cop- 
per, at least forty feet wide. A cross-cut tunnel has been driven 262 feet to 
tap the ledge at a depth of 190 feet and is expected to strike it in twenty-five 
or thirty feet more. 

On a sharp granite peak at the head of one of the forks of the Icicle, but 
reached by a trail branching off for three miles from the Cle-elum road, is the 
King Solomon Mine, owned by James Grieve, K. W. Dunlap and August 
Sasse, where development has been prosecuted with fifteen to twenty men. 
The ledge cuts through this peak in a north and south course and is of white 
quartz, fully eight feet wide. It carries galena, antimonial silver and gold 
with a trace of copper, and will average $133, mostly in gold. Assays of the 
rich streaks give $180 gold, 60 ounces silver, 22 per cent. lead. A tunnel was 
first driven 300 feet from the summit and is now in 130 feet on the ledge and an 
upraise has been made for twenty-two feet, from which the ore is being 
stoped out for smelting. The same ledge has been traced 1.200 feet over the 
summit of the peak and down a gulch on the north side, in which it crops 
eight feet wide between granite walls 100 feet high. A tunnel has Oeen driven 
fifteen feet at this point, where Mr. Grieve has the Silver Fiend, and a cross- 
cut will be driven 200 feet to tap the ledge near the King Solomon line. On 
an eight-foot ledge parallel with the Silver Fiend, and carrying similar ore, 
Messrs. Grieve, Gassman and Dunlap have the Humbug, on which they are 
tunneling. On the next gulch east of the Silver Fiend Messrs. Grieve and 
Sasse and Mrs. Churchill have the Last Chance on a six-foot ledge, carrying 
gold, lead and plumbago, assays giving $4.30 in gold. A cross-cut has been 
run thirty feet and a shaft sunk twenty-five feet. On another six-foot ledge 
parallel with the Silver Fiend John Stewart has driven a tunnel twenty 
feet on the White Star, showing similar ore to the Silver Fiend with 
several feeders. A water jacket smelter will be erected this summer to 
reduce the large quantity of high grade ore on the King Solomon dump. 

On the mountains on each side of Fortune Creek, flowing westward from 
Mount Hawkins, is a belt of ledges some of which carry free gold and sul- 
phurets, while others carry iron and copper sulphides. On Huckleberry 
Mountain, south of the creek, Robert Montague, O. R. Johnson, Andrew 
Jackson and oimon Justhand have the Huckleberry group of three claims on 
a ledge of sulphuret ore three to four feet wide, opened by tunnels forty and 
twenty feet long, which assays about $35 in gold, silver and copper. On the 
same mountain the Rocky Point Mining Company has the two Rocky Point 
claims on three strong fissure veins of pyritic ore running up and down the 
mountain. On one of these a fifty-foot tunnel shows ore the full width with 




66. Crown 

Point. 

67. Butte. 

68. Grand 

View. 

69. Chesapeake 

70. Keystone. 

71. Iron Duke. 

72. Iron King. 

73. Iron Boss. 

74. The River. 

75. Iron 

Monarch. 

76. Iron Prince 

77. Iron 

Monitor. 

78. Iron Clad. 

79. Iron Ship. 

80. Leaden 

Queen. 

81. Leader. 

82. Iron 

Yankee. 

83. The Ta- 

coma. 

84. Sunset. 

85. Hard- 

scrabble. 

86. Conqueror. 

87. Morning 

Star. 

88. War Eagle. 

89. St. John. 

90. St. Luke. 

91. Thorp. 

92. John C. 




Cle-Elum Lake. 



~"MlW*a INrwe-P*clflc NOKTHWE3T 



INDEX. 

1. Prince. 

2. Topping. 

3. Vidette. 

4. Eagle. 

5. Aurora. 

6. Bronco. 

7. Last Eagle. 
S. White Siar 
9. 'Silver 

Fiend. 

10. King 

Solomon. 

11. Last 

Chance. 

12. Big Bug. 

13. Rocky 

Point. 

14. Queen of 

the Hills. 

15. Just in 

Time. 

16. Gold 

Mountain. 

17. Mayflower. 
IS. Mountain 

Chief. 

19. Mountain 

Belle. 

20. Golden 

Eagle. 

21. Piper 

Hiedsl, ik. 

23.' Mount 

Whistler. 

24. Morning 

Star. 
!5. Silver 

Queen. 

26. Red Bird. 

27. Fountain 

of Gold. 

25. Ballard. 

29. Red lOagle. 

30. Family. 

31. Sherman. 

32. VVlsishln. 

;;:;. oiuimer. 

34. Standard. 

35. King of 

Sweden. 

36. Eureka. 

37. Grey Eagle 

38. Tiptop. 

39. Twin. 

40. Jumbo. 

41. White 

Water. 

42. Rushing 

Water. 

43. Ruby King 

44. Lake City. 

45. Trio. 

46. Nugget. 

47. Mountain 

48. Helm. 

49. Orphan. 

50. Hold Bug. 

51. Midway. 

52. Huckle- 

berry. 
:>;:. Ma Klmon; 

54. Silver 

Dump. 

55. Brown 

Bear. 

56. Cascade. 

57. Ruby. 

58. Beaver. 

59. Maud C. 

60. Ole-Elum. 

61. Hawk. 
02. I-t Ass. 
62 a. Bpha. 

63. Boyle. 

64. Johnson. 

65. Swayne & 

Haight. 

66. Crown 

Point. 

67. Butte. 

68. Grand 

View. 

69. Chesapeake 

70. Keystone. 

71. Iron Duke. 

72. Tron King. 

73. Tron Boss. 

74. The River. 

75. Iron 

Monarch. 

76. Tron Prince 

77. Iron 

Monitor. 

78. Tron Clad. 

79. Iron Ship. 

80. Leaden 

Queen. 

81. Leader. 

82. Iron 

Yankee. 

83. The Ta- 

coma. 

84. Sunset. 

85. Hard- 

scrabble. 

86. Conqueror. 

87. Morning 

Star. 

88. War Eagle. 

89. St. John. 

90. St. Luke. 

91. Thorp. 

92. John C. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 63 

an eighteen-inch pay streak assaying $3 to $50. The second ledge shows three 
feet of ore in an open cut and the third shows thirty inches on the surface. 

£)n the divide between Fortune Creek and the Teanaway the Ballard Gold 
Mfning & Milling Company has the two Tip Top claims on parallel ledges. 
One is shown by a thirty-five foot shaft to widen from three to eight feet and 
carries $14 to $20 gold, silver and copper in sulphurets and carbonates of cop- 
per. The other ledge is similar in character. The same company has the 
Gold Mountain near the mouth of the creek, on which a small tunnel shows 
two feet of free milling ore. 

A mile above the mouth of the creek the Mountain Chief Gold Miningi 
Company has the Mountain Chief on a three and one-half foot ledge of talc 
between walls of granite and black quartz. An incline following the ledge at 
an angle of 45 degrees shows black oxide of copper assaying from 10 to 40 per 
cent, copper, and a trace to $104 gold, the average being about $30 gold. On 
the extension up the mountain the Fortune Creek Mining, Milling & Smelting 
Company has the Mountain Belle, in which an open cut makes an equally 
good showing. 

The Mayflower, which is on the extension of one of the Rocky Point 
ledges, is owned by Dr. C. S. Emery and H. F. Weise, of Ballard. It has a 
ledge of crystallized quartz, in which two small tunnels have shown about 
thirty inches of pay ore carrying $14 gold, largely free. On the extension of 
one of the Rocky Point ledges to the river, with two others parallel, Mr. Weise 
and S. Kedzie Smith have the Big Bug. One ledge is seven feet of quartz 
carrying ruby silver and bromides, another of undefined width carries copper 
pyrites; the third carries streaks of iron and copper sulphides in a black 
quartz gangue. On the Mayflower ledge Mr. Weise has the Just in Time, on 
which a ten-foot shaft has shown six feet of free milling ore assaying $45 to 
$178 gold and a little silver. 

The Queen of the Hills, owned by John Kelly and John Bailey, has a five- 
foot ledge on which a fifteen-foot tunnel has shown free gold and sulphuret 
ore, assaying $9.45 gold. On the Whippoorwill, R. S. Ward, of Ballard, has 
shown three and one-half feet of similar ore to the Mountain Chief on an 
eight-foot open cut. 

The Standard and Ohamer, owned by George W. and E. H. Terwilliger and 
Ole Ohamer, of Ballard, are on three parallel ledges, two about three feet and 
the third twenty inches. Extensive open cuts have been made on all three, 
showing sulphides carrying gold, silver and copper. The twenty-inch ledge 
assays $13 gold and contains a rich one-inch streak carrying native lead. 
There are fifty tons on the dump. Adjoining these the Terwilliger brothers 
and Ralph Miles have the two Ruby King claims on a six-foot ledge discov- 
ered in September, 1896, on which an eight-foot shaft has shown seven inches 
of sulphides and antimonial silver, one assay running 643 ounces silver, $18 
gold. On a twenty-four inch ledge of sulphides crossing the Ruby King, the 
Terwilligers have the Lake City. Above these the two Rushing Water 
claims, owned by the Terwilligers, are on a forty-foot ledge of quartz carry- 
ing free gold and sulphurets and assaying $5 gold and silver on the surface. 
On the Twin group of four claims, the Terwilliger brothers have three parallel 
and two cross ledges. One of these carries two feet of copper sulphides in a 
fifteen-foot tunnel, an assay showing $23 gold, silver and copper, and another 
crops thirty feet wide and shows quartz carrying galena and sulphides in an 
eight-foot cross-cut. At the head of the north fork John Berg and John 
Kelley, of Roslyn, have the, Tip-Top No. 1 on a thirty-inch ledge, carrying 
gold, silver and copper in sulphurets, which a fifteen-foot shaft shows to be 
widening. John Grosso, John Somers and Adolph Eisner, of Roslyn, have the 
Mary on a seven-foot ledge which assays $9 gold, $6 silver, 1 per cent, copper, 
and is believed to carry nickel. 

On the left bank of the creek, running to the summit, is the Family group 
of four claims on a great body of low grade ore, owned by E. O. Marsh, 
Andrew Teuke, Henry Langenbacher, Charles Sears, of Ballard, and A. C. 
Bowman, of Seattle. This body of ore crops eighty feet wide on the summit 
and 225 feet wide at a lower point, where it is cut by a small creek, and has 
a syenite hanging and granite foot wall. The ledge matter is talcose quartz 
with talc gouge and is mineralized throughout with fine-grained white iron 
sulphurets. A tunnel has been driven thirty-three feet, running into a hard, 
dark quartz, and a cross-cut runs ten feet towards the hanging wall, all in 
ore which assays $1.80 gold, 20 cents silver. On a supposed spur from the 
summit outcrop of this ledge Thomas and Don Smith have the two Don Tom 
claims, on which surface ore assays $2.27 gold and silver. On the same gulch 
as the Family group William McKasson, John H. Corbins and Mayor H. P. 
Fogh, of Roslyn, have the two Mountain Whistler claims on a parallel ledge 
of similar ore fourteen feet wide, shown in a surface cut twenty feet long 
and twenty feet deep. 

On the next gulch below, the Clermont Gold Mining Company has the 
Silver Queen group of two claims on two parallel ledges, one of which shows 
three and one-half feet wide in a fifty-foot tunnel and carries $16 gold, $2.30 
silveiMn sulphurets. There are seventy tons of ore in the ore house. Above 
these claims Terwilliger brothers and Ole Ohamer have the two Goldbug 
claims on a four-foot ledge showing free gold in an eighteen-foot open cut. 



64 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

L. F. McConihe, of Roslyn, and W. E. Head, of Seattle, have a four-foot 
ledge of sulphuret ore assaying $18 gold on the Gambler's Dream. 

At the mouth of Fortune Creek the Fortune Creek Mining, Milling and 
Smelting Company has erected a mill with two 600-pound stamps, of which 
the wefght and number of drops will be increased by coil springs forcing 
them down. The river has been dammed to produce fall enough to run a 
water wheel, which was ready to turn last summer, but was carried out by 
the fall floods. The company has also shipped in a pyritic water-jacket 
smelter of twenty tons daily capacity, which will be erected in the spring. 

The great copper belt extends for seven miles northwest and southeast 
from the base qf Mount Hawkins through the Teanaway watershed to the 
source of Ingalls Creek at the base of Mount Stuart, and is covered with loca- 
tions for the whole distance. There are two main ledges, which have been 
traced on the surface at intervals, one being fifteen to twenty feet and the 
other five feet and upwards, with walls of granite and porpnyry on one side 
and granite and serpentine on the other. Both carry red and black oxide of 
copper and masses of native copper weighing 400 pounds and upwards, the 
ore always having a considerable gold value as well. 

The most easterly group is the Grandview of three claims, owned by 
Paul Gaston, J. T. Hamilton and Dr. R. C. Corey, on which one ledge crops 
ten to twelve feet wide. In a tunnel sixty feet long at a depth of eighty feet 
is a pay streak eighteen to forty-eight inches wide, in which bodies of native 
copper frequently occur, surrounded by black oxide. The lowest assays have 
shown 10 per cent, copper and $6 gold, and the value has run as high as 60 
per cent; copper and $15 gold. A cross-cut has been started to tap this ledge 
at a depth of 140 to 150 feet. Then come the Butte group of three claims, 
owned by the Anaconda of Washington Copper & Gold Mining Company, 
on which two open cuts have defined the smaller ledge to be three to fourteen 
feet wide, and the Crown Point group of five, owned by Messrs* Gaston, Corey 
and Hamilton, where the ledge is shown up by an open cut *ind has been 
stripped. The Swayne and Haight group of seven claims, bonded to D. N. 
Baxter, adjoins on the west, having a 120-foot tunnel showing good ore in one 
ledg e. The Johnson group of eight claims, owned by Messrs, Gaston, Corey 
and Hamilton, has a fifteen-foot shaft and several open cuts showing a streak 
of native copper two to twelve inches wide for the whole length. The Boyls 
group of eight claims on both ledges, owned by A. P. Boyls is bonded to 
Messrs. Corey and Hamilton. The wider ledge has been opened by tunnels 
forty, seventy, ninety and 200 feet, giving a depth of 300 feet and blocking 
out 1,000 tons of ore similar to that in the Grandview and assaying 10 to 48 
per cent, copper. On the smaller ledge are tunnels thirty and 100 feet, ore 
from which carried 48 per cent, copper and about $10 gold and silver. A ledge 
of free milling ore eighteen to thirty-six inches wide and assaying from $75 
to $175 gold on the surface crosses these two at right angles. 

The first discovery on Mount Hawkins was three parallel ledges ..-- Tying 
iron sulphurets, on each of which two claims have been taken. In i-i3 Cle- 
Elum and Hawk group A. P. Boyls and W. B. Kelly have four claims, two 
on each of the lower two ledges. One shows two to five feet wide in a fifty- 
foot inclined shaft, from which assays averaged about $50, though a sample 
across the bottom is said to have shown $455 gold. A 120-foot cross-cut will 
tap this shaft in thirty feet more. On the other ledge an incline of thirty 
feet shows it to be eight to ten feet wide, carrying $25 gold and a little silver. 
The I-i-ass, owned by P. J, Flint, is on the third ledge, which is defined as 
forty feet wide by a cross-cut, and has a pay streak in the croppings four 
or five feet wide, assaying $25 gold and upwards, with a little silver. On the 
extension Moses Emerson and John O'Neil have the Epha and an extension 
showing four to six feet of quartz carrying $7.20 gold and an ounce of silver 
on the surface. 

On the west spur of Mount Hawkins is the Ida Elmore, owned by Messrs. 
Hawkins, Grieve and Dunlap, on which a tunnel thirty-six feet shows a ledge 
eighteen to thirty-six inches, assaying $45 free gold and $82 gold in sulphurets. 
A cross-cut has been run 236 feet to tap it. On a parallel ledge is the 
Maud O., owned by A. D. Olmstead, C. O. Swayne and A. W. Haight, of 
Roslyn, E. W. Wilson and C. W. Sill, of Seattle. A tunnel and incline have 
been run 147 feet on the ledge, showing eighteen inches of solid free milling 
ore, of which an average assay gave $71 gold and $1 silver. A small stamp 
mill has ISeen bought for this property and will be erected when the snow 
goes off. Near the mouth of Camp Creek J. C. Jackson and Charles Eaton 
have the Beaver on a four-foot ledge between granite walls, on which a 
tunnel is in thirty-five feet. The ore assays $18 gold, silver and copper in 
sulphurets. 

The Ruby group of two claims has five closely parallel ledges, which have 
been traced across the river to Goat Mountain, and is owned by H. F. Weise 
and S. Kedzie Smith. One, ledge of great size has a fifty-foot tunnel along 
the hanging wall, which shows iron sulphides on the wall and line-grained 
arsenical iron in a number of streaks, assaying $7.35 to $28 gold and silver. 
Another ledge is six or seven feet between walls and shows eleven similar 
seams of arsenical iron and sulphides in a small tunnel. A third ledge is 
similar in size and character and the two appear to be running together. 
Another is Sixteen feet wide, similar in all respects, and the remaining two, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 65 

thirty inches and five feet wide, are also like them, except that they carry 
more copper, assays running $13 to $20 silver, $4 to $5 gold and 10 per cent, 
copper. 

•^ Three of these ledges show very prominently on the extension up Goat 
Mountain, on which Messrs. Weise and Smith have the Brown Bear group of 
three parallel claims. The widest is sixty feet, cropping in a gully where a 
waterfall pours over a cliff of ore twenty-five feet high. A ten-foot tunnel 
shows galena and sulphides assaying $48.85 gold and silver and 5 per cent, 
lead, and sixteen feet of ore shows in the croppings and assays $63.40 gold 
and silver. The two parallel ledges are thirty and forty feet wide, and carry 
more galena, being similar in other respects to the first. On the extension 
of the same series down the mountain to the river the Jackson brothers 
located the Cascade in the fall of 1896 and by their first shot took out $65 ore 
carrying more galena than on the other claims. 

On Goat Mountain a good showing of galena ore has been made by Curtis 
Homer, of Roslyn, and Michael McHugh, of Buckley, on the Silver Dump, 
nearly opposite the mouth of Camp Creek. A tunnel has been driven forty 
feet on the river bank, and shows an eighteen-inch pay streak of solid 
galena, assaying $63 silver and some gold. Near this claim David Tayne, 
Robert Babcock and Charles Roberts, of Roslyn, have a ledge of great width, 
which assays $35 gold, $6 silver and 3 per cent, copper. On the southeast 
end of Goat Mountain William McKasson has the Hardscrabble on a six-foot 
ledge carrying iron pyrites and capped with iron-stained porphyry. On a 
ten-foot cross ledge of similar ore John H. Corbins has the Mattie. 

A great belt of ledges runs across Howson Gulch and up the mountain 
on the left bank opposite Red Mountain, in a northeast and southwest course, 
cutting the granite, while a number of cross ledges run almost at right 
angles. The most active work is being carried on uy the Morning s\ar 
Mining Company, which has seven claims on three ledges. One of these 
measures sixteen feet and a 100-foot tunnel shows tbe ledge matter mineral- 
ized the full width. An assay a few feet from the mouth showed 59.60 gold, 
besides copper and silver. Another ledge crops eight feet wide and shows 
white iron sulphides carrying $5.70 gold in a fifteen-foot tunnel, which is being 
driven 100 feet. Another ledge eight to ten feet wide is being opened by a 
tunnel, ore from which assays $7 gold and silver. 

On the same belt John McDonald, of Seattle, and William Campbell, of 
Port Blakeley, have the War Eagle group of twenty-eight claims, which they 
are developing. On the War Eagle ledge, six feet wide, are four claims, and 
a sixty-foot tunnel shows iron sulphides the full width, assays running about 
$40 gold and silver, mostly the former. Another seven-foot ledge runs 
through four claims and a thirty-foot tunnel shows sulphurets and molyb- 
denite. Another claim is on a twenty-six foot ledge, on which a fifteen-foot 
tunnel shows galena and sulphurets its whole width, assaying $8 to $10 gold 
and silver. An eight-foot ledge running through two claims is opened by a 
ten-foot tunnel, now being extended, and has been stripped, the surface ore 
carrying $5 free gold. A forty-foot tunnel shows galena ore carrying $8 or $9 
gold and silver in a six-foot ledge and a tunnel of the same length shows 
sulphide ore in a four-foot ledge. 

At the head of Boulder Creek, on the summit of the ridge between the 
Teanaway and the Cle-Elurn, is a great porphyry dike running southeast 
and northwest, which is fully 100 feet wide and spreads at one point to a 
greater width. It is veined with quartz ledges four to twenty feet wide, 
carrying gold, silver and nickel. On the Keystone group of ten claims, owned 
by Adolph Eisner, John Grosso and John Somers, of Roslyn, is a ledge 
twenty feet wide, in which a twenty-foot shaft shows a twenty-four inch 
pay streak assaying 8 to 18 per cent, quicksilver, $2.40 to $15 gold. On an 
eight-foot ledge a twenty-eight foot tunnel shows six inches of talc on each 
wall, which assays 2% to 8 per cent, quicksilver, $5 to $24 gold, besides nickel. 
A cross-cut has been driven thirty-two feet. The Chesapeake group of five 
claims was located in 1896 on the northeast end of the dike by John Mulligan 
and others. The surface ore assayed $13 gold. 

One of the famous claims of this district is that located by the late Elvin 
Thorp ten years ago on Red Mountain and now owned by Edward Pruyn 
and J. B. Davidson, of Ellensburg. The ledge is iron pyrites twelve feet 
wide under a red iron cap, and assays have ranged from $18 to $165 in gold 
silver and copper. A tunnel was run 240 feet on the ledge by the original 
owners. On the northeast extension J. S. McConihe and Jacob Welsh have 
the John C, and on one of the peaks William McKasson and John H. Corbins 
have the St. John and St. Duke on a ledge eighteen feet wide. 

The famous Cle-Elum Iron Mines, which may yet turn out to be gold and 
copper mines, are on a seven-foot ledge showing red hematite and magnetite 
in the croppings, which assays 56 per cent, metallic iron. It has been traced 
two miles down the river and bears eastward across the Teanaway to the 
headwaters of the Peshastin. On this ledge the Pacific Investment Company 
has twelve patented claims, on which it ran a number of tunnels and surface 
cuts. 

Placer gold is found throughout the bars of the Cle-elum River and has 
been mined spasmodically -for many years, but the g:>ld is mostly fine and the 
best pay would probably be found on the bedrock of the old channel. Several 



66 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

parties are working- to reach bedrock, among- them Messrs. Hicks and Jones 
near the mouth of Fortune Creek, L. F. McConihe on the Princeton bar, 
John H. Corbins and William McKasson at the Battle Ax camp. The high 
bars on the sidehills are evidently old river wash and skill and persistence, 
backed by money, might show good pay on bedrock, but it is probable that 
only hydraulicking on a large scale would be profitable. Until the last year 
work was confined to the low bars, from which Theodore Cooper, James 
Wright and John Lind took $400 in 1895 in coarse gold with some pieces of plati- 
num at the China camp. R. De Witt and William Taylor have wing-dammed 
the channel at Big Salmon le Sac and taken light gold from bedrock. 

♦•+•+•+•+©+•+•+•+ 

THE ICICLE. 

The mountain walls between which this stream flows from the snows of 
Mount Stuart into the Wenatchee offer an inviting field to the prospector, in 
which he has barely begun to uncover the mineral. If the discoveries already 
made may be taken as an earnest of what remains to be found, this is as 
rich a part of the Cascade mineral belt as many already described. It lies in 
a direct line with districts which make good showings, on the north, south 
and west, being divided by a single mountain ridge from the headwaters of 
the Cle-elum. 

The district is reached from either the Northern Pacific or the Great 
Northern Railroad. The former is left at Cle-elum, 122 miles from Seattle, 
a branch line followed to Roslyn, four miles, and the wagon road followed 
up the Cle-elum Valley, twenty-five miles, to the mouth of Scatter Creek. 
Thence a horse trail leads three miles over the divide to the headwaters of 
the Icicle. The Great Northern Railroad may be taken to Leavenworth, 
151 miles from Seattle, and thence a trail leads up the Icicle thirty miles to 
its head. 

The greatest discovery, and the one having most development, is on the 
Pickwick group of thirteen claims, from which the Pickwick Mining and 
Development Company expects to ship ore this season. This is a great deposit 
of decomposed quartz, carrying copper carbonates, sulphides and bornite, 
which covers a great but undefined area in the basin at the head of Phantom 
Creek, an affluent of the Icicle near its source. It has been traced over a 
space 6,000 by 145 feet and its boundaries were not found. From an open cut 
thirty feet long a shaft was sunk forty feet and cross-cuts made from the 
bottom seventy-five feet one way and forty-five feet the other, and all the 
rock cut through had the minerals already mentioned disseminated through 
it. A mill test of this rock showed it to carry 15 per cent, copper, $14 gold, 
$5.40 silver, a total of $34.40. At another point a tunnel was driven 100 feet 
and a cross-cut forty-five feet each way, and all this work was in ore carry- 
ing a smaller percentage of copper but more gold than that taken from the 
shaft. The company has recently bought two adjoining claims and will make 
a road to connect with the Cle-elum Valley road, with a view to shipping 
ore this season. 

A number of locations— probably fifty— have been made during the past 
3 r ear on the two forks of Jack's Creek, which enters the Icicle about twenty 
miles from its mouth, and on some of them work was continued until snow 
fell last winter. On one of these A. F. and F. D. Estes ran a thirty-foot 
tunnel on a twelve-foot ledge assaying $28 gold and copper. L. A. Parker 
and H. C. Castlebury have shown gray copper in a sixteen-foot cross-cut on 
a ten-foot ledge, where they have the Bald Eagle and Gray Eagle. A five- 
foot ledge carrying arsenical iron, on the mountain overlooking the left fork 
of Jack's Creek, gave a surface assay of $13.80 gold, and extends through the 
Blind Lead group of three claims held by John Bjork, A. Van Epps, H. L. 
Farley and Camille Massey, and four extensions held by Ed Gonsur, with 
Messrs. Massey and Farley. On the left bank of the right fork of Jack's 
Creek a dike of dolomite and quartz is slightly miieralized throughout with 
white iron and sulphurets, carrying gold, silver and nickel, and is opened 
by a twenty-six foot tunnel. On this ledge are the Nevada and Excelsior, 
held by Messrs. Bjork and Van Epps. 

THE SWATTK. 

In other sections of Washrington placer mining has quickly become 
dwarfed in importance by quartz mining, but on the Swauk and its tribu- 
taries the former system still holds pre-eminence. It is only during late 
years that discoveries of mineral-bearing rock have distracted attention from 
the auriferous gravel which has yielded nuggets large enough to become the 
talk of the state. The district is easily accessible, considering its distance 
from a railroad. From Seattle the route is by the Northern Pacific Railroad 




MINING IN THE PACIFIC NC-.rTH.WE8T 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 67 

to Cle-elum, 126 miles, and thence by a good wagon road sixteen miles to 
Liberty, the center of the district; or by the same railroad to Ellensburg, 
151 miles, and thence by an equally good road to Liberty, thirty-six miles. 
From Liberty roads branch out up the several creeks and buggies can be 
driven through the open, grassy pine woods in many places where no road 
has been made. 

The gold of the Swauk's placers is believed to have come from Table 
Mountain on the east and the Teanaway Range on the west, and is found in 
the bars which cover old creek channels along the banks of Williams, Boulder 
and Baker Creeks, and of Swauk Creek between Baker and First Creeks, a 
distance of three miles north and south and about the same east and west. 
The country rock is sandstone and slate, with dikes of basalt and porphyry, 
the bedrock of the old channels being slate, with occasional dikes of sand- 
stone and basalt, carrying 2 to 3 per cent, of iron, which is locally known as 
iron rock. One theory is that the gold in Williams Creek, and in the Swauk 
below that creek, came from the summit of Table Mountain, for on this 
level plateau there is said to be good pay dirt, and all its drainage runs into 
the Swauk, and all the valleys and gulches carry more or less placer gold. 
However, the fact that little gold has been found in the Swauk above Baker 
Creek, and that all the coarse gold is found on the bedrock of old channels 
between this stream and First Creek, leads to the conclusion that the gold 
deposits in the Swauk itself were not washed down by that stream, but by 
its tributaries, Baker, Williams and Boulder Creeks. The upper dirt carries 
only fine gold in most instances, and the miners do not take the trouble to 
attempt to save it, but in the old channel big nuggets are found. The char- 
acter of the ground above Baker Creek is also different, for it is all hill wash, 
while below that stream it is evidently channel wash, with boulders of a 
different character. The nuggets range in size from a pinhead up, the larger 
ones being generally rough, flat pieces about three-quarters of an inch thick, 
or in the shape of a network of wires, mashed together by the action of the 
water. They are found in the three or four feet of dirt next to the bedrock. 
The product of Williams Creek is worth $1.50 to $2 an ounce more than that 
of Swauk and Baker Creeks, as the latter carries considerable silver. The 
Swauk gold is worth $13.50 an ounce, and that of Williams Creek $14.50 to $15. 

The good pay in coarse gold has led the miners to despise fine gold as not 
worth the trouble of saving, yet it has been proved by panning the dumps 
that they will pay well for working over, and that more careful and sys- 
tematic work would bring good results. Experience has shown that the gold 
is finer towards the mouth of a stream and thus it is that the nugget hunters 
have only worked the bars for two miles below Liberty. That there is good 
pay in the gravel beyond that point is proved by the fact that Chinamen who 
worked there many years ago earned $2 or $3 a day to the man, and that 
shafts sunk deeper than their workings showed dirt carrying twenty colors 
to the pan. 

The Fraser River miners passed through this district on their return 
southward without discovering its wealth. Bent Goodwin, a deaf-mute, made 
the discovery by accident in 1868, while hunting. Going to the creek for a 
drink at a point a little below John Black's present mine, he fished up a piece 
of gold worth $10 or $12, which he found lying on the bedrock. He and his 
companions went to work and their success soon caused a rush of miners, 
who located the flats all along the creek. Among them were M. Cooper, 
Frank Gibbs and John A. Shoudy. The oldest pioneer now working is John 
Black, who came about twenty years ago and finally went to work on the 
high bars, half a mile above Liberty. In 1893 he replaced his primitive outfit 
with a hydraulic plant and has since worked on a large scale on a bar 
twenty-five feet high. He uses six Hungarian riffles in thirty feet of sluice 
box, with no quicksilver, and saves nearly all the gold in the first two riffles, 
making no effort to catch the fine gold. His biggest nugget was worth $565, 
while others have weighed 23 and 20 ounces respectively. 

The placer claim furthest up the valley now being worked is on the high 
bar north of the mouth of Baker Creek, which has the honor of having 
produced the champion nugget, weighing $1,004. This claim is now owned 
by Gus Nilson, who has been drifting on bedrock. On the other side of 
Baker Creek is a range of six 200-foot claims, from which the late J. C. Pike 
took out a $745 nugget. These claims, which aggregate thirty-seven acres, 
all high bar. with ten to eighteen feet of dirt above bedrock, are now owned 
by W. A. Ford. A tunnel has been run 196 feet due west from the rim of 
bedrock until it reached a point where it dropped off nine feet at an angle 
of 45 degrees and the water drove the miners out. This is supposed to be the 
old channel, from which the gold has been washed up to the high rim. Mr. 
Ford is using a hydraulic and has found nuggets of $5 up to $300 on bedrock. 
He found spots of blue gravel which seemed to run back under the mountain 
to the west, and this fact, together with the discovery in the tunnel, leads 
to the belief that the old channel ran from northwest to southeast, obliquely 
across the present one. This theory will explain the failure to find pay dirt 
on the Swauk above Baker Creek, although the prospecting in that part of 
the valley has not been thorough. 

The next four claims on the east below Black's are owned by the Green 
Tree Mining Company, of Tacoma *^»»ich has at times leased them on shares. 



68 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

but is now tunneling on bedrock. At the forks of Swauk and Williams 
Creeks Giis Nilson has tunneled 600 feet on bedrock and drifted 900 feet, 
taking out about $30,000. L. H. Jansen, of Tacoma, is drifting on bedrock on 
the two next claims. H. C. Jones and H. C. Dennett, on the two next 
adjoining claims, are drifting on bedrock under a bar seventy feet high and 
find the pay dirt closer to bedrock as they go down stream. Beyond them, 
David, Thomas and George Livingstone have run a tunnel 170 feet to bedrock 
on three claims and have started another, taking out nuggets as large as 
11 ounces and averaging about 50 cents. From one of their claims three 
nuggets were taken ten years ago, the largest of which weighed $400 and the 
smallest $200. Next below them John Mayer has sunk twenty feet to bedrock, 
which is here below the present channel, has erected a pump and raises dirt 
by a whim from three tunnels, one of which is 300 feet long. On the two next 
claims Dexter Shoudy has a tunnel 400 feet, and the furthest work down the 
creek is being done by two gangs of Chinamen, who strip off the surface 
dirt and wheel the pay dirt to sluice boxes. 

The placer mines of the Swauk were extended up Williams creek in 1868 
by H. M. Cooper, who found gold about a mile above the mouth of the creek, 
on ground now included in Thomas F. Meagher's claim, and the workings 
now extend two miles above the mouth. The first prospecting was done in 
the creek bottom, but this was found to give poor pay, and not until the 
bedrock of the old channel was struck were good results obtained. It runs 
a little south of west and north of east and is cut diagonally by the present 
channel about a mile from the mouth. The gold is all coarse, in pieces from 
10 cents to 17V 2 ounces, and is in flat, smooth nuggets. It is nearly all found 
in the six or eight inches of dirt next to bedrock, and the miners rarely 
work the upper dirt. 

The first claim above the mouth is owned by Andrew Flodin, who has run 
about 400 feet of tunnel on bedrock. Thaddeus Neubaur is drifting on bed- 
rock. H. C. Jones' claim, next above, is being worked on shares by John 
Doyle, each taking half. He has run a drain race 484 feet across the bedrock 
and struck the pay streak, on which he has since been tunneling. He finds 
that the bar pays only on bedrock, but thinks it would pay all the way 
through if worked in conjunction with the claims below. It now pays $3 a 
day to the man after deducting the owner's half, the nuggets weighing $23 
and less. Thomas F. Meagher has three claims next above, at the mouth 
of Lyons' Gulch, taking in all the old channel, from which he took out over 
$15 000 in 1895 with a hydraulic. He has about 3,000 feet of tunnel, and is now 
drifting on bedrock from an open drain. His gold is generally coarse, his 
largest nugget being $222, but there is fine gold all through the bar. 

C. E. H. Bigney has some extensive workings on the eighteen acres next 
above Mr. Meagher's on the high bars on the left bank. He has sunk 
an inclined shaft to bedrock 116 feet on the upper edge of the claim, and put 
down an air shaft ninety-three feet. He has done 2,805 feet of tunneling on 
bedrock, and struck the old channel 160 feet from the face of the bar, at a 
depth of twelve feet below the. present channel, so that he has to pump to 
keep clear of water. The dirt is raised by a water-power hoist from the 
incline and by a whim from the other shaft. He got the mine in shape to 
produce in 1892, and in 1895 took out about $16,000. William H. Elliott, on the 
next claim, has drifted 500 feet, on bedrock from one side of the creek to the 
other, but has not yet reached the old channel, and, although he has struck 
some gold, he does not expect pay dirt till he does so. Nis Jensen, whose 
claims adjoins Mr. Elliott's, has driven a tunnel on bedrock 250 feet from the 
old channel and another 107 feet, which proved to be twenty feet above bed- 
rock, but has not yet reached the pay streak. He finds that the whole bar 
carries gold, as large as pinheads near the surface, and in nuggets running 
up to $7.25 near bedrock. Louis Quietsch, next above Mr. Jensen, has run 
a tunnel 125 feet and drifted either way on bedrock, but, while he found fine 
gold, there was not enough to pay, and he has lately turned his attention 
to quartz mining. George D. Verdin, who owns the last placer claim up 
Williams Creek, has driven a bedrock tunnel and sunk two shafts, but has 
transferred his energies to quartz claims. 

Placer gold was first, struck on Boulder Creek by W. R. Hart in 1891. A 
shaft was sunk for bedrock and struck the rim, from which a cross-cut was 
started, but water forced a stoppage of work. The gold was in small nuggets, 
the largest weighing one-half pennyweight. The Livingstones prospected 
these claims eight years ago and found moderately coarse gold, from two 
feet below the surface downward. This claim, with another adjoining and 
two on a gulch leading down to them from the right bank, is now owned by 
Thomas F. Meagher, C. C. Whitaker and A. F. York. During two months' 
hydraulicking on the gulch claims they took out nearly $2,000, the dirt carry- 
ing gold from the grass roots down. It is in the form of both smooth nuggets 
and wire gold, and ranges down to flour gold. The largest piece Was worth 
$160; others weighed $98, $95 and $45, and there was quite a number of $25 
nuggets. The product brings about $15 an ounce at the mint, 1 per cent. 
silver bringing down the value. Adjoining the Boulder Creek claims of this 
firm Mr. Hart has two others, one on which he has three men employed in 
sinking a shaft to bedrock, while on the other two men are running a bedrock 
drain. On the claims next below the gulch James Sutherland and August 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 69 

^iegel have sunk a shaft sixty feet to bedrock and are tunneling from it. 
They found one nugget of $24 and got $10 or $12 in the bottom of the shaft, 
but have not so far found enough to pay. Their work is hampered by wa'.er, 
as bedrock is sixty feet below the level of the present creek, which the old 
channel seems to parallel. Prospecting is also going on above Mr. Hart's 
claim and in the adjoining gulches, but nowhere has the old channel been 
reached or pay dirt been struck. 

The miners of the Swauk have hitherto shown a decided repugnance to 
the invasion of outside capital, which would work the placers on a large scale 
by modern methods and therefore more economically, but efforts are being 
made in this direction. Although hundreds of thousands of dollars have 
been taken out, the ground has only been worked enough to prove its value, 
only about one-tenth of the gravel having been worked. In fact, it may 
fairly be said that the work so far done "is practically equivalent only to 
thorough prospecting. The consolidation of the placers and their operation 
as a whole, with proper water pressure, would make good paying property 
■of all the placer ground, while new the cost of handling the dirt is so high 
in many places that it only pays ordinary wages. 

Discoveries of free milling quartz, which is now diverting attention from 
the placers, date back to 1887, when Thomas Tweed and William Johnson 
found a pocket on the east bank of Swauk Creek, opposite the mouth of 
Baker Creek, which carries wire gold in nuggets ranging as high as $6, and 
was apparently a broken quartz ledge. A sixty-foot tunnel showed a number 
of stringers running into one, but no main ledge in place. They built an 
arra/stre and ground between $10,000 and $11,000 worth of rock in it, twelve 
tons yielding $2,200. 

Later discoveries show the quartz ledges to extend from some distance 
up Baker Creek across the Swauk and through the hills cut by Williams and 
Boulder Creeks and Kruger Gulch. The general course of the ledges is 
northwest and southeast, the walls being slate and the ledge matter blue 
and bird's-eye quartz. The ore carries enough free gold to make it pay well, 
and the miners grind it in arrastres, being content to let the sulphurets 
escape in the tailings, but as the ore grows baser at depth this crude process 
will have toJDe abandoned. 

George Hampton located the first claim, the Red, on the hill between 
Kruger and Lyons Gulches in 1889. It is a three-foot ledge carrying about 
.$16 gold, mostly in sulphurets. He sank shafts seventy-five and fifty feet 
and cross-cut 200 feet, taking out about fifty tons of ore. 

Two years later Andrew Flodin located the First of August on a four-foot 
ledge of bird's-eye quartz between solid slate walls. He has sunk a shaft 
ninety-six feet, showing a pay streak twelve or thirteen inches wide, with 
well-defined walls. He has also run a cross-cut 170 feet, which will strike 
the ledge at a depth of 140 feet in seventy feet more. In 1894 he built a water- 
power arrastre on Williams Creek, with a capacity of 3,200 pounds a day, 
and averaged $21.23 a ton in a year's run. On the southwest extension of 
this ledge he has run three cross-cuts, of which the longest struck the ledge 
in eighty-five feet. He is sinking a shaft on another ledge on the same claim, 
of which he has not defined the width, the ore being black slate veined with 
quartz. 

The Brown Bear group of two claims at the head of Kruger Gulch, owned 
by Keith W. Dunlap, Mrs. M. A. Chapman, Whitson & Parker, Vestal Snyder 
and Matt Bartholet, all of North Yakima, has a ledge about three feet wide 
which has assayed from $100 to $140. A shaft is down forty-five feet and will 
be extended before drifting begins. Below the Flodin claims on Kruger Gulch 
William Queitsch has the Dandy on a six-foot ledge and has run a tunnel 
twenty-five feet on a stringer, which returned from $20 to $25 at his arrastre. 

On the Morning Dr. O. M. Graves has two ledges of bird's-eye quartz, one 
sixteen to twenty-four inches and the other three to four feet, the smaller one 
assaying $12.50 free gold. A tunnel has been driven fifty-five feet toward the 
face of the ledge and will strike it in fifty feet more, having .cut two small 
•feeders already. Dr. Graves has put in a steam stamp mill, with one 750- 
pound stamp for prospecting purposes. 

On the extension of the Morning ledge Louis Queitsch has the Bunker 
Hill on which he has five veins ranging from seven feet down. A thirty-foot 
tunnel on the widest shows good free milling ore. 

The ledges have been traced over the hills on both sides of Kruger Gulch 
and development is proceeding there also. A. B. Morrison and Daniel Morri- 
son have started a tunnel on the Livingstone ledge adjoining the First of 
August on the northeast. On the south side of Williams Creek they have 
sunk a shaft seventy-five feet on a four-foot ledge on the Bullion, run a cross- 
cut tunnel over 100 feet and another sixty feet at a point fifty feet further 
down, yielding $8 a ton. Gus Nilson and H. C. Condon, of Yakima, have two 
feet of ore on the Great Wonder. A shaft is down twenty feet on the ledge 
and a forty-foot tunnel has cross-cut it. A few tons milled gave $35 a ton 
and they nave built a one-ton arrastre. On another claim an eighteen-inch 
cross ledge of $32 ore. on which a shaft is down eighteen feet, with a tunnel 
twenty- v-ree feet. . 

' The Great Western group of two claims, owned by Gus Nilson. Evan 
Strander and Charles Kineth, has a fourteen-foot ledge, from which the 



70 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

four feet next the footwall carries $6 free gold and a higher value in sulphur- 
ets, which they have tapped with a fifty-foot cross-cut. Another ledge four 
feet wide has a twelve-inch pay streak carrying $18 free gold, shown in a 
sixteen-foo^ shaft. 

On the mountain south of the south fork John H. Price has the Wall 
Street group of six claims on a series of parallel ledges, two of which are 
cut by the creek. One of these shows up seven feet wide in a forty-foot shaft 
and sixty-foot drift and carries $8 free gold, besides sulphurets. Another is 
thirty inches wide in an eighteen-foot shaft and carries $4 to $5 free gold. 
Another, five feet wide, is cross-cut by a 145-foot tunnel, which also cut a 
series of stringers two to twenty-four inches wide, the main ledge assaying 
$4 free gold and the smallest stringer $10. 

George W. Verdin has taken some of the richest ore in the camp from the 
two forks of the widest ledge of the Wall Street series, on which he has the 
Gold Vein and Badger. One of these shows a foot of ore in tunnels eighty and 
100 feet and a small shaft, the average value being $30, though pockets have 
run as high as $1 a pound and several thousand dollars were cleaned up from 
one run of an arrastre. 

A little to the left of the forks of Williams Creek G. W. Seaton has the 
two Gold Leaf claims on a ledge of free milling ore. A shaft is down sixty 
feet and is intersected by a tunnel of the same length. Another tunnel forty 
feet long taps the ledge at a depth of fifty feet and a third tunnel has been 
run 100 feet on the ledge. This work shows it to widen to three or four feet 
and fifty tons milled in a one-ton arrastre averaged over $30. 

On the gulch running into Boulder Creek, from which they made their rich 
strike of placer gold, Messrs. Whitaker, Meagher and York have the two 
Bertha claims on a ledge of porphyritic quartz, similar to the rock found in 
the placers and carrying free gold of the same character. It crops out five to 
six feet wide, between walls of basalt and iron rock. They have stripped a 
stringer from four to eight inches wide running into the ledge, which is richly 
studded with small nuggets. They also have the North Star on a three-foot 
ledge across the gulch. 

In tne next gulch above the Bertha, Albert Tallicut has the Josie on two 
small seams of ore which he is milling in an arrastre, one pocket containing 
25-cent nuggets. South of Boulder Creek Mr. York has the Uncle Sam on a 
three-foot ledge, carrying $8 free gold. 

Free milling ore was discovered in the spring of 1896 a mile above the 
mouth of Baker Creek by George F. N. Watson. He has the Green horn on a 
three-foot ledge between walls of porphyry and iron rock, which gives 1,000 
colors to the pan in fine round shot gold. The Bobtail, on the north extension, 
owned by Irvine Liggett, Isaac Zeran and Dr. H. B. Runnels, shows twenty 
inches of similar ore in a twenty-foot shaft. The Mary Ellen, owned by the 
same parties, is on a parallel ledge fourteen to twenty-four inches, showing 
well in a twenty-eight foot shaft. The Big Bear and Little Bear, on a four- 
foot ledge traced for 3,000 feet, are owned by F. D. Wilson and E. J. Young, 
and show ore rich in coarse and flake gold. 

E. J. Gaffney and F. W. Clayton in 1896 discovered a ledge four to sixteen 
inches wide on the west bank of the Swauk below Liberty, assays from which 
range from $26 upward. 

Some of the more progressive miners in the Swauk district are already 
preparing to erect stamp mills and concentrators and another year is likely 
to see quite an increase in production following upon such improvement in 
methods. 

+©+©♦©+©+©+©>©+©+ 

WENATCHEE. 

This city is known chiefly as the outfitting point for the districts in Okan- 
ogan county north of it, being the connecting point of the Great Northern 
Railroad and the Columbia River steamer line, but it also has the making of 
a mining camp at its back door, within three miles of it by wagon road. The 
ore is low grade, bearing gold and a small proportion of silver, but is in such 
large deposits that, if worked on a considerable scale with modern methods 
and skillful management, it would pay handsome dividends. The deposit is a 
great dike of porphyry in which are numerous veins of quartz, and extends 
over three miles in an almost due north and south course from Squilchuck 
Creek to Canyon No. 2, directly back of the town, among the foothills. An- 
other parallel dike of almost equal size has been located for a distance of five 
miles. The principal work in this district' has been done on the Golden King 
group of three claims, located by M. J. Carkeek, of Seattle, and owned by the 
Golden King Mining Company, of Seattle. 

The dike is a veritable landmark in the Squilchuck Canyon, standing out 
on the north side, one mile from the Columbia, from 100 to 150 feet wide be- 
tween walls of bastard granite rising in a great cluster of pinnacles'and spires 
of bright red, yellow and brown to a height of 150 feet above the road and 
growing taller toward the crest of the hill until it reaches an elevation of 500 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 71 

feet. The whole dike is more or less mineralized, the porphyry carrying about 
$2 gold besides silver, but the best value is in the quartz stringers, which range 
in width from six inches to seven feet, and have given assays ranging from $4 
to $16. The dike is so thoroughly mineralized from the very surface that 
it could be mined very cheaply, in fact it could be quarried out, and with a 
large stamp mill could be reduced profitably. 

The Golden King Mining Company has a mill with five 500-pound stamps, 
operated by steam power, and in 1894 began to mill the surface ore, which was 
quarried. The intention was to mill only the quartz, but it was not carefully 
sorted, so that a large proportion of the less valuable porphyry went through 
the battery and the milling at times was not over-skillful. During a sixty 
days' run of four tons every twenty-four hours $1,600 in bullion was taken out. 
The mill was then shut down in October, 1894, and a tunnel was started at the 
foot of the hill on the roadside to develop the deposit at depth. It runs for the 
first 100 feet through surface wash and slide rock, which requires heavy tim- 
bering to prevent caves, and then runs for eighty-six feet through the dike at 
an acute angle, cutting thirty feet across at right angles to the course of the 
deposit. In this eighty-six feet about forty seams of quartz from six to thirty 
inches wide were cut, their width on the surface running as high as seven feet. 
This quartz is the pay ore and there is plenty of it to keep a mill busy without 
the lower grade porphyry. Since the mill shut down only assessment work 
has been done on the tunnel and several offers to lease the property have been 
declined. 

Adjoining the Golden King on the south is the Charlotte, owned by D. P. 
Bigelow, of Seattle; Thomas Groves and F. M. Scheble, of Wenatchee, on 
which prospecting shows seventeen feet of porphyry veined with quartz, 
assaying $6 to $8 gold and silver on the surface. Parallel with the Golden King 
on the west is the Last Chance, owned by J. M. Rae, on which a tunnel has 
been run a short distance. On the main dike, extending northward, are the 
Gilman, owned by D. H. Gilman, of Seattle; the Eureka, running down to Dry 
Gulch, owned by Angus Mackintosh; the Sunrise, on the opposite side of Dry 
Gulch, owned by M. J. Carkeek; the Tibbie, owned by P. P. Shelby; the Bagley, 
owned by C. P. Converse, of Seattle. The only work worth mentioning on 
these claims is a surface cut forty feet across the dike on the Tibbie. On a 
parallel dike of the same character and carrying ore of the same value, 200 feet 
in width, extending from Squilchuck Creek, across Dry Gulch and Canyon No. 
2 to the Wenatchee River, a distance of five miles, claims have been located by 

William Parry, D. A. Curry, W. B. Reddy, Lunn, W. H. Merriam, Arthur 

Gunn, George Evans and E. Ross, but the only work has been done by Mr. 
Lunn, who holds two claims and has sunk a shaft forty to forty-five feet from 
the highest outcrop. 

PESHASTIN AND NEGRO CREEKS. 

Almost midway between the two transcontinental railroads which traverse 
the state from east to west lies the district where the first stamp mill in 
Washington was erected. Taking the Northern Pacific train from Seattle to 
Cle-elum, 122 miles, one can ride or drive to Blewett, the center of the district 
a distance of thirty-two miles over a good road; or taking the Great Northern 
train to Leavenworth, 150 miles, one can go over a good road fourteen miles 
to the mouth of Ingalls Creek and thence by trail five miles to the camp 
furthest up Negro Creek or four miles to Blewett. A road four miles long 
would close the only gap in the road between the two railroads. 

The mineral belt through which Peshastin Creek flows northward into the 
Wenatchee River, receiving Ingalls and Negro Creeks as tributaries from the 
west and Ruby Creek from the east, has a totally different geological forma- 
tion from the country north and south of it. To the north, from a line cutting 
across the Chiwah River some distance above its mouth, is a sandstone 
formation which terminates on the northwest about the mouth of Icicle Creek, 
a granite formation lying north of it up the Chiwah River to Red Hill. About 
seven miles up the Peshastin this sandstone gives way to a series of strata of 
metamorphic rocks, including serpentine, syenite, diorite, magnesian lime- 
stone, talc, porphyry, porphyritic quartzite and granite. In the dikes of 
porphyritic quartzite occur ledges of nickel, silver and copper ore and some 
gold with gouges of talc, the dikes having a general trend from northwest to 
southeast, but bending generally more to an east and west line. On the one 
side this belt terminates two miles southeast of Blewett and to the west it 
gradually widens toward the base of Mount Stuart, which peak it includes. 
It extends into the Swauk district, where it forms a basin and swings to the 
northwest. 

Mineral was first discovered in this district about 1860 by a party of miners 
returning from Fraser River, but they only worked the placers and gradually 
drifted away, one of them, a negro, who took out $1,100 in a season from the 
bars at the mouth of Negro Creek, giving that stream its name. It was not 
till 1874 that the first quartz ledge was discovered. In that year John Shafer 



72 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

located the Culver on a ledge of free milling ore near the summit of the moun- 
tain dividing the Negro Creek canyon on one side from the Culver draw on the 
other, but was a short time behind Samuel Culver, who located the Polepick 
on a parallel ledge. Culver then took the Humming Bird on another ledge. 
James Lockwood staked out the Bobtail adjoining it, and John Olden and 
Peter Wider took the Fraction; John Olden and Samuel Culver the Little 
Culver. All these claims, except the Polepick and Little Culver, were shortly 
afterward bought by James Lockwood and his son, E. W. Lockwood, and 
H. M. Cooper, who erected a six-stamp mill with one Frue vanner, which they 
operated by water power. The mill reduced eight tons of ore in twenty-four 
hours and the clean-up from the first nine days' run was $2,100. The company 
also had an arrastre with a capacity of 1,000 pounds a day, of which the pro- 
duct averaged $70 a day. After running the mine and mill for eight years this 
company sold it to Thomas Johnson, who shut down after a short run. Then 
arose the dispute as to the ownership of the property, which culminated in the 
killing of William Donahue by Thomas Johnson in 1896, but this did not pre- 
vent the sale in 1891 to the Culver Gold Mining Company. This company 
erected a ten-stamp mill with four Woodbury concentrators and stretched a 
bucket cable tramway from the mill to the Culver mine, one-fifth mile. 
Some ore was shipped before the completion of the mill, one lot returning $800 
a ton. 

In 1892 the Culver Company sold out to the Blewett Gold Mining Company, 
composed of Seattle capitalists, and this company set to work to thoroughly 
develop the mine and mill its ores. 

On the Culver group are three parallel ledges between walls of serpentine 
and porphyry, that of the Culver itself being from two to ten feet wide, with 
occasional bunches of ore sixteen feet wide. The body of the ore is a reddish 
gray quartz and there occasionally occurs on the walls a transparent green 
talc with white crystals, through which, as in a magnifying glass, the flakes 
of free gold can be plainly seen. The Humming Bird and Bobtail ledge is two 
to four feet wide, and contains a blue quartz carrying a larger percentage of 
sulphurets than the Culver. The Fraction ledge is of about the same size and 
character and runs higher in iron sulphurets. As depth is attained the free 
gold runs out and the ore becomes base. The value runs all the way from $8 
to $20 in free gold with occasional pockets as high as $700, and it carries a trace 
of silver. The group has been developed by a number of tunnels aggregating 
several thousand feet, the longest of which is 600 feet, attaining a depth of 350 
feet on the Humming Bird. 

The company has erected a twenty-stamp mill at the mouth of the Culver 
draw, near the old Lockwood mill, allowing space for twenty more stamps,, 
and has four Woodbury concentrators, the whole plant having boiler capacity 
for forty stamps. The bucket tramway was moved to the new site and the 
mill equipped with every labor-saving appliance, such as self-feeders to the 
stamps. A steam sawmill was erected three miles up the creek with a capacity 
of 10,000 feet a day and sawed lumber for the mill buildings, the mine and 
repairs to the road and bridges over which the machinery was hauled from 
Cle-elum. The development of the mine and operation of the mill were con- 
tinued together by the company until 1894, when the system of leasing sections 
of the mines to small associations of miners was inaugurated, and has been 
continued with good results ever since, it being found that when miners have 
a direct interest in the product they sort tbe ore more carefully than when 
working for wages. The company still runs the mill and charges a royalty on 
the product and a milling charge, graduated up to a certain value. Above 
that figure the company and the lessees simply share the product on a 
graduated scale, the company's share increasing the higher the value of the 
ore. Under this system about sixty men are employed in mine and mill when 
both are in full operation. During the year 1896 the mill reduced 2.469 tons of 
Culver ore, from which the extraction averaged $12.62 a ton. and 473 tons of 
customs ore, from which returns are not obtainable. The product of the 
Blewett Company in bullion was about $60,000 for the year 1896. 

It having been found that with the most careful milling the arsenic in the 
ore floured the quicksilver on the plates and thus prevented it from catching 
the gold; also that much of the fine copper sulphides escaped in the slime in 
the shape of fcam, the tailings have been reserved in dams, with a view to 
further treatment by some improved process. This was established in the 
summer of 1896 and is a small cyanide plant erected under the direction of A. 
J. Morse for Rosenberg & Co., one of the parties of lessees. It has a capacity 
of ten tons a day and throughout the winter has been treating the tailings, of 
which 600 tons, containing from $3 to $30 a ton in gold had accumulated, and 
has extracted from 70 to 75 per cent, of the value. This plant has demon- 
strated the presence in the ores of substances which prevent close saving of 
their values and some modern process such as the cyanide will be finally 
adopted by the Blewett company. 

In 1878 the Culver ledge was traced over the ridge to Negro Creek and the 
Olympia group of five claims was located on it, its width averaging about four 
feet. These claims were sold to the Cascade Mining Company, which ran a 
tunnel southward on a stringer to the right of the ledge on one claim and 
sfruck two bodies of ore, of which it followed the wall. On another claim it 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 73 

ran a sixty-foot cross-cut tunnel in the direction of the ledge, but did not tap 
it, and ran a tunnel about fifty feet on the ledge near the summit, but it has 
since caved in. A two-stamp Huntington mill was hauled from The Dalles on 
the Columbia by team and over the mountain by block and tackle. It was 
-erected without concentrators and was run by water power in the expectation 
of saving the free gold. It was run for a couple of months in 1880 and reduced 
about fifty tons of ore, but the assay value of $10 to $70 a ton was chiefly in 
sulphides and very fine gold, so that dnly about $4.50 a ton was saved and the 
small percentage of copper was also lost. A year or two later, owing to the 
death of Marshall Blinn, the organizer of the company, the mill stopped and 
has never resumed. For a time the property was under bona to Edward 
Blewett, who ran a tunnel 200 feet in an endeavor to trace the ledge into the 
Culver, of which it has the characteristics and the same value in free gold, and 
several open cuts have been made, showing ore in a number of places. The 
Culver ledge spreads out towards the summit, and is divided by horses of 
syenite, which rock forms the hanging wall, and then disappears. 

Much of the gold in early days was lost by the milling of ore in arrastres, 
three of which were built and one is now in operation at intervals. When it 
is remembered that the fine copper sulphides which go off in foam cannot be 
saved even by cyanide and that only pan amalgamation is effective with them, 
one can imagine how much value is lost by such a rude mill as an arrastre. 

In the spring of 1896 the Blewett Company sold the ten-stamp mill to 
"Thomas Johnson, who has been milling the Polepick ore in it, with the addition 
of canvas tables. This mine has a quartz ledge varying from eighteen to 
thirty-six inches, and occasionally widening to five feet. Assays range from 
$10 to $132 in free gold, and average about $27. Development began with a 
cross-cut tunnel 237 feet, from which an upraise was made 147 feet, in ore all 
the way. A drift has been run 100 feet west from the upraise at the 100-foot 
level, on which stoping is being done, and another upraise has been started. 

Adjoining this claim on another ledge three feet wide is Polepick No. 2, 
owned by Dexter Shoudy & Co., on which a tunnel has been run eighty feet, 
showing ore which assays $28. 

On the Culver draw is the Phoenix, on which D. T. Cross and John F. Dore, 
of Seattle, and the late William Donahue tapped a five-foot ledge of brown 
quartz at a depth of 100 feet by cross-cutting 125 feet. They have run three 
levels 100 feet long at intervals of twenty feet and have stoped the ore from the 
highest level to the surface, having taken out in all 1,000 tons, which was 
milled at the Blewett mill and returned about $20 gold on the average. Some 
of this ore was reduced in 1895 in a small mill with four 250-pound stamps and 
a side-jigger concentrator, which was erected by the California Milling and 
Mining Company, but the cost of operation was out of proportion to the 
possible product and it has been shut down for nearly two years. 

The Peshastin is on a three-foot ledge, also on the Culver draw, on which 
William Donahue, Dore and Cross ran a tunnel and stoped some ore some 
years ago. In 1894 they bonded the claim to George W. Martin, of Minneapolis, 
who also leased the Blewett mill and built a chute down the hill to it. He ran 
through about 100 tons, but it was so poorly sorted that it did not pay for 
milling and the company canceled the lease. He then gave up, and Dexter 
Shoudy & Co. bought the mine. They ran a tunnel through the Fraction 
tunnel into the west end of the claim and took out about eighty tons of ore, 
which yielded about $21 a ton in free gold and eight tons of concentrates worth 
$100 a ton. 

On what is supposed to be the Culver ledge J. L. Warner and his associates 
have the Lightning, with the White Elephant and Pinte Tree on parallel ledges. 
They have simply kept up assessment work, driving a thirty-foot tunnel on the 
Pine Tree. 

A short distance above the Culver draw, on the west side of the canyon, 
Dexter Shoudy & Co. are working the Black Jack on a ledge of blue quartz 
two to five feet wide. They have run a tunnel over 200 feet on the ledge, from 
-which they have done some stoping, and are now cross-cutting toward a red 
porphyry dike which shows on the surface. They have found some cinnabar, 
yielding native quicksilver. About 260 tons of ore was milled last spring, and 
though not well sorted, yielded $8 a ton. The same parties own the Eureka, 
on the other side of the canyon, on a three-foot ledge which assays $16.64 gold 
and on which a tunnel has been driven forty feet. The owners bought the 
arrastre built by John Shafer sixteen years ago, and are milling the ore in it. 

The Polepick, Peshastin, Black Jack and the Johnson mill have recently 
been bonded to parties in the East, who contemplate working them together. 

On the Marion Charles Donahue has three veins, one of which is eight feet 
wide and carries $6 free milling and $9 concentrating ore. He has run a drift 
150 feet on a small stringer and has cross-cut eighty feet to the ledge. One of 
the other ledges he has identified as the extension of the Polepick, and on this 
he has drifted sixty-five feet and cross-cut eighty feet. On the Gem is a five- 
foot ledge of concentrating ore which assays $8 to $16 gold and 75 cents to 54 
ounces of silver. A cross-cut has been run sixty feet, but has not yet tapped 
the ledge, and a tunnel is in twenty feet on ore. 

Between the Peshastin and the Gem is the Manistee, owned by William 
Donahue's heirs, Dore and Cross. A tunnel has been driven 140 feet on a 



74 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

broken horse on the surface and the ledge has not been found in place. About 
eighty tons was milled in an arrastre in 1890 and paid $16 a ton. 

On the east side of the creek John Bomaster has the I. X. L., on which he 
has run a tunnel forty feet on a blanket ledge six or seven inches wide and 
assaying about $20 a ton. 

On the west side of the creek E. E. Keyes, of Menominee, Mich., has the 
Caledonia group of four claims on three parallel ledges. One of these has 
ledge matter on the surface, on which a tunnel driven twenty feet has not yet 
struck ore. On another, twelve feet wide, a shaft has been sunk thirty feet, 
in which iron pyrites is coming in. On the third there is a two-foot cropping 
of gray copper tapped by a cross-cut tunnel of about 120 feet. On the Goat 
there is a two-foot ledge of white quartz carrying free gold, from which some 
assays ran over $100. A shaft fifteen feet deep shows the free gold to continue. 

Near the Tip Top, at tne head of the basin and crossing the divide to Ruby 
Creek, Oliver Cloud and John Gilmore have the Sunset, on which is a six-foot 
ledge carrying gold and copper, and in two tunnels sixty feet and thirty feet 
on the ledge there is a showing of sulphurets on the face. 

On the east side of the canyon is the Tip Top, which has had a varied 
career. It was first worked by the Tip Top Mining Company, which sank a 
shaft seventy-five feet and drove a cross-cut tunnel 380 feet quartering with 
the ledge and another 400 feet a short distance below. The ore was stoped out 
from the first two levels and run through the arrastre, its value averaging $40, 
while some ran up to $90. The company abandoned the claim in 1888, and in the 
following year T. J. Vinton relocated it, and held it until 1895. He then leased 
it to James Kirk, who took out considerable ore, from which the extraction at 
the Blewett mill averaged $22. It is now leased to George W. Porter, who 
realized $10 a ton out of sixty tons milled. 

Just below the new mill, Peter Anderson and Thaddeus Neubaur have a 
vein of clear white talc ore, in which the free gold is plainly visible, similar to 
that of the Culver ledge. They have driven two tunnels, aggregating 400 feet, 
showing up the ledge well to a width varying from six inches to three feet. 

Within the last few years John Kendle has been prospecting in the camp 
by means of an instrument which, he claims, betrays the proximity of an 
auriferous ledge by electric attraction and which has gained credit with some 
prospectors. His instrument is supposed to discover gold, silver and copper 
and to indicate within certain limits how deep it is beneath the surface. It is 
a brass or silver cup containing a secret composition of acids, from which a 
tube of the same material extends an inch or more and then turns at right 
angles. Into it is cemented a copper wire eight inches long, which ends in a 
flat circular brass elbow. From this another copper wire extends six inches at 
right angles, so that it is parallel with the cup, and by this last wire the pros- 
pector holds the instrument as he walks slowly over the ground, pressing his 
finger ends firmly against the wire. x 

Mr. Kendle claims to have located over twenty ledges by means of this 
instrument and to have proved its accuracy by showing ore on development, 
seven of them being on his own claims. One of these claims is the Snowflake, 
located under eight feet of snow, where other men had in vain run crosscuts 
thirty, forty and sixty feet to strike the ledge. He ran a tunnel on it for 
twenty feet and found six feet of quartz between walls of quartzite and 
porphyry, which he says carries $7 gold and some copper. He and Henry 
Weinmann, his partner, have a Dodge mill with a capacity of twenty tons in 
twenty-four hours which they propose to set up at the mine and run by water 
power to crush the ore, treating the pulp with cyanide, another ledge located 
by this means and covered by two claims, is the Sunset, fifteen feet wide and 
carrying $10 to $15 gold. This is owned by Messrs. Kendle and Weinmann, 
who also have, in partnership with Paul Fein, three claims on the Yankee 
Doodle ledge, to strike which Mr. Weinmann had previously run cross-cuts 
150, 125 and 100 feet. They have run a tunnel 140 feet on it, showing nine feet 
of talc and three of white quartz carrying $4 free gold. Mr. Kendle claims to 
have also located by means of his instrument a four and one-half foot ledge 
for James Smith, who struck it with a forty-foot cross-cut; a five-foot ledge 
for James Gilmore, who struck it in a tunnel driven to its face; and a third for 
McDonald & Perry, who struck it two to three and one-half feet wide, carry- 
ing ore worth $19 to $22, by driving twenty feet. 

The mineral belt cut and exposed by the deep canyon of Negro Creek differs 
in many respects from that on Peshastin Creek, although only a high ridge 
divides the streams. Interest in this district languished after the suspension 
of work at the Cascade Mining Company's mill and did not revive until the 
great red buttes which stand out from the canyon walls oT Negro, Ingalls and 
Peshastin Creeks attracted attention in 1892. Prospectors soon found that the 
dikes of which these buttes were the highest points contained chutes of 
porphyritic quartzite, between walls of lime and porphyry, the chutes ranging 
in width from three to thirty feet, and several occurring across the width of 
the wider dikes. The qnartzite carries not only gold and some silver, but 
nickel to an average of 2V 2 per cent. It also carries cobalt, and the walls 
carry traces of nickel. Some of .the ledges furthest up the creek are distinctly 
copper ore, carrying 25 to 30 per cent, of that mineral, and one ledge carries 
cinnabar in which there is native quicksilver. Prospecting has gone on 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 75 

steadily and has extended the belt across the divide at the head of Negro Creek 
to Falls Creek, across the north wall of the canyon to and across Ingalls 
Creek, down the Peshastin a mile below the latter stream and across Ruby 
Creek, an eastern tributary of the Peshastin. A large amount of development 
has been done on many of the claims, but lack of capital and the need of a 
wagon road has prevented the district from becoming a producer. 

About a mile uu Negro Creek, which cuts it in two, is a ledge of porphyry 
fortv feet wide, on which is the War Eagle group of four claims, bonded by 
J. F. Buttles, George Hood and James Grant to the Co-operative Mining Syn- 
dicate, cf Seattle. It cuts through the granite, slate and serpentine country 
rock in a course slightly east of north and west of south, from the summit 
overlooking the Culver draw, on one side of Negro Creek, to that overlooking 
Ingalls Creek on the other. It is veined with quartz and carries value 
throughout its width, gold predominating where it cuts the granite. An 
average assay from a shaft twenty-five feet deep on the Ingalls Creek diviae 
shows $4.60 gold and numerous assays have run from $20 to $60 gold, some oi 
the ore also carrying nickel. A tunnel has been run twenty feet from Negro 
Creek on the ledge and is being continued through well-mmeralized rock. 

On the divide between Ingalls and Negro Creeks, opposite the Cascade 
Mining Company's property, W. S. Newland and Henry Brenard have the 
New York group of thirteen claims, torming a square on which is a mass 
of quartzite carrying gold, silver and copper. Only assessment work has 
been done in the shape of a shaft or tunnel ten to fifteen feet deep on 
each claim, and none of these have defined any ledges. Specimens taken 
at random from the surface of one claim assayed $4.60 gold, 3% per cent. 
copper and a trace of silver, and the Nellie assays $4 gold, $30 silver, 
besides nickel. The group could be worked from a tunnel on each side 
of the mountain, and a tramway half a mile long would take the product 
to Ingalls Creek. 

Across the creek from the Cascade Mining Company's group are the 
Eagle and Iowa, owned by Henry Blinn, of .Leavenworth. They have a 
ledge three and one-half feet w^ide of quartz carrying iron and copper 
pyrites, which assays $7 gold. A shaft is being sunk, and shows improve- 
ment in the ledge. 

Next up the creek comes the Daisy Dean, owned by the Donahue estate 
and F. H. Osgood, on a twin ledge between walls of serpentine and diorite. 
One ledge three to four feet wide assays $32.30 g-old, the other, three and 
one-half feet wide, carries $8 silver and 60 per cent. lead. Two tunnels 
have been run about twenty feet each at different levels. 

Going up on the creek, there next comes the Rainier group of thirteen 
claims, with two millsites, owned by the Negro Creek Nickel and Copper 
Mining Company. The Rainier ledge is covered by four claims and is 
a dike running northwest and southeast across Negro Creek, three and 
one-half miles above its mouth. A cross-cut 170 feet on this dike struck 
a series of five nickel-bearing ledges from ten to thirty feet wide. The 
ore in the tunnel assays 2V 2 to 3% per cent, nickel and $5.20 gold. The 
Tacoma has a quartz ledge four and one-half feet wide running into the 
Rainier series, and carrying copper and iron pyrites. w T ith $8.20 gold an* 
a few ounces of silver. Red Butte No. 1 and No. 2 are on a deposit of 
white talc thirty feet wide, carrying about $5 gold, of w r hich a red butte 
forms one side, and a ninety-foot tunnel has shown up a large chute of 
nickt-1 ore. The Montana is on a spur southwest of the Gordon ledge, 
carrying nickel, free gold and silver, twelve, feet wide. Fractions A ani 
B are extensions of spurs of the Ontario and Meridian. The South On- 
tario and two others cover a large dike of low-grade nickel ore about thirty 
feet wide. This company constructed an extension of the wagon roai 
up the Peshastin from the mouth of Ingalls Creek two years ago, and 
partly constructed it to the Rainier group. It also surveyed a line for an 
electric road up the Peshastin and Negro Creek, thirteen miles, to the 
Rainier group, and three miles further, to the park on which the Persinger 
group abuts. 

Adjoining Red Butte No. 1 and No. 2 are the Union and Dominion, 
which are three-quarters of a mile up Bear Creek, on the north of Negr« 
Creek. They have been bonded by W. T. Rarey, G. S. Merriam, George 
Beam. James Fullweiler, C. Striker and H. Souder, to George E. Ward, of 
Seattle, who is to erect a plant and begin development by April 1, 189?. 
They have a ledge of free milling and concentrating ore east and west, cut 
by Bear Creek. Twelve samples were taken of different grades of ore 
across the ledge and the assays ranged from $107.49 gold and $1.10 silver up 
to $875.53 gold and $6.50 silver. Eight tons shipped to the Tacoma smelter 
only returned $11.30 a ton, because they were not sorted and were taken 
from a point bej'ond the ore chute. A tunnel has been run 100 feet on the 
ledge, showing it to range from eighteen inches to four feet, with good ore 
all through. Across Bear Creek from these claims is the Arnigo, owned 
by Gus Guoin, S. W. Elliott and Charles Harvej, on a live-foot ledge of 
copper sulphurets running northeast and southwest, which assays on tne 
surface $2.75 to $5.40 gold and silver. 

Adjoining the Union and Dominion on Bear Creek are the Gordon and 
an extension, owned by Supreme Judge Gordon, VV. I. Agnew and G. E. 



76 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Filley, all of Olympia. It has a ledge forty feet wide, running north and 
south and assaying 40 per cent, nickel, with free gold and silver. A tunnel 
fifty-five feet long has cross-cut the ledge, defining its width. 

Following up Negro Creek comes the P. P. Nickel, owned by Tony 
Preston, of Leavenworth. A shaft is being sunk on the hanging wall, 
where is three or four feet of quartz, carrying $4.50 gold and a good per- 
centage of nickel. 

A little further up, on the north side, is the Ontario, owned by Martin 
Lewis and Mr. Morrell, who have a ledge forty feet wide, between walls 
of serpentine. The ore carries $7 to $8 gold, 3 per cent, nickel and 3% per 
cent, copper in sulphides. A shaft is down about twelve feet on the hang- 
ing wall, a tunnel has been run ninety feet on the stringer, cutting towards 
the main ledge, and a tunnel is in seventy feet to cross-cut the main ledge, 
which it is expected to strike in another hundred feet. 

On the south side of the creek, next above the Ontario, comes the 
Meridian, owned by George Persinger, of Leavenworth, and John Lindsay, 
of St. Louis. It has a ledge of dark blue quartz, forty feet wide, between 
serpentine walls, the ore carrying gold, silver, copper, sulphides and nickel. 
The outcrop is in iron-stained red and blue cliffs on the wall of the canyon. 
A tunnel has been run sixty feet on the ledge and a mill test of the ore, 
made in St. Louis, gave $10.50 gold, $5 silver, $2.50 copper and 2 per cent, 
native nickel, besides nickel sulphides. 

The North Pole group of ten claims is next in order, and is owned by 
George Persinger, Michael Callaghan, John McKenzie, Andrew Stoughton 
and William Lee, of Leavenworth; George Kline of Wenatchee, and John 
S. Jurey, of Seattle. 

North Pole No. 1 and two other claims are all on one ledge ninety-one 
feet wide running due north and south, which crops out in big red buttes 
on the Cinnabar King claim. The ore is red and blue quartz between walls 
of serpentine, and carries, gold nickel and quicksilver. A tunnel has been 
run ninety feet on the hanging wall on this ledge, and there was 200 tons 
of ore on the dump on the creek bank, when a flood swept half of it away 
in"" the spring of 1895. There is now, however, 150 to 200 t6ns on the dump. 
The Champion and Idaho are on another ledge four and one-half feet wide, 
which runs east and west, and joins the North Pole ledge at an angle on 
the east. It assays $12 gold and lO 1 /^ per cent, copper. A tunnel run forty 
fee,t to cross-cut the ledge has not yet tapped it. The Persinger Copper 
Lofle and Gray Eagle are on a ledge running northwest and southeast, 
which outcrops three feet wide on the summit and contains copper sul- 
phide ore carrying gold and silver. Assays range from 22 to 32 per cent, 
copper, $5 to $16 gold and 3 to 5 ounces silver. A tunnel twenty-five feet 
on the main ledge on the top of the hill shows good ore all through, and a 
cross-cut is being run 100 feet below, which is in fifteen feet and will tap 
the ledge in about twenty feet more. The Ivanhoe No. 5 is west of the 
Rainier group on the north side of the creek, and has a five-foot ledge of 
copper sulphide ore assaying about 20 per cent, copper with a little gold 
-and silver. A cross-cut taps the ore in forty feet. About 200 feet of new 
tunnels has been completed on this group in the last year, and has shown 
up extensive bodies of copper pyrites. 

On the Ivanhoe ledge John and William Lynch have the Leo, with four 
feet of ore assaying 25 per cent, copper, with some gold and silver. They 
ran a cross-cut tunnel sixty feet, following a two-foot stringer into the 
main ledge. 

At the north end of the Everett are the Cinnabar King, owned by 
George Persinger, Harvey Souder and Charles Striker, on a dike 200 feet 
wide, which crops out in a line of jagged red cliffs on the north wall of the 
canyon. A surface cut across the dike shows it to be all mineralized red 
and blue quartz, with serpentine walls. An assay shows it to carry $3.50 
gold, besides nickel and cinnabar. 

On the first dike which cuts across the Peshastin canyon on the north is 
another string of claims. On the right bank are the Monarch No. 1 and No. 2, 
owned by Ralph White, of Rossland, Tim O'Leary, the contractor, and Mr. 
Walker. The dike is porphyritic quartzite seventy-five feet wide, running 
slightly north of east and south of west. A mill test of a ton taken from a 
ninety-foot tunnel gave $90 returns in nickel, cobalt and gold, and assays 
range from $4 to $5 gold, 2y 2 per cent, and upwards in nickel, iy 2 to 2y 2 per cent, 
cobalt. On the opposite hill and on the same ledge, George Persinger, Tony 
Preston and Michael Callaghan have the Red Butte group of three claims, 
extending along the outcrop to the summit, with a fourth on a parallel ledge 
on the southwest. A tunnel has been run into the ledge at the base of the hill, 
ore from which assayed as high as 12% per cent, nickel, 2% per cent, cobalt and 
$12 gold. In the valley between the Monarch and Red Butte groups is the 
Rattlesnake, half of which is held by the owners of each group. 

This dike has been traced across the mountains and one and one-half miles 
eastward to Ruby Creek, where it crops out on part of a group of thirteen 
claims held by Charles Harvey, S. W. Elliott and H. C. Castlebury. On this 
group are four parallel ledges from twenty to sixty feet wide between walls of 
serpentine and conglomerate, marked by red buttes like those on the rest of 
the belt. Assays average 8 per cent, nickel, gold and silver not being shown. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 77 

At the north end of this group are the Red Cloud and Tralee. owned by VV. 
Kelly, of Spokane; C. King-, of Kalispell; Charles Harvey and Charles Moriar- 
itq, of Leavenworth, on a sixteen-foot ledge assaying $25 copper, $6 gold, as 
!i well as nickel and cobalt. Further up Peshastin Creek, below the mouth of 
Negro Creek, F. D. Estes and John W. Miller, of Leavenworth, have two 
claims on a seven-foot ledge of sulphide ore carrying $6 and $8 gold on the 
surface, besides copper. 

Five miles above the mouth of lngalls Creek is the State group of six 
claims, owned by John and William Lynch. They are on two parallel 
dikes sixty feet wide, which are cut by the creek. 

The nickel-bearing formation has been traced across the Negro Creek 
divide to Falls Creek, a tributary of lngalls Creek from the south. W. F. 
Patterson and Charles Newberry, of Blewett, have located the Bonanza 
and Deadwood, near the head of the creek, on the largest dike so far dis- 
covered in the district. The creek runs between the two locations, and 
the dike rises almost perpendicularly from it. The owners are cutting 
across the face of these cliffs to expose green ore. The surface ore assays 
about 5 per cent, nickel, $3.50 gold and a trace of copper. Adjoining this 
group and running to the forks of the creek, also extending westward to 
Cascade Creek, is the Nickel Plate group of twelve claims, owned by John 
and William Lynch. The main ledge is sixty feet wide and is covered by 
five claims, on which prospect holes have been sunk, while the other claims 
are on spurs from this and the Bonanza and Deadwood ledges, ranging in 
width from ten to thirty feet. The ore is of the same character and value 
as the Bonanza and Deadwood. 

The placer ground from the mouth of Peshastin Creek far up towards its 
head is still being worked with a fair measure of success. The deposits of 
gold-bearing material are gravel hills built up in the course of ages on old 
river channels, running sometimes parallel, at others across the present 
channel of Peshastin Creek. In the old channels the gold is mostly coarse, 
and therefore easily saved, but where the present streams have acted on it 
it is fine and requires more care and skill. One of the largest enterprises of 
this kind is being carried on by W. M. Keene and O. A. Benjamin, of Seattle, 
on the flats beside the Wenatchee on its right bank, one and one-half miles 
below Peshastin. Mr. Keene began by sluicing back from the river bank 
taking water from a point half a mile up that creek. He found that the old 
channel bedrock sloped back from the present river channel, and thus his 
ground was flooded. Being joined by Mr. Benjamin, he put in a hydraulic 
and a pump to raise the dirt from beneath the water on the old channel. 
The dirt pays well, even for manual work, good streaks running as high as 
$1 a yard. At the mouth of lngalls Creek Mr. Hensel, a farmer, is working 
several claims with good results in fine gold. On the right bank of the 
Peshastin, at the mouth of Ruby Creek, James and Thomas Lynch, Riley 
Eisenhour and Thomas Medhurst have worked six claims with a big hydraulic 
giant at high water and ground sluiced at low water. 

Where the canyon narrows below Negro Creek the late J. H. Crawford 
W. H. Wilcox and Frank B. Holley had four claims on the left bank, to which 
they built 2,000 feet of ditch and flume from Negro Creek, with 150 feet of fall 
and hydraulicked down to the old channel bedrock, which is thirty feet above 
the present channel. The gold is coarse, in nuggets as large as $6.75, and they 
are working with only wood riffles and no plat»s or quicksilver, not attempt- 
ing to save the fine gold. 

A mile above Negro Creek George W. and J. M. Bloom, two brothers and 
John Snyder are working three good claims which take in all the bar ground 
on both sides of the creek, on the old channel. The Bloom brothers started 
in 1893 by sluicing out the dirt on the right bank of the creek and took $70 
from a space fifteen feet square. In 1895 they took $20 from the space next 
below, ten feet square and at the most eighteen inches deep, and were last 
year joined by Mr. Snyder. They cut a ditch for a bedrock drain but failed 
to reach bedrock, and then started a tunnel to cut across from rim to rim 
of the old channel, which is in twenty-eight feet, keeping the water down 
with a bucket wheel. From the first eight feet of this tunnel they took U 20 
and they have a be- of gravel twenty feet deep, which they say carries 
25 cents a yard from rim to rim and surface to bedrock. The gold is nearlv 
all coarse, but they save the fine gold by means of pole riffles placed length- 
wise of the sluice box, with cleats underneath which raise them an inch 
above the bottom. This arrangement causes a continual boil in the water 
which thus sucks the gold under the cross-pieces. On the lowest claim thev 
are driving a tunnel back to the old channel, of which they have not vet 
found the bedrock, the dirt running as well as on the upper claims. Thev 
propose to dig a ditch one and one-fifth miles along the creek, with a capacitv 
of 1.000 inches, and will put in a six-inch pipe and hydraulic 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



LEAVENWOBTH. 

The last five years have proved the presence of a great mineral zone in 
the mountains on each side of the Chiwah Canyon, as in other parts of the 
Cascade Range, and development is proceeding with such vigor that a year 
or two more should suffice to make the district a regular producer. 

The Leavenworth District is easily accessible from Seattle. Leaving that 
city on the Great Northern train, one goes to Leavenworth, 151 miles, and then 
goes northward by a good road to Shugart's ranch, fourteen miles, and by 
trail to either the Phelps Basin or the Chiwah Basin, thirty-eight miles in 
each case. These basins are one at each side of a high ridge ten miles long, 
known as Red Hill, the Chiwah flowing down one side and Phelps Creek 
down the other, to unite at the tail of the hill. On this mountain, called 
Red Hill to distinguish it from Red Mountain in the Trail Creek District, 
is the greatest mineral zone with the most active work. 

The first discovery of mineral on this mountain was made in 1893 by 
George N. Watson, who found in a low saddle on the summit, between 
porphyry and granite walls, a ledge of iron pyrites four feet wide, running 
a little east of south and west of north, with a slight eastward dip. He 
located the Emerald, and this ledge has since been traced on the surface 
through a string of claims for about five miles. On a parallel ledge he and 
Dr. L. L. Porter, of Roslyn, have the Esmeralda, which a shaft forty-two 
feet deep and drifts twenty-six and twelve feet have shown to widen from 
eighteen inches on the surface to five feet. The ore is arsenical iron and 
copper sulphides and assays $14 gold, 33 per cent, copper and a small amount 
of silver. 

The thorough prospecting which followed on Mr. Watson's discovery and 
examinations by mining engineers have shown the mountain to be formed 
of granitic rocks, with cliffs of gneiss on the side of the Phelps Creek Basin, 
and to be a great mineral zone, in which the ledges, carrying chalcopyrite 
and pyrites, have been traced by croppings of ore and by locations for five 
miles across country. The ledges are true fissures of great size and strength, 
but have not yet been defined by development. 

The largest property on the mountain is the Red Cap and Bryan groups 
of twenty claims, owned by the Una Mining and Milling Company, of Seattle, 
covering over 500 acres from the Phelps Basin southward and from the summit 
down to Phelps Creek, with a tunnel site on the Chiwah side, two of the 
■claims being placers in the flat at the confluence of the Chiwah and Phelps 
Creek. The majority of the claims are on the main ledge or system of ledges, 
while five run continuously for 7,500 feet along the main cross ledge, which 
has a course south of west and north of east, breaking through granite, 
gneiss and syenite and dipping slightly to the northwest into the mountain. 
It shows well mineralized chutes of ore on the surface, carrying chalco- 
pyrite, pyrites of iron and copper and some manganese. The lowest assay 
from the surface was $3.73 gold and the highest $72 gold, but copper will also 
form a large part of the value. The main ledge has ore bodies showing in 
numerous places, heavily charged with arsenical and sulphide ores, assaying 
from $3 to $180 gold. The average value of the ore through the mountain is 
$50 gold and silver, on the basis of a number of assays. A tunnel is in fifty- 
two feet to cut the broad main mineral zone at a maximum depth of 1,500 feet 
and is being continued with a double shift of miners. At 112 feet it will cut 
the first ledge, which shows three and one-half feet wide on the surface, 
carrying sulphides and black sulphurets and assaying $45 gold, silver and 
lead, and a little further will strike the second, which is seven and one-half 
feet wide and well mineralized on the surface with copper sulphurets, copper 
oxides and buncnes of native copper, assaying $48.60 for all values. The 
Bryan group lies on the south edge of the company's holdings and has a 
ledge showing three and one-half feet of solid ore, heavily charged with 
copper sulphurets and native copper in bunches. Another ledge further up 
the mountain shows twenty-five feet of talc carrying sulphides, and will be 
tapped at great depth by the cross-cut tunnel, and yet another, which cuts 
the red cliffs forming the rim of the basin, has been defined to a width of 
seven feet, with only the hanging wall found. A tunnel has been started on 
this group also and will be pushed this season, when a tunnel will also be 
driven from the Chiwah side of the mountain. This company has already 
expended over $3,000 on development. 

The company which had been most active in development until the advent 
of the Una was the Red Hill Mining Company, which owns ten claims on the 
two main ledges running across Phelps Creek south of the Una property. 
On the Black Bear a tunnel has been run sixteen feet, showing a twelve-foot 
ledge carrying copper and iron sulphides, which assayed $2.50 to $29 gold and 
silver; on the White Swan ledge, traced for some distance to a width of eight 
feet, a forty-foot tunnel showed arsenical iron assaying $12 to $18 gold, silver 
and copper. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 79 

The Red Mountain Mining Company also owns ten claims on the two 
main ledges, but has not as yet done any development. 

Among the other extensions on the Emerald ledge are the Spokane, by 
J. D. Wynkoop, Capt. Benton and Henry Carpenter, of Yakima; the Emerald 
No. 2, by H. D. Watson and Tony Preston; the Standard, by G. N. Watson 
and Albert Medhurst; the Great Eastern, by D. H. Watson; the Eveleen and 
Ohio, by H. Blinn. On the Esmeralda ledge D. H. Watson has the Esmeralda 
No. 2 and on a cross ledge the Northern Light. On the latter an open cross- 
cut extending twenty feet from the footwall has not struck the hanging wall, 
and shows iron sulphides assaying $8 gold. Turner & Co., of Spokane, have 
the Fourth of July group of six claims on three parallel ledges. Running 
over the summit from the head of Phelps Basin to Red Lake, Frank Reeves 
and others have the two Alaska claims on a twenty-five foot ledge showing 
sulphides clear across the croppings. The Smuggler ledge has been traced 
up the hill and on it Carl Christianson has located the Standard, John M. 
Miller, William Nack and Carl Christiansen have the Morning, Custer, Liver- 
pool and Cariboo. On another ledge Tony Preston and John W. Miller have 
the Queen Victoria group of three claims, and Turner & Co. have the two 
Great Northerns. On the Chiwah side of the hill, below the Emerald ledge, 
are the Mountain Goat and its extension by Frank A. Losekamp & Co., the 
Sacred Faith and its extension; the Portland and its extension, by Emil 
Frank & Co.; the German, by Sig. Frudenstein; the Black Diamond group of 
four claims, by Losekamp & Co.; the Black Man, by John W. Miller; the 

Black Crystal, by Karbs, of Spokane, and the Eagle, by William Nack 

and Carl Christiansen. 

Until the last year but little development had been done on Red Hill, but 
the movement which has begun may be expected to spur owners on to show 
what there is beneath the surface. 

Near the mouth of Maple Creek Charles Allen has the Champion group 
of five claims, where there were evidences of the presence of white men as 
early as the year 1866. One ledge cropped eight to ten feet wide, showing 
sulphurets, and former owners had run a cross-cut 310 feet to tap it and then 
abandoned it for lack of funds. The other ledge shows pyritic ore and is 
well defined to a width of fifteen to twenty feet between walls of syenite and 
porphyry running southeast and northwest, assaying $4 to $7 gold on the 
surface, and has an east and west spur on the summit. A cross-cut has been 
run about 300 feet to tap it at a depth of 250 feet. Further up the mountain 
Philip Hatch and others have the two Drummer Boy claims on a ledge show- 
ing four feet wide in an open cut, where the ore assays $5.68 gold and silver. 

On the Rock Creek Canyon, half a mile from the Chiwah, is the P.-I. 
group of two claims, owned by Frank Schuenemann, of Pasco. The surface 
showing is a gneiss blow-out of oxidized iron, carrying gold and silver, and 
one streak of ore assayed 444 ounces silver. A cross-cut tunnel is in sixty- 
seven feet. 

On Fall Creek, still further down the Chiwah, A. W. Purdy has the Big 
Elephant group of six claims on a large ledge of hematite ore, defined by a 
twelve-foot open cut, carrying gold, silver and copper, which assays on the 
surface $3 to $9 gold and $3.75 silver. 

On the summit of the range between Mad River and the Chiwah is another 
section of the same district, of granite and shale formation, which is reached 
from Leavenworth by fourteen miles of road and three miles of trail. On this 
range are two great parallel ledges of light green schistose talc between 
granite walls, carrying free gold. The Monterey Gold Mining and Milling 
Company has nine claims, comprising the Georgie Smith group. Eight 
claims are on a ledge of light green talcose quartz sixty feet wide, with no 
defined pay streaks, which was tapped in thirty-five feet by a cross-cut last 
summer. The gold is said to be all free and assays of surface specimens 
have run $3.25, $125, $350 and $3,128 gold. The other claim is on a seven-foot 
cross ledge. The company is about to erect a ten-stamp mill and will begin 
milling ore this spring. 

On the extension of the Georgie Smith ledge the Cable Mining Company, 
of Seattle, has five claims, which with two on a second ledge on the east 
bank of Mad River, are known as the Palmer group. The main ledge on this 
group is thirty-five feet wide and shows a pay streak of twenty-four inches 
at a depth of eleven feet in an open cut, ore from which assayed $186 gold. 
A cross-cut tapped the main ledge in forty feet, but has not cut through it. 
This ledge crops so strongly that it can be readily traced for 15,000 feet. The 
second. ledge is also a true fissure in granite. 

J. C. Parsons and Bickford & Son have the two Hawk's Nest claims on 
the Georgie Smith ledge. On a twenty-foot ledge of free milling ore Louis 
Houch, Charles Blazier, Charles Lilygren and Max Spromberg have the 
Mother Lode group of four claims, on which they have run a sixteen-foot 
tunnel. 

At the mouth of Deep Creek the Deep Creek Mining Company has a group 
of thirteen placer claims, on which four men were employed last summer 
with a hydraulic giant. The dirt carried about 26 cents a yard and about 
90 per cent of the value is saved in the sluice boxes with silver plates, though 
the gold in the Chiwah River bars is generally so fine that it can only be 
saved by great care and skill. 



SO MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The extension of the wagon road from Shugart's ranch to the head of th<* 
Chiwah River or Phelps Creek would not be attended with any great diffi 
culty and would do much to facilitate work. It is understood that the people 
greatTto 7h°e?r benem!^ G "^^ "^ im P rovement > *s it would redound 

+© ^© ^® +©+©+©+#+*+ 

LAKE CHELAN. 

Development is fast proving that the precipitous mountains which shut 
m this beautiful body of water on each side are full of mineral eaual in' 
abundance and value to the mineral belt which is cut by the Columbia 
River and extends east and west along the boundary line for an indefinite 
distance. The principal ore bodies opened so far carry gold-bearin°- iron 
and copper pyrites, but there are also in close proximity rich narrow ledges 
of silver-bearing ores. & 

The district, while not tapped by any railroad, is easily accessible From 
Seattle one goes by the Great Northern Railroad to Wenatchee 174 miles- 
by the steamer City of Ellensburg to Chelan Falls, thirty-nine miles- bv 
stage to Chelan, three and one-half miles, or to Lakeside, five miles'- or 
steamer City of Ellensburg to La Chapelle, forty miles, and stage to Chelan 
two and one-half miles; by steamer Stehekin to Meadow Creek fifty-two 
miles, or Railroad Creek, the same distance, these two streams' emptying 
into the lake almost opposite one another. If one wishes to make a more 
extended trip to adjoining mining districts, the Seattle & International train 
can be taken from Seattle to Woolley, eighty miles; the Seattle & Northern 
train thence to Hamilton, fourteen miles; stage thence to Marble Mount 
thirty-four miles; then go on horseback over the state trail, which runs up 
the Cascade River, over the Cascade Pass and down the Stehekin River to 
the mouth of Bridge Creek, forty-one miles. Leaving the state trail here 
one would go sixteen miles over another trail to Stehekin, at the head of 
Lake Chelan, where the steamer Stehekin would be taken and one would 
go in the reverse direction over the route first described. Taking this route 
the traveler would make a circuit of 471 miles and would pass through the 
Skagit copper belt, the Cascade and Stehekin silver belt, the Lake Chelan 
gold, copper and silver district, and the Wenatchee low grade gold district 
This trip would at the same time give an opportunity to see the Switzerland 
of America and enjoy unrivaled hunting and fishing. 

The country rock of this region is granite, amid which lie great dikes 
of porphyry, and the ledges are usually in the contact between these two 
rocks in the Meadow Creek District, their course being slightly south of west 
and north of east. The first prospecting was done in 1891 from rowboats on 
the lake, whence the croppings of mineral could be descried on the mountains 
on each side, but in the following year the heights were scaled and explored 
in a more thorough search. 

The first discovery has so far proved t he greatest, thanks to the energetic 
development of the last year, though others may yet rival it. This is the 
Blue Jay, on the east bank of Meadow Creek, 1,000 feet above the east bank 
of the lake, discovered by Capt. Charles Johnson, of Lakeside. It is now 
being developed to a depth of 150 feet by the Chelan Gold Mining Company, 
which has bought it. The red iron capping of the ledge rises in a series of 
big swells on both sides of and above a slide in which the crumbled, iron- 
stained rock slopes for 200 feet down to the next bench. It is a clearly defined 
ledge of iron and copper pjo-ites from thirty to forty-five feet wide between 
walls of granite and porphyry, the line of cleavage being marked by seams 
of quartz. Of the ledge eight feet is white quartz and ten feet is diorite 
exactly like that of other sulphide districts. An assay of the surface ore 
showed it to carry $S gold, 12 per cent, copper and a little silver. 

An open cross-cut and tunnel were run on the ledge for seventy-two feet, 
giving a depth of fifty feet, and cross-cuts were then run twenty-six feet to 
the hanging wall and fifteen feet to the footwall, defining the width of the 
ledge as forty-six feet. A winze was sunk on the hanging wall for nine feet 
to ascertain whether the ore chute widened. It proved that the chute widened 
from eighteen inches of broken ore at the roof of the tunnel to twenty-eight 
inches of solid ore at the floor of the winze, with a total width of seven feet. 
This improvement occurred in a depth of fifteen feet between the roof of the 
tunnel and the floor of the winze. There were also in the width of the ledge 
four other streaks of solid ore, one three feet wide composed mostly of oxide 
of copper, with decomposed quartz and iron pyrites; the three others, twenty, 
six and four inches wide respectively, of solid iron and copper sulphides, the 
last being against the footwall. The ledge is also mineralized throughout, 
and through it run various streaks of soft iron and copper sulphides, having 
a greater dip than the wider pay streaks and all tending towards the footwall 
—an indication that at depth they will come together. Assays from the 
average of the pay streaks in the winze range from $18 to $37 for all values, 



E CHELAN 



OKANOGAN COUNTY. 
WASHINGTON. 




'N THE PAClFiC 

Index to Num- 
bered Claims 
South of Lake. 

1. North Star 

Group. 

2. Agnes. 

3. Monarch. 

4. Mystery. 



le. 



Ext. 

23. Willie 

Gibson. 

24. Little Jap. 

25. Sunday 

Morning. 

26. Happy 

Thought. 



27. Chub. 

28. Unique. 

29. Black Bear. 

30. New York. 

31. Confidence. 

32. Seattle.. 

33. Bismarck. 

34. Johnson. 



35. Iowa. 

36. Carrie A. 

37. Orphan 

Boy. 

38. Hunter. 

39. Silver King. 



E CHELAN. 




Mex to Num- 


5. Mystic. 


13. 


Goerieke. 


81. 


Tenderfoot 


bered Claims 


6. Deer Park. 


14 


MonteRosa. 


22. 


Emma. 


South of Lake. 








n 


Minnie. 


!• North Star 






Marv G. 


24 


A. M. H. 




9. Sunset. 






us 


Irene. 


} Agnes. 


10. Stockholm. 




White Cap. 


s*> 


Gold Bug. 


»■ Monarch. 


U. Gold Bub. 




Blue Cap. 


27. 


Buckskin. 


*■ SJvstery. 


12. Hort«n. 


a» 


Red Gap. 


2K 


Ghelan. 



29. Copper Mtn 

No. 1. 

30. Copper Mtn 

No. 2. 

31. Lulu H. 

32. Lottie. 

33. Sky Rocket. 

34. MaryG-reen. 



35. Iron Dyke. 

36. Last 

Chance. 

37. Raymond. 

38. Marcus 
Stein Group. 

39. D.T.Denny 

Group. 



North of : 



2. Silver Bell. 

3. Buster. 

4. Nebraska. 

5. Clayton. 

6. Phyllis. 

7. Grurnrine. 



8. Emma Lee. 

9. MattleJane. 

10. "Wolverine. 

11. Idaho. 

12. Canada. 

13. Devonshire. 

14. Mastodon. 

15. Elephant. 



16. Hard- 

scrabble. 

17. Lake View. 
IS. Emma. 

19. Diamond J. 

20. Gem. 

21. Blue Jay. 

22. Blue Jav 



Ext. 

23. Willie 

Gibson. 

24. Little Jap. 

25. Sunday 

Morning. 

26. Happy 

Thought. 



27. Chub. 

28. Unique. 

29. Black Bear. 

30. New York. 

31. Confidence. 

32. Seattle. 

33. Bismarck. 

34. Johnson. 



35. Iowa. 

36. Carrie A. 

37. Orphan 

Boy. 

38. Hunter. 

39. Silver King. 



uv. 



i 






33 



X 



h 






35. Iowa. 

36. Carrie A. 

37. Orphan 

Boy. 

38. Hunter. 

39. Silver King. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 81 

gold predominating. The highest assay was from the copper sulphides and 
showed 16!/2 per cent, copper. $16.80 gold, the remainder silver. 

A contract has been let for 100 feet of cross-cut tunnel to follow a feeder 
and tap the ledge at a depth of 220 feet, after running 200 feet. This contract 
will be completed by May 1, when another will be let for an extension of the 
cross-cut to tap the ledge. The feeder to be followed crops two inches wide 
where the cross-cut enters it and widens to three feet at the point where it 
enters the ledge. In the first thirty-three feet it widened to eight inches of 
ore superior to that in the main ledge. The company is preparing to erect 
a compressor plant and power drills in the spring. 

The Blue Jay ledge has been traced eastward, where it widens to sixty 
feet on the two Gem claims, owned by Capt. Johnson, and on the Blue Jay 
extension, owned by O. Graham, of Anacortes, where a thirty-foOt open cut 
and tunnel show it to be well mineralized, with a pay streak carrying $10 to 
$19 gold and half tnat value in silver. Further extensions eastward trace 
the ledge through the Winnipeg, owned by A. Crumrine, the two Iron Cross 
claims of Messrs. Turner and Bull and onward to the summit. On the west 

extension E. F. Christy, A. H. Murdoch and Buckingham have the 

Gibson and Frank Lightner the Granite. 

At least five distinct ledges parallel with the Blue Jay have been traced, 
some of them to the summit of the Methow Range. On one of these is the 
Emma Lee, owned by S. J. Gray and E. J. Wilder, where it crops fifteen feet 
wide in a porphyry dike and shows three feet of solid mineral in a fifty-foot 
open cut and tunnel. The surface ore assayed $14.35 gold, 6 ounces silver, 
15 per cent, copper. The Mattie Jane, owned by S. J. Gray and "Bill" Rasnic, 
and the Iron Cap, by S. J. Gray, adjoin. 

The Phyllis group of three claims on this ledge has been ocnded by Andrew 
Crumrine, S. J. Gray and L. H. Millard to J. B. Powles and J. G. Cotton, 
of Seattle, for development. The ledge crops at least thirty feet wide, show- 
ing several pay streaks, and a tunnel 112 feet along it shows a two to seven 
inch streak of copper sulphides on the hanging wall assaying 21 per cent, 
copper, $6.50 gold, 6 ounces silver. It is intended to cross-cut at 100 feet and 
open up the other pay streaks. 

The Nebraska, on the same ledge, is owned by L. H. Millard, and has 
eighteen feet of mineralized porphyry, with a thirty-six foot tunnel on the 
hanging wall showing a pay streak of copper sulphides, gray copper and 
galena to widen from four to eight inches, surface ore assaying $1.25 gold, 
21 ounces silver. 

The Idaho group of two claims, owned by the Seattle Gold Mining and 
Development Company, is on a parallel ledge of porphyry over fifty feet 
wide between granite walls, which has been traced to the Sawtooth Range 
and crops in a gulch running to the lake. It is capped with iron and the 
croppings show three feet of sulphides and gray copper, assaying $8 to $16 
gold, 16 ounces silver, 16 per cent, copper. A tunnel has been run seventy feet 
in the hanging wall, and when it is in 100 feet the ledge will be cross-cut, with 
200 feet of depth. The Canada, by William Bigger, is on the extension. 

Another mineralized porphyry dike of great width, 1,000 feet northwest, 
runs through the Moscow, owned by Andrew Crumrine. An open cut thirty 
feet along the hanging wall is being extended in a tunnel and shows three 
feet of ore carrying copper sulphides and peacock copper which assays $8 gold, 
11 ounces silver, 7 to 11 per cent, copper. The whole ledge is mineralized and 
the tunnel is being extended with a view to cross-cutting. A. Crumrine, J. W. 
Nicol and N. B. Church have the Silver Bell on the east extension. 

The Buster group of three claims, owned by H. H. Hunt and Ole Olsen, 
is on a ledge near the head of Fish Creek, carrying pyrites, associated with 
native silver. On a parallel six-foot ledge of sulphide ore crossing Meadow 
Creek M. M. Kingman and R. N. Pershall have the Chub, and in a thirty-foot 
shaft have shown ore assaying $14 gold, $18 silver. A four-foot ledge crossing 
the Blue Jay is covered by the Emma group of three claims, owned by Spencer 
Boyd, who has shown three feet of sulphides in two cuts, ten and twenty feet 
long. The three Bismarck claims, owned by W. P. Robinson and A. H. Mur- 
doch, are parallel with the Blue Jay and show copper sulphides in the crop- 
pings. 

Crossing Cascade Creek, which empties half a mile below Meadow Creek, 
are four parallel ledges, on three of which J. Robert Moore has the Cascade 
group of three claims. Two ten-foot tunnels have been run, one showing a 
four-foot ledge carrying two feet of sulphides mixed with galena. W. H. 
Phelps has the Iowa on a parallel ledge, in which a forty-foot tunnel shows 
twelve inches of ore assaying $60 gold, 200 ounces silver. The two Silver King 
claims, on another ledge cut by Cascade Creek, have been bonded by the 
Seattle Gold Mining and Development Company. The ledge is ten feet wide 
and on one side shows iron and copper sulphides and on the other a twenty- 
four inch chute of galena ore, carrying a little copper. A tunnel is in thirty- 
five feet on this ore chute and when extended to 200 feet will give a depth of 
500 feet. The Elephant and another claim, owned by J. M. Scheuyeaulle, are 
on a great body of ore 50 to 100 feet wide carrying silver, assays having run 
as high as 50 ounces. 

The first ore shipped from Lake Chelan had silver for its principal value, 
and thus drew attention from the great ledges of pyrites on the heights. The 



82 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Sunday Morning-, owned by J. Robert Moore, is on a twelve-inch ledge of 
quartz cropping on the water's edge at the foot of a granite cliff, and a 
seventy-foot tunnel showed it to widen to five feet, with a pay streak carrying 
galena and ruby silver two to four inches wide. A shipment of 4,600 pounds 
to the Omaha smelter returned $250 a ton gross. The floor of the tunnel is 
now being lowered three and one-half feet and the ore taken out in doing so 
is sacked for shipment, the latest assay being 2,005 ounces silver and $74 gold. 
"When this work is completed the tunnel will be extended. Mr. Moore is also 
driving a tunnel on the Happy Thought, adjoining. 

The Little Jap group of four claims is on a ledge of porphyry four feet 
wide and carrying two inches of high-grade ruby silver ore, cropping 250 feet 
above the lake, with a cross ledge of the same width carrying iron and copper 
sulphides. A tunnel thirty-five feet showed the pay streak to widen to four 
inches, with iron sulphides of smal value throughout the ledge matter. A 
cross-cut has been run fifty-five feet to tap both ledges at depth. 

On the Hunter group of two claims D. H. Lord and A. W. La Chapelle 
have a four-foot ledge with a four-inch streak of gray copper and ruby silver 
cropping near the mouth of Cascade Creek. A fifteen-foot tunnel has shown 
ore assaying 140 ounces silver, $16 gold. 

The Railroad Creek discoveries show ledges of galena on the summit of 
the Entiat Range, where this district adjoins Red Hill in the Leavenworth 
District, the Chiwah and Phelps Creek flowing south from one side and 
Railroad Creek flowing east from the other. The latter stream has its source 
in Red, or Nellie, Lake, and Green, or Jackson, Lake, and makes a leap of 
1,350 feet at Beecher Palls into Rodgers Lake, two miles further east. On 
the summit, near the two former lakes, eighteen miles from Lake Chelan, 
the Cascade Range Mining Company has the North Star group of eight 
claims, six on one ledge and two on another, the formation being granite and 
the course southwest and northeast. The main ledge has a pay streak of 
fifteen to twenty inches, assaying 100 to 140 ounces silver and 33 1-3 per cent, 
lead, shown in tunnels twenty-five and thirty-three feet long. 

A great deposit of gold-bearing copper ore was discovered in July, 1896, 
by J. H. Holden, of Seattle. The ledge is at least seventy-five feet wide 
between diorite walls and runs northwest and southeast from the base of 
Cougar Mountain across Railroad Creek and through Copper and Irene 
Mountains. The ore body is from thirty to fifty feet wide, containing five 
distinct streaks of copper and iron sulphides close together, carrying $4 to 
$10.20 gold and 2% to 18 per cent, copper. There are intervening streaks of 
copper carbonates carrying 19 per cent, copper and $9.50 gold. On this ledge 
Mr. Holden has the Irene group of three claims, on which he has recently 
resumed work. 

Ten miles from the mouth of the creek a ledge has been exposed by a 
slide in the bed of Wilson Creek between granite walls and shows in the 
croppings four feet of quartz carrying antimonial silver and fine-grained 
pyrites. The Seattle Gold Mining and Development Company has the Ray- 
mond, and Marcus Stein has two claims named after himself, from the 
surface of which he took ore assaying high in gold and silver, but he has 
done no development. 

STEHEKIN DISTRICT. 

With a story of a lost mine dating back to 1880, this district has a mining 
history beginning in the year 1885. It extends along the summit of the range 
northward from Cascade Pass and includes the whole watershed of the 
-Stehekin River. Discoveries began on Doubtful Lake, north of the pass, 
then extended to Horseshoe Basin, then along each side of the Stehekin 
Oanyon, next up Park and Bridge Creeks, flowing from the right, and then 
up Agnes and Company Creeks on the left. Development has proceeded far 
enough to prove the presence of small ledges of rich ore and large ledges 
of low-grade ore in close proximity, but hitherto the many handicaps which 
beset the progress of a mining camp have prevented any mine from becoming" 
a producer. Yet the high-grade ore would pay a handsome profit on ship- 
ment to the smelter. The ore is of two kinds— one carrying galena, gray 
copper and sulphides in which silver is the principal value, though there 
is a large admixture of gold; the other carrying iron and copper sulphides 
under the familiar iron cap, which has been found a sure sign of a mineral 
deposit throughout the Cascades, as in the Gold Range. The sulphides are 
always of low grade, at least on the surface, their value being divided among 
gold, copper and silver, usually in the order named. While the sulphide 
ledges are of great size, those carrying mainly silver-lead ores are of no 
mean proportions, often spreading to a width of ninety feet on the surface. 
The ledges near the headwaters of the Stehekin generally run from east to 
west and cleave the granite country rock so strongly that they can be 
traced with the eye by the break in the line of the latter on the jagged 
summits for miles. 

The most convenient route to this district at present is the most cir- 
cuitous. Going by the Great Northern train to Wenatchee, 174 miles, one 



MTNING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 83 

takes the steamer City of Ellensburg up the Columbia to Chelan Falls, 
forty miles, goes by stage to Chelan or Lakeside, four or five miles respect- 
ively, and then by the steamer Stehekin to the postoffice of Stehekin at 
the head of Lake Chelan, sixty-eight miles. There horses can be procured 
to ride thirty miles over the trail to Horseshoe Basin, or the same distance 
to Doubtful Lake, in each case up the Stehekin River. Trails also branch 
•off to Company and Agnes Creeks on the left and up Bridge and Park 
Creeks on the right. A shorter route with a longer horseback ride is by the 
Seattle & International Railroad to Woolley, eighty miles, and by the 
Seattle & Northern to Hamilton, fourteen miles, over a good wagon road 
ur> the Skagit Valley and six miles beyond Marble Mount, a distance of 
forty miles, then over the state trail twenty-five miles to the Cascade Pass. 
In the one case the distance is 317 miles, in the other 169 miles. 

On the basin surrounding Doubtful Lake George L. Rouse and John C. 
Rouse in September, 1885, located the Quien Sabe on a ledge carrying galena, 
biack suiphurets and copper sulphides, its unbroken width being twenty-five 
feet, while it spreads to 150 feet where broken by granite horses. It can be 
traced by the red iron stain eastward through the sawteeth to Horseshoe 
Basin and runs westward through the summit into the Cascade District, 
where it crops on the Boston, at the side of the Boston Glacier. Two 
claims are on the extensions. On a parallel ledge twenty feet wide and 
quite as clearly traceable east and west they took the Doubtful, and the 
Lake and Flora on smaller ledges parallel with it. The two Quien Sabe 
claims are now owned jointly by the Rouses, C. C. May, of Davenport, 
Adolph Behrens, of Seattle, and Harry Frank. They have run a tunnel 
120 feet on the ledge, showing two feet of ore, with the remaining gangue 
more or less mineralized, but have not cross-cut to find other pay streaks. 
On the Doubtful tunnels have been run 110 and 30 feet, showing eighteen 
inches of ore which averages $15.70 gold, 37.80 ounces silver and 44 per cent, 
lead, while the rest of the ledge would pay to concentrate. The Flora has 
a six-foot ledge assaying $28 gold and 40 ounces silver on the surface. On 
extensions or parallel ledges Britanus Stennis Has the Sunnyside and Genne 
and George Taylor the Gertie. 

In 1889 and succeeding years the Doubtful Lake series of ledges was 
traced through to Horseshoe Basin by M. M. Kingman and Albert Pershall, 
who found the Quien Sabe ledge cropping in the lower basin, and by Lloyd 
Pershall, Ed Pershall and Ed Christy. In the end a series of thirteen 
ledges was located, cutting across the upper and lower basin and ranging 
in width from twelve to thirty feet. The Davenport and two other claims 
on the same ledge are still owned by Messrs. Kingman and Pershall, who 
have run a tunnel fifty feet, showing ore which assays 60 to 90 ounces silver 
$3 to $5 gold and 40 per cent. lead. The other twelve ledges on Horseshoe 
Basin, with two claims on each, are known as the Blue Devil and Black 
Warrior group and are owned by Henry Rustin, of Hazelton, Pa. A cross- 
cut tunnel is in 125 feet to cross-cut all twelve ledges, and will strike the 
first 675 feet further at a depth of 440 feet. Open cuts have shown this 
ledge to be at least twenty-five feet wide and assays show $4.50 to $7.50 gold 
60 ounces silver and 14 to 17 per cent, copper. 

Below the confluence of Horseshoe Creek with the Stehekin, a ledge 
crops twelve feet wide in a gulch on one wall of the canyon and 'has been 
located across the river and up the opposite mountain. The Isoletta group 
is on this ledge and is being developed by J. D. and R. N. Pershall, C C 
May and Mrs. Hess, of Walla Walla. A tunnel has been driven 215 feet on 
the ledge, showing four and one-half feet of pay ore, which assays 300 to 
700 ounces silver and $3 to $7 gold. A shipment of 2,200 pounds from the 
dump, where it bad been exposed to the action of air and water for two 
years, returned $60 a ton. 

On the same ledge, across the canyon, R. N. Pershall, M. M. Kingman 
and Charles Johnson have the Homestake and Star, on which it crops 
thirty to fifty feet wide, with a body of ore four feet wide shown by a 
thirty-foot open cut. This ore carries chloride and bromide of silver and 
gray copper, and assays 112 to 400 ounces silver and $15 gold. The Twin 
Falls, under the falls of Horseshoe Creek, is owned in common with the 
Isoletta group, and has shown up three feet of gray copper ore. On exten- 
sions Albert Pershall and M. M. Kingman have the Christy, and F F 
Keller the Viola. The same ledge crops ten to twenty feet wide on 'the 
Flamingo, owned by J. M. Scheuyeaulle and others, where assays have 
run up to $3 gold, 20 ounces silver, 8 per cent, copper. Adjoining this the 
same owners have the Lottie S. on an eight-foot ledge assaying 9 per cent 
copper, 2 ounces silver, and on Shyall Lake Mr. Scheuyeaulle has the Lake 
Shyall on a ledge 50 to 100 feet wide, on which assays have run $2 eold 
10 ounces silver and as high as 75 per cent, copper. On a ledge varvina 
from eight to fifty feet wide, which crosses Flat Creek, Mr. Scheuyeaulle 
and his associates have the Sunset group of three claims, giving assavs as 
high as $60 gold. The Mountain Sheik and another claim are on a parallel 
ledge about twenty feet wide, assaying 15 ounces silver, 10 per cent, copper 
and are owned by the same parties. ' 

The Crown Prince and Free Coinage, owned by Cook & Clarke and 
others, of Spokane, are on a ledge running into a steep cliff, and they will 
cross-cut it by tunneling on a stringer, which has already widened from 



84 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

nine to twenty-three inches in a cut of only twenty-eight inches. The ore 
is copper sulphides carrying 31 per cent, copper, $4.85 gold and 3 ounces silver. 

The galena ledges plowed down by the glaciers ofHorseshoe Basin nave 
been traced twelve miles eastward to the head of Bridge Creek, twenty- 
three and one-half miles by trail from Stehekin, but there they are found 
parallel or associated with ledges of pyritic ore in a formation of granite 
and porphyry. Of the Tiger group of seven claims, owned by li]. S. 
Ingraham, H. O. Hollenbeck, Van Smith, Professor Piper, George Young, 
H. Willis Carr and others, three claims are on a ledge fully fifty feet wide, 
running northeast and southwest near the head of the north fork. The 
croppings show three pay streaks, twenty-four, eighteen and six inches wide, 
two of them carrying galena, steel galena, gray copper and sulphurets, as 
shown in a twenty-foot open cut, while a twelve-foot shaft shows the third 
to change from large galena crystals to sulphides. Assays range from 103 
to 176 ounces silver and uniformly show about $24 gold. Three other claims 
are on a parallel ledge five feet wide, in which a twenty-foot tunnel shows 
a fourteen-inch streak of white iron assaying $6 gold, $8 silver, besides copper. 
On two of the claims cuts have been made preparatory to tunneling and have 
shown a quartz gangue, but in the other the gangue is porphyry carrying 
six inches of cube galena on one wall and a streak of iron sulphides on the 
other. The remaining claim is on a parallel ledge of hard crystallized quartz 
about ten feet wide, carrying sulphides, which assay $5 gold and silver on 
the surface. 

The Minneapolis is held by William Keho and Joseph Lathrop on a ledge 
of iron and copper pyrites cropping fifty feet between walls and carrying 
mineral the full width to a value of $18 gold, silver and copper. A cross-cut 
has been driven forty feet and will tap the ledge in another si^ty feet. 

The Defender group of three claims is held by M. A. Allmandinger, 
Daniel Devore and others on three small ledges, each about two feet wide. 
The main ledge was supposed to carry ruby silver, but a cut to be continued 
by a tunnel showed a two-inch streak carrying gray copper and sulphides, 
which assayed 100 ounces silver. Another ledge showed four inches of 
galena in a twenty-foot open cut. 

Among the other leading claims on Bridge Creek are the Mayflower on 
a thirty-foot ledge and the East Side on one five feet wide, both owned by 
William Keho and Henry Quinn. M. Bushman and W. I. Lyle have the 
Jefferson and Tennessee on parallel ledges about eight feet wide, carrying 
galena. In the Maple Creek Basin John Ferguson has the Prince of Wales 
on a four-foot ledge carrying eighteen inches of antimonial and ruby silver, 
Gilkey & Co., of Edison, having the Lulu on the extension, an assay from 
which ran $180 gold and silver, while ten other claims trace it across the 
mountain to Bridge Creek. Gilkey & Co. also have two claims on a four-foot 
ledge with eighteen inches of ore which averaged several hundred ounces in 
silver, and have the Sailor Boy on one thirty inches wide carrying $25 gold, 
18 ounces silver. At the head of Bridge Creek is the Gray Eagle on a 
four-foot ledge assaying 140 ounces silver and $4 gold, the owners being 
Rogers & Howe, of Waterville, Oscar Johnson and Peter Dalberg. 

The great deposits of sulphide ore extending across Company and Agnes 
Creeks near their sources and through the intervening ridge were first 
discovered eight years ago by Peter Goericke, of Conconully, but he strove 
in vain to find them again on a second trip and nearly lost his life in the 
attempt. Dennis McDonald and William Stillwell continued the search and 
in 1894 discovered a ledge of iron pyrites sixty feet wide, cut by Company 
Creek. They located the Well-known group of claims on this and parallel 
ledges. 

Seven of these claims on one ledge comprise a group which has been 
acquired by the Stehekin Mining Company. The ledge is over 100 feet wide 
in walls of blue porphyry and the center claim is on both sides of the deep 
canyon of Company Creek, with perpendicular porphyry walls for over 600 
feet, in which a 500-foot tunnel would give 2,500 feet of depth. The ledge is 
clearly traceable on both these walls and the quartz and schist gangue is 
impregnated throughout with iron and cooper pyrites, assaying $2 to $7 
gold and 2 to 15 per cent, copper. 

The belt was then traced through the mountains from the head of 
Railroad Creek across Company Creek to the head of Agnes Creek. On 
another ledge, nowhere less than 100 and often 300 feet wide, and on spurs 
and lesser parallel ledges, J. M. Scheuyeaulle, J. W. Horton, Gus Anderson 
and J. E. Merritt have the Goericke group of ten claims, while on a parallel 
ledge from eight to fifty feet wide they have three claims. Surface ore on 
the wider ledge has assayed as high as $45 and on the smaller one as high 
as $60 gold, but the assays from these bodies of sulphide ore have generally 
averaged about $7 gold. As little work has been done, these assays are 
all of surface ore, and the precedents of other similar districts where depth 
has been gained warrant the belief that higher values will be obtained when 
work has been carried on some distance below the surface. 



^ 




p 



ox: 

£3 



.I33='- £ < ^ .Q a) •*-> J_l o 

££§sf IS*?! 



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Index to Numbered Claims, Methow District. 









:;1. I.I., M-jy.^ 
i.. KiVCt.--i,i,:. 



. Brooklyn L 

Mike Maloney. 






MIXING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. S5 



THE METHOW. 

rhis district was the first to feel the effect of a revival of interest in 



mi 
prope 



ning among- the people of Seattle during- the year 1896 and the principal 
:>perties are owned in that city and being developed by Seattle capital. 
After suffering the effects of ill-advised ventures during the period imme- 
diately following the first discoveries, it appears now to have entered upon 
an era of steady, careful development, and every day's work gives added 
proof that it is well worth the confidence being shown in it. 

The route from Seattle to the Methow District, like that to Lake Chelan, 
is over the Great Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 174 miles, by the steamer 
City of Ellensburg to Ives Landing at the mouth of the Methow. seventy- 
rive miles. Thence a wagon road runs up each bank of the river, that on 
the left bank leading to Silver, twenty-five miles, and to the Twisp Ferry, 
seven mihs further, while that on the right bank leads to the town of 
Methow, in the center of the district, eight miles, and when a gap of six 
miles has been closed, will extend to the mouth of the Twisp, twenty-five 
miles further. A stage runs to Methow on the one side and to Silver on 
the other side of the river. 

The mineral belt through which discoveries extend and through which 
the Methow flows, is about twenty-five miles long and at least three miles 
wide, extending- through the foothills on each side of the river. Its char- 
acteristics are thus described by S. G. Dewsnap, the mining engineer: 

"The country rock of this belt is secondary granite, which is crossed and 
cut by dikes of bird's-eye porphyry, feldsite porphyry and diorite, which 
mostly strike northwest and dip southwest. The vein formation strikes a 
few degrees from east and west and dips northerly, cross-cutting the dikes 
at an angle of about SO degrees. In many cases the dikes are not broken by 
the veins at the surface, but are found to have been broken at some little 
depth below. The croppings of the quartz veins are mostly blind, that is, 
the surface of the rock formation is largely covered by soil underlaid by 
glacial cement, which makes prospecting rather difficult, and the bedrock 
is only seen at points where the dike contacts have left ridges or hogs- 
backs not covered by detritus. Standing on the footwall and looking down 
the dip of the veins, the ore is found in well-defined chutes dipping to the 
left hand at an angle of 60 to 66 degrees from the plane of the vein. South 
of the belt proper, in Black Canyon, which runs parallel with Squaw Creek, 
are some veins in which the oxidized iron is magnetite, not hematite. On 
the north side of this belt is another of soft feldsite porphyry about half a 
mile wide, in which a number of locations have been made on quartz veins, 
none of which have been proved by development work. Beyond this is a 
belt of syenite, extending north on the divide between McFarlane and Gold 
Creeks, in v/hich are veins carrying a little galena, mispickel and stibnite, 
and much richer in silver than the ores of the south belt, some tetrahedrite 
carrying much more both of silver and arsenic. The quartz in the three 
main veins, which form, the letter X and have been traced and located for 
nearly six miles east and west, seems to have followed in its forrnati n a 
seam of diorite porphyry, which is broken and replaced by quartz, sometimes 
shoving the diorite to the hanging wall, sometimes to the footwall. The ore 
occurs in chutes following the line of breaks in this diorite porphyry seam. 
"The characteristic mineral on the surface is a wax-like compact hema- 
tite, filling the crevices in the quartz, probably arising from the oxidation 
of the different sorts of pyrites which are found at greater depth. Free 
metallic gold is very rarely found in the quartz, but fine colors of free gold 
are generally found in the hematite iron of the surface ore. The charac- 
teristics of the ore in depth, unoxidized. are a pyrites, compact, hard, crys- 
tallized, containing a little gold, a grayer, softer pyrites carrying traces of 
zinc and arsenic that is rich in gold; a further pyrites mineral canning 
quite a little copper; traces of arsenic carrying moderate values in gold; 
a further sulphuret mineral resembling tetrahedrite of complicated com- 
position, carrying considerable silver and gold, with a little bismuth, anti- 
mony, arsenic and zinc." 

The first mineral discovery in this belt was made in 1887 by J. M. Burns 
on Polepick Mountain, near Silver, and has now developed into the Red 
Shirt mine. The ledge was cross-cut at 240 feet and shown to be five feet 
wide, and a. shaft sunk on it for 150 feet showed five feet ten inches of ore 
at the bottom. The cross-cut was e^t^nded 210 feet and cut another thirty- 
inch ledge, while drifts were run 400 feet each way on the main ledge, 
showing its width to range from four to six feet. The ore carries iron and 
copper sulphurets and assays about $20 a ton in gold and silver. It was 
bought in the summer of 1896 bv the Red Shirt Mining Company, which 
erected a twenty-stamp mill and began reducing the 1.700 tons of ore on the 
dump. It crushes sixty tons a day and concentrates 33 into 1. The company 
has also begun a cross-cut 160 feet b^low the upper tunnel and has run it 400 
feet, expecting to tap the ledge in another 200 feet. 



86 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

There are several promising prospects on the same and parallel ledges. 
On the Brooklyn, the extension of the Red Shirt, Mr. Burns has sunk a 
small shaft on the ledge. Frank Benson has sunk fifty feet on the two 
Pride of the Hill claims, on a parallel ledge, showing four feet of quartz 
assaying $30 gold. On the Capital, Love Hedge has sunk twenty feet, 
showing a five-foot ledge. 

The next discovery near the Red Shirt was made in 1890 by Mrs. M. 
Leiser and is now owned by J. S. Crockett, who has extended the forty-foot 
tunnel run by the former owners and shown up a ledge of quartz and 
crystallized lime carrying a good value in gold and silver. Then followed 
the discovery of the Black Warrior, also owned by Mr. Crockett, where a 
small shaft shows eight feet of pyritic ore between walls of diorite. Several 
adjoining claims have good surface showings, but the extent and value of 
the ledges is not apparent for lack of development. Among these are the 
Mike Maloney, by W. H. Lilley and O. S. Booth; the Silver Bow, by James 
McCann and Sims Connelly; the Brother Jack, on an iron cap assaying 
$20 gold on the surface, and the Panic on a parallel ledge, both owned by 
Charles Klemme and J. J. Snyder. 

Five miles northwest of the Red Shirt, at the head of Bear Creek and 
Pipestone Canyon, near Winthrop, is the Safe Deposit group of four claims, 
owned by the Safe Deposit Mining and Milling Company. The ledge runs 
north and south and, as the property is due north of the Red Shirt, is 
believed to be an extension of that ledge. The gangue is quartz and the 
mineral is copper pyrites carrying gold and silver, between walls of por- 
phyry and granite. Assays range from $7 to $14 and the ore will concentrate 
30 into 1. A twenty-foot shaft is down on one claim and on another is one 
of sixty feet, which is being continued with a double shift, each showing 
the ledge to range from three to thirteen feet and the ore to increase in 
value with depth. When the course and pitch has been defined, a cross-cut 
will be run 200 feet to tap the ledge at a depth of 240 feet. The company is 
negotiating with the Red Shirt Company to concentrate fifty tons of ore a 
day at its mill, a wagon road within half a mile of the property making 
transportation easy. 

It was not till 1892 that discoveries extended southeastward to Squaw 
Creek, where J. W. Draa and Nels Johnson made the first discoveries, but 
so broad a belt of mineral was soon revealed in that vicinity that it became 
the center of interest and has since remained so, except for a lull during 
the year 1895. The principal ledges were first found cropping on Johnson 
Mountain, on the left bank of Squaw Creek, but they have now been traced 
across the Methow almost to its mouth and over the mountains to Gold and 
McFarlane Creeks in one direction and to Black Canyon in the other. The 
three main ledges are those already described as forming the letter N, But 
they are paralleled by a number of others and intersected by several cross 
ledgesr showing the whole country to" be' veined with mineral-bearing rock. 

The greatest depth so far attained in this part of the district is on the 
Highland Light, owned by the Highland Light Gold Mining Company. This 
is on one of the main ledges cropping near the summit of Johnson Mountain 
and has been developed by a shaft 140 feet deep, which cuts through an ore 
chute dipping towards it from the west and remained in it for the first fifty 
feet. A drift was run twenty feet at the twenty-five foot level and the ore 
above stoped out. Another drift was run forty-five feet at the fifty-foot 
level and from it some stoping has been done on an ore chute cropping east 
of the shaft, which ran $92 for all values. A drift was run fifteen feet to 
the east at the 100-foot level, showing thirty inches of similar ore. At the 
bottom of the shaft drifts were run sixty feet to the west and forty feet to 
the east. The west drift cut the ore chute through which the shaft was 
sunk and defined it as three feet wide and carrying ore worth about $45. 
There are 400 tons of ore of all grades on the dump, which is, being reserved 
for local treatment, either in the existing five-stamp mill on Squaw Creek 
or by some other approved process. While much of the ore is rich enough 
to pay for shipment to the smelter, it is essentially concentrating ore and 
can be more economically reduced on the ground. 

The property showing the next largest amount of development, although 
work has been suspended during the winter, is the Friday group of five 
claims, on the left bank of the Methow, owned by the Friday Gold Mining 
Company. At a point on the mountain side 225 feet above the river a tunnel 
110 feet long taps the ledge, with drifts sixty-five feet to the east and forty- 
three feet to the west, the former showing the width to be ten feet, the 
latter twenty-two feet between walls. The ore is better where the ledge is 
narrower. The main station is at the inner end of the tunnel and from it 
a double compartment shaft has been sunk eighty-four feet. The ledge has 
been cross-cut at the bottom of this shaft and is twelve feet wide, and drifts 
extend fifty-eight feet to the east, forty-three feet to the west, the west 
drift showing fourteen feet of well-mineralized quartz, with lenses of high- 
grade sulphuret ore. Ten tons of this ore shipped to the Everett smelter 
recently yielded $70 a ton. Above the main station are two stopes, each 
34x18 feet, exposing ten feet of solid ore of varying quality, a shaft extending 
from them to the open air. The ore is mainly iron pyrites, chalcopyrite 
and mispickel, with, rare, bits of, zinc blende. In all, sixty-two and one-half 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 87 

tons of ore have been shipped, returning an average of about $80, and assays 
of $97 have been obtained frequently, $140 repeatedly and $406 occasionally. 
The ore is essentially a gold ore, carrying from a trace to six ounces of silver 
and as high as 2 per cent, copper. There is a large quantity of ore on the 
dump, which is to be reduced by a stamp mill and concentrator to be erected 
this season. The ledge is tapped by a seventy-five foot tunnel on another 
claim and a drift has been run thirty feet to the west, showing good ore. 
On a third claim a ninety-foot shaft shows good prospects. 

On the Friday ledge on the west is the Diamond Queen group of two 
claims on a bluff overlooking the river, owned by the Diamond Queen Gold 
Mining Company. Two tunnels have been driven on the ledge, one sixty 
feet showing it six feet wide and the other fifty feet at a point 300 feet lower, 
which will in twenty-five feet more cut an ore chute cropping on the surface. 
The ledge is well defined for 1,400 feet on the surface. An assay from crop- 
pings of the ore chute returned gold $10.80, silver 61 cents, and assays from 
the upper tunnel ran $3.65 to $32.70 gold. 

Beyond this group and on the same side of the river is the Emerald group 
of three claims, owned by the Emerald Mining and Milling Company. The 
ledge crops five and one-half feet wide between granite walls and has been 
traced for 3,000 feet. A sixty-foot tunnel, attaining a depth of sixty feet, 
shows it to widen to nine and one-half feet, with a thirty-inch pay streak. 
The surface ore assaved $25 gold, silver and copper, while samples taken from 
,the face of the tunnel at fifty-three feet assayed $122 and $157, the ledge 
matter outside of the pav streak being mineralized to the value of about $10. 
A contract has been let for a 200-foot tunnel, 300 feet below the upper tunnel, 
to be used as a working tunnel, and is being continued day and night. 

Another property which has shown up well for a large amount of develop- 
ment is the Hidden Treasure, adjoining the Highland Light, owned by the 
Hidden Treasure Gold Mining Company. An upper tunnel has been run 
200 feet, gaining 120 feet in depth, and has cut ore chutes sixty-five, thirty- 
five and twenty-five feet long respectively, being now in the fourth, which 
shows thirteen inches of ore. A second tunnel fifty feet below has been 
driven 115 feet through good concentrating ore and is now in the main ore 
chute, carrying twenty-six inches of high-grade ore. One shipment of seven 
tons of $70 ore was made last season and there are 100 tons of $30 ore on the 
dump. The company has built a wooden tramway down the mountain from 
the mine to the road, down which ore will be transported by gravity. 

Another well-developed property is the Okanogan, one of the pioneer 
locations on Johnson Mountain, owned by the Okanogan Mining Company. 
A prospecting tunnel was first driven fifty feet on the ledge and a new 
tunnel was then started forty feet below. This is now in 165 feet, showing 
six feet nine inches between the walrs, with twenty-six inches of copper 
sulphides at the 114-foot mark. A winze is being sunk from the face of this 
tunnel and is now down fifty feet, giving 130 feet of depth below the surface. 
The winze is now running through an ore chute three feet wide, assays of 
which run from $2fr to $28 gold, and assays generally have ranged from 
$10 to $97. 

The Hunter, the first location on Johnson Mountain, has also shown well 
under development, and has been bonded with two other claims for $10,000 
to F. S. Mack, of New York. A tunnel has been run 200 feet on the ledge, 
gaining a depth of sixty feet and showing nine feet four inches of quartz 
carrying copper sulphides between perfect walls. The value averages from 
$16 to $20 gold and 8 to 12 per cent, copper. 

The Methow Mining Company has the Washington group of seven claims, 
all but one of which are adjoining. Three of these are on the Hunter ledge, 
which is shown to be six to six and one-half feet wide in an open cut fifteen 
feet long and ten feet deep on one claim; four and one-half feet wide in a 
twelve-foot shaft on another, showing oxidized and decomposed quartz, and 
from four to four and one-half feet in the third, where it is well mineralized 
with copper sulphides on the surface and where two stringers run into it. 
Another claim is on a stringer three to eighteen inches wide, carrying high- 
grade ore with free gold often showing, and yet another has a ledge seven 
to ten feet wide cropping the entire length, though quite undeveloped. The 
last claim of the group is the Bill Nye, and, although three miles west of 
the others, is probably on an extension of one of the main ledges, showing 
five feet of similar quartz, partially decomposed, in a fifteen-foot shaft. 

The Gray Eagle group of three claims, owned by Fischer Brothers, of 
Seattle, has made a good showing, being on the Friday ledge. A shaft has 
been sunk 140 feet, with a drift at the fifty-foot level driven 100 feet west 
and ten feet east, with a stope twenty-seven feet high on the west drift. 
At the 100-foot level there is a drift seventy-three feet to the west with an 
upraise of eighty-nine feet. All this work shows a vein from four to eight 
feet, with a diorite dike shoving it first to one wall, then to the other. 
Several car-load shipments of high-grade ore have been made and about 
200 tons are on the dump. 

Adjoining the Gray Eagle group is the Last Chance, owned by J. R. 
Esmond and Edward L. Ensel, on a well-defined ledge three and one-half 
feet wide with talc gouge on the walls, which are diorite and bird's-eye 
porphyry. A tunnel was run forty-five feet on the ledge by the former 



88 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

owners, who stoned out the ore above and shipped three car loads to the 
Everett smelter, netting- $39 gold and a little silver. A shaft was sunk fifteen 
feet from the tunnel, showing sixteen inches of ore all the way, which 
assayed $31 gold and a little silver. 

The Hunter ledge also shows up well on the Sailor Boy, on which Nels 
Johnson and Alexander McKinnon have sunk sixteen and twenty-foot shafts 
along the footwall, showing four feet of good oxidized ore; on the Lookout, 
where John Summers and Thomas McLaughlin have sunk sixty feet; the 
California, where Andrew O'Malley, Richard Malone and William O'Neil 
have run a twenty-foot cross-cut; the Mills, where A. L. Johnson, S. P. 
Richardson and William Goggins sank inclines fifty feet and eighteen 
feet, showing the ledge to be at least six feet wide, and making a ship- 
ment, which returned $37- on the Crown Point, owned by A. McKinnon; 
on the Badger and its extension, where Lloyd Pershall and others have run 
a fifty-foot tunnel and sunk twenty feet. The ledge was then traced across 
the river and Messrs. Johnson and Draa located the Josephine group of three 
claims in that direction.. 

The Standard and an extension, both on the Highland Light ledge, owned 
by the Standard Gold Mining and Milling Company, have the ledge shown 
four to four and one-half feet wide where it has been stripped for twenty to 
thirty feet. There is ten to fourteen inches of ore, average samples of which 
assayed $38.60 gold and a little silver. Judging from adjoining properties, 
there is probably 5 per cent, copper. The company will tunnel on the ledge 
and by driving for 1,000 feet will gain 700 feet in depth. 

Among the other properties on the Highland Light ledge, which forms 
the cross stroke of the letter N described by the three main ledges of John- 
son Mountain, are the Columbia, owned by the Cable Mining Company, 
where it crops fourteen feet wide and carries some free gold on the surface; 
the Big Fraction, owned by John and Frank Welsh and others. The Gray 
Eagle ledge is the southern parallel stroke of the N and has been traced 
onward across the river through the Diamond Queen and Friday groups. 

On extensions are the California Boy and Decoration, by C. L. Martin: 
the Humboldt, by Daniel Murray; the Ida May, by Daniel Murray and 
Harry Hayward, and the Cripple Creek. To the west the same ledge was 
extended by the location of the Mountain Lily group of five claims, owned 
by T. W. Robinson and J. R. Esmond. On this group a shaft is down ninety- 
five feet, with a fourteen-foot drift at the bottom, cross-cuts have been run 
fifty and thirty feet, defining the ledge to be four feet ten inches to seven 
feet wide, and an eighteen-foot shaft has been sunk. 

On a parallel ledge to the north are the Parallel grouo of two claims, 
owned by C. R. Martin. Thomas Warren and A. F. Burleigh; the Eeno 
fraction, by C. R. Martin; the Monday, by Charles Durr and Chris Stil- 
recht, and the Tuesday group of three claims, owned by the Tuesday Gold 
Mining Company. This ledge has so far been merely prospected, the most 
work bMng on the Tuesday group, and has been defined to a Width tanging 
from two to seven feet. The Tuesday Company has sunk sixteen feet on 
the footwall. with ore the full width and no hanging wal' in sight, and has 
defined the v-dge by a ten-foot shaft in another place. Assays range from 
|58 gold upwards. Beyond these is the Riverside group of three claims, near 
the wagon road, owned by the Riverside Gold Mining Company, where the 
ledge shows four feet wide in a fourteen-foot shaft, with sixteen inches of 
pay ore, while the whole ledge assays $13 gold and silver. 

Parallel with the Friday ledge the Ben Lummon Gold Mining and Milling 
Company has a claim on a four-foot ledge, and on the opposite side of the 
river, below the Gray Eagle, has two other claims on twin ledges, each six 
feet wide, with five and one-half feet of black slate between them and with 
porphyry walls. The ore is similar to the Gray Eagle and assays $15 to $18 
gold on the surface. These three compose the Ben Lummon group. 

Among other properties on parallel ledges showing well on development 
is the Ocean Wave, owned by Jacob Durr's heirs, L. W. Barton and Lee 
Bowen, where a seventy-foot shaft shows a six-foot ledge, on which another 
shaft is down twenty feet and several open cuts have been made. On the 
Chicago Andrew O'Malley and William O'Neil have stripped an eighteen- 
inch ledge for 300 feet and sunk eighteen feet, showing ore which averages 
about $100. three tons having returned $57.49 over freight and treatment. 
One of the famous pioneer claims is the Paymaster, adjoining Methow town, 
on which Claude and Burrell Johnson ran tunnels 235 and 65 feet and sank a 
shaft 105 feet, showing forty inches of ore which assayed $23 to $60.. On this 
ledge J. M. Scheuyeaulle has the St. Patrick, in which thirty feet' of work 
has shown three feet of ore assaying as high as $187 gold. On" the Yes or No 
Melton Woods and P. H. Farley have shown three feet of ore in a fifteen-foot 
shaft. On the north side of Johnson Mountain Nels Johnson has sunk a 
ninety-foot shaft on the London, showing a ten-foot ledge, and J. R. Esmond 
has, sunk a shaft on a parallel ledge six feet wide running high in copper 
sulphides. 

The Just in Time group of two claims on Johnson Mountain is owned by 
the Just Gold Mining Company and has a tunnel 108 feet, showing up the 
ledge from five to six feet without the footwall, the ore assaying $24.40 gold. 
Another tunnel fifty feet higher taps a parallel ledge three to four feet. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 89 

The company is drifting- west on the lower tunnel to locate an ore chute 
which appears to be about forty feet west, then will tunnel further down the 
mountain and cut the ore chutes to a depth of 400 feet. 

On Blue Rose Mountain, directly across the river from the Friday, the 
Squaw Creek Mining Company has eight claims, commonly called the Schulz 
and Chesney group, after their locators. They are on a series of parallel 
ledges ranging from four to six feet wide, shown in a number of small shafts 
and open cuts, and carrying pay streaks of galena, gray copper and azurite, 
assaying 40 ounces and upwards in silver. A forty-foot tunnel has shown 
up ore carrying $60 to $70 gold, and development is now in progress on a ledge 
which has widened to twenty feet and carries lenticular bodies and pockets 
of copper pyrites and gray copper, often of high grade, besides large bodies 
of concentrating ore. 

On the same series of ledges A. J. Dexter has the Blue Rose; R. S. Ells 
the Montana; William Noble and J. M. Sparkman the Overlook; Fred Sim- 
mons and George Gates the Idaho; E. A. Sartor the Lizzie; Fred Simmons 
and R. S. Ells the Ninety-five; Fred Simmons the Lone Star; Fred Simmons 
and Michael Long the Major and Summit; Rev. Mr. Thomas the Annie. 

On Treasure Mountain is the Nip and Tuck group of four claims, owned 
by the Treasure Mountain Mining Company, of Seattle. A tunnel forty feet 
and another eighty-five feet at a point fifty-five feet below are on the middle 
one of three veins into which the ledge has split, and showed from three to 
twenty-five inches of ore, thirty tons of which reduced at the Squaw Creek 
mill was worth $16 gold. It is intended to cross-cut for the other two veins into 
which the ledge has split. Lee Ives and others have the Excelsior on the 
same ledge and have sunk twelve feet, showing it to be twelve feet between 
walls, with a number of stringers, the pay ore assaying $23.50 gold, $6 silver. 

On Gold Point Hill, two miles west of Methow, Alexander McNeil and 
M. M. Kingman have the Larsen group of four claims on two ledges. One 
of these shows forty inches wide in a double compartment shaft forty-five 
feet deep, ore from which assayed $22 to $78. On the other ledge a fifteen-foot 
shaft shows sixteen to twenty-four inches of ore assaying $25 to $60. On the 
two White Elephant claims M. M. Kingman and R. N. Pershall have run 
a 100-foot tunnel on a five-foot ledge. Mr. McNeil has also the Chippewa 
group of three claims, two on a four-foot ledge on which he has sunk ten 
feet and the third on one five feet wide, shown by a similar shaft. The two 
Sacramento claims of C. J. Ogden and W. A. Bollinger are on a three and 
one-half foot ledge, showing in a twenty-foot shaft. 

The most recent developments are on McFarlane and Gold Creeks, to 
the west of Squaw Creek, and good ore bodies are being shown up. On the 
Black Jack S. G. Dewsnap has run a tunnel 150 feet and has cross-cut from 
footwall to hanging wall, showing four feet of quartz well mineralized with 
gold, silver and copper for its whole width. The Damfino has a sixty-foot 
tunnel showing fort yinches of similar ore. On the Parallel a forty-foot 
tunnel showing forty inches of similar ore-. The. Catherine, on McFarlane 
Creek, makes a good showing on an eight-foot ledge. The Osiola, on the 
Gold Creek Divide, shows up six feet of copper and gold ore. On the Oregon 
group, on the south fork of Gold Creek, an incline shaft is down fifty feet, 
showing five feet of arsenical iron ore, which carries $10 to $40 gold. On the 
north fork of Gold Creek a number of discoveries have been made and 
development is being carried on with very encouraging results. On the 
North Star a ninety-foot shaft shows the pay streak to widen from two 
inches to four feet, surface ore assaying $20 gold, 234 ounces silver. 

That the same mineral belt extends through the Methow foothills far up 
the river is shown by the discoveries in the Spokane mine at the mouth of 
the Twisp, owned by Morgan, Nichols & Co., of Minneapolis, who are actively 
developing it. The ledge is between four and five teet, between walls of 
porphyry, and runs northwest and southeast nearly perpendicular, with a 
slight pitch to the west. Prospecting was begun with a shaft sunk forty 
feet, showing ore all the way and a widening ledge. A tunnel was then run 
above the top of the shaft, which was covered up, and is now in eighty feet. 
A drift is being run 108 feet lower and will be used as a working tunnel, 
from which an upraise will be made for a shaft. The work so far has shown 
twenty-four to thirty inches of solid mineral on the footwall, sometimes 
crossing to the hanging wall. The pay streak carries about $50 gold and 
silver and the whole ledge carries good value. It is proposed to erect a 
matting plant on the ground this season. 

Development in the Methow District would probably have proceeded 
much faster but for the ill-effects of some early experiments in the treat- 
ment of the ore. Some slight showings of free gold on the surface led the 
prospectors to the erroneous conclusion that it was a free gold belt and 
they proceeded on that assumption. A five-stamp mill with one concen- 
trator was erected on Squaw Creek and two arrastres were built. Twelve 
tons of Paymaster ore run through the stamp mill barely Daid expenses, 
and forty-five tons milled at Charles Austinburg's arrastre sent down tail- 
ings which assayed $45, assays of the ore having ranged from $23 to $60 
The arrastres are now abandoned and the stamp mill has been bought by 
J. A. James, of Seattle, who contemplates some improvements with a view 
to doing a customs business. Experiments are, however, being made with 



90 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

a view to the adoption of the cyanide or some other leeching process, and 
some such method will be adopted where the percentage of copper does not 
run too high. The country rock of the district is ordinarily so hard that 
tunneling costs $10 to $12 per foot and shafting by contract costs $16 per foot 
down to the 150-foot level. While the ore is rich enough to pay a good profit 
over cost of mining, freight and treatment, much better results can be ob- 
tained by the erection of a reduction plant on the ground, and the question 
as to the best process now occupies the minds of mining men. The small 
proportion of free gold is in extremely minute particles, rendering amalga- 
mation not worth while, except in connection with concentrators, and the 
values are mainly in sulphurets. The percentage of copper ranges from 2 to 
13 per cent., and where it does not exceed the former figure a.nd the action 
of the solution is not hampered by other ingredients, the cyanide process 
may be successful. However, experiment will settle this question, and, now 
that the mining men have become aroused to the fact that the problem is 
not to find the gold-bearing rock, but to extract the gold after they have 
found it, ultimate success is assured. 

THE TWISP. 

While the first mineral discoveries on the headwaters of the Twisp River 
were made as long ago as 1884, general prospecting has only set in within 
the last two years, and the last flock of prospectors has defined the character 
of the country's mineral. Development began in earnest last year and will 
be continued with vigor during the coming summer, a large number of Spo- 
kane citizens having taken interests there. 

The country formation is granite, as in other sections of the Cascades, 
and is broken by numerous dikes of porphyry. The ledges have assumed 
a reddish hue from oxidation, which makes them easily traceable, and carry 
free gold on the surface in most instances, though the change to sulphurets 
is already becoming apparent in the limited amount of development so far 
done. Towards the headwaters of the Twisp and on the Twisp Pass the 
ore is sulphide, rich in copper, and having the same characteristics as the 
older and more developed sulphide ore belts. 

There are two routes to this district from Seattle. One is by the Great 
Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 174 miles; by the steamer City of Ellens- 
burg on the Columbia River to Ives, seventy-five miles; on horseback over 
a wagon road up the left bank of the Methow to Twisp, thirty-three miles; 
on horseback over the state trail to Gilbert's Camp on North Creek, twenty- 
four miles, and onward to the Twisp Pass, six miles further. The legislature 
has appropriated funds for the widening of the trail up the Twisp into a 
wagon road this season, a change which will greatly aid development. 

The first discoveries were made in 1884 by E. W. Lockwood, of Wenatchee, 
Ed Shackleford and H. M. Cooper, who located what is now the Washington, 
but despairing of success on account of the remoteness of the district, aban- 
doned it. They then went to the lake forming the source of North Creek 
and made a discovery there, but made no location. 

John Gillihan was the next prospector to penetrate the district and in 
1892 he located the Oregonian group of eight claims, in company with P. S. 
Sanford and James Gaston. This group is at the head of North Creek, 
near the glaciers which feed that stream, the walls being usually of por- 
phyry. One ledge crops two to four feet wide for 800 feet. A twenty-foot 
shaft shows another four feet wide, traceable for 1,500 feet and carrying 
ore which assays $60 to $600 gold. Another has been traced for the same 
distance to a width of twelve feet and in an eighteen-foot tunnel shows ore 
assaying $11 to $114 gold. On another, which is held under two claims, a 
shaft twenty-five feet deep has shown three feet of ore carrying $15 gold. 
Another has been traced the whole length of two claims and is six feet 
wide, a ten-foot shaft and twenty-foot tunnel showing ore which assays 
$16 to $43. An assay from an average sample of the whole group showed 
$27.50 gold. 

The next location was the Derby, by P. B. Shonafelt and R. P. Dolsen, 
who have bonded it for $10,000 to Frank Rosenhaupt, of Spokane. The ledge 
crops near the Oregonian twelve feet wide and in a sixty-foot shaft and 
forty-foot tunnel shows quartz carrying $8 to $10 gold throughout, with a pay 
streak of eight to twenty-two inches on the hanging wall carrying $100 gold 
and upwards. 

In the summer of 1S95 discoveries extended from North and South Creeks 
up the Twisp to the summit of the pass, and in 1896 development was in- 
augurated. On Gilbert Mountain were found eight parallel ledges, on which 
about thirty locations have been made, while the same belt has been traced 
across North Creek to Clark's Mountain. On Goat Park Mountain are two 
great main ledges with many cross ledges. 

On Gilbert Mountain the pioneer claim is the Mountain Goat, owned by 
P. Gilbert, A. Raub, Nelson Clark, Henry Plummer, George Witte and 
Frank Thompson. It has two ledges five and three and one-half feet wide, 



MINING IN THE -PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 91 

one of them with a cropping so strong that it was visible a mile distant, 
standing twelve feet high in a perpendicular cliff, and a fifteen-foot tunnel 
has shown three feet of free milling ore similar to that of the Derby. Four 
surface assays showed from $95 to $387 gold. 

On the same belt is the Big Eight group, owned by the Big Eight Mining 
and Milling Company, on which the two main Mountain Goat ledges run 
through three claims from base to summit of the mountain and eight parallel 
ledges run through the whole group. A fifty-foot tunnel on one of the 
Mountain Goat ledges shows it well mineralized throughout, with surface 
ore assaying from $27 to $280. The surface ore shows free gold, but the sul- 
phurets increase with depth. A contract will be let this spring for an 
extension of the tunnel. 

On this belt the Washington, owned by Nelson Clark and R. J. Danson, 
has a five-foot ledge, which a twenty-foot tunnel shows to be fairly well 
mineralized. The Portland group of seven claims, owned by the Consoli- 
dated Twisp Mining and Milling Company, has three claims on a six-foot 
ledge shown by a fifty-foot tunnel, and two on cross ledges. The ore carries 
$13 free gold throughout, though two assays made of the drillings from the 
tunnel ran $1,500 and $1,900. On another ledge a ten-foot tunnel shows six 
feet of well-mineralized quartz. The Mobile, on the Mountain Goat ledge, 
is held by P. B. Shonafelt and R. P. Dolsen and has a twenty-foot cut 
showing a good pay streak. 

The three great ledges on Goat Park Mountain crop out between walls 
of granite and gneiss on the side of a deep gulch on the north slope, and 
have been traced down the face of the mountain and up over its summit 
for a total distance of 12,000 feet. On the surface they show red oxidized 
quartz carrying free gold, but at two to ten feet below the surface the ore 
runs into copper and iron sulphides. Surface ore assays from $5 to $88 gold, 
besides good copper values. 

The Orient Gold Mining and Milling Company has the Orient group of 
four claims on two of these ledges, which crop 250 feet apart, one thirty- 
three and the other twenty feet wide. A surface cross-cut twenty feet long 
showed ten feet of ore in one of these, carrying free gold and sulphides, a 
mill test giving $15 gold. A cross ledge seven feet wide, carrying copper 
sulphides, has been shown by a fifteen-foot cut, and a cut on the other ledge 
defines its width as twenty feet. 

On the same series of ledges the Ben Lummon Gold Mining and Milling 
Company has six claims, on which it will begin development this spring. 
One claim has three ledges six to twelve feet wide of gold and copper; two 
others are on a ledge carrying gold and silver, and thoroughly mineralized, 
which an open cross-cut defines to a width of seven feet; the fourth is on 
a nine-foot ledge of similar ore; a fifth as a sixteen-foot ledge carrying 
gold, silver and copper, which on an adjoining claim carries ore assaying 
high in gold and silver; the sixth claim is on a seven-foot ledge carrying 
from $4.50 to $37 gold and a small percentage of copper. 

On Bear Creek, at the foot of this mountain, E. W. Lockwood, O. D. 
Johnson and F. M. Scheble have the Cumberland on a sixteen-foot ledge 
of copper sulphide ore. J. H. Shepard has the Crown Prince group of four 
claims on a four-foot ledge, and George and Edward Witte, Henry Ramm 
and C. F. Wilke have the Marshal Ney on a four-foot ledge showing free 
gold with black sulphurets and iron and copper sulphides. 

On the Lone Star and Cathedral, on Clark's Mountain, J. H. Shepard 
and R. A. Lee have a ledge four to six feet wide, and on the Chamber of 
Commerce and Jennie Lee they have one of about the same size, while in 
the Daisy they have a good showing of gray copper. On the White Bear 
F. P. Young, Bert Young and W. C. Campbell have a two-foot ledge of 
brown and white quartz showing sulphides, with a two-inch streak of what 
appears to be crystallized lead. On the Chamber of Commerce ledge Elmer 
Abernethy has located the Broadway, while Nelson Clark and B. R. Staf- 
ford have a ledge six to eight feet on the Latah, and Mr. Clark and his son 
Frank have the Everett on a small lead wiilch shows good mineral. Elmer 
Abernethy has the Lulu on a four and one-half foot ledge carrying a foot 
of solid ore. which can be traced several hundred feet; has the Green Eye 
with two ledges, one of which is the same as the Lulu, and the Flossie, with 
a three-foot ledge. He and D. M. Henderson have the Summit and Princess 
on an iron cap of great width covering three and one-half feet of pyritic 
ore. On the west end of the mountain the Yellow Jacket is owned by John 
and Samuel Dimick, E. L. Tozier, A. L. Tozier and E. R. Gilbert. 

On the summit of the Twisp Pass the Three Links Gold Mining Companv 
has three claims on a twenty-foot ledge cropping for 3,000 feet between walls 
of porphyry and granite. It shows sulphide ore for its whole width, assay- 
ing on the surface $4 to $12 gold, 2y 2 ounces silver, 4 per cent, copper. 

Adjoining this group is the Gold Bar group of five and one-half claims, 
owned by the Gold Bar Mining Company, on several ledges of sulphide ore 
cropping about twenty feet wide down the mountain side. A sixty-foot 
tunnel on the hanging wall of one ledge is in ore the whole length, and an 
eight-foot cross-cut did not strike the footwall. Assays run all the way 
from a trace to $6C0 gold, with some copper, the average value being about 



92 MINING IN. THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

$40. A fifty-foot shaft on another ledge shows four feet of similar ore, 
carrying from $40 to $60 gold. 

On the same series of ledges the Golden Triangle Mining Company has 
nine claims, which it will develop this season. The ledges are of great size 
and carry fine-grained white iron sulphides, showing free gold on the 
surface. 

The Twisp River Mining and Milling Company has the Hattie group of 
three claims on Elmer Mountain near the Derby, on three ledges of free 
milling ore carrying gold and a little silver, which were discovered late in 
1896. One ledge crops twelve feet wide and has been traced across the 
mountain, while the others are of less width. Several assays have ranged 
close to $100. 

SALMON RIVER. 

This district was once the center of mining excitement in Washington 
and is likely to be so again, for the presence of large mineral deposits has 
been so conclusively proved that its eclipse can be but temporary. Its chief 
drawback is its remoteness from means of steam transportation, but the 
development of other districts to the north, south and west is likely to 
bring this ever nearer. 

The route from Seattle is by the Great Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 
174 miles; thence by steamer City of Ellensburg up the Columbia and Okan- 
ogan Rivers to Brewster, eighty-five miles, ana stage to Ruby, forty miles, 
Conconully, forty-six miles; at high water, steamers to Johnson's Landing, 
130 miles; thence by stage to Ruby, sixteen miles, and to Conconully, six miles 
further. 

The first mineral discoveries of this district were made after the opening 
of the Moses Reservation, in the fall of 1S86, in Ruby Hill, a steep mountain 
rising to a height of 3,800 feet above the town. In a country rock of granite 
and gneiss were found ledges of quartz, carrying silver in almost all its 
forms, with a small quantity of gold, the croppings being stained with iron 
and cooper. The ledges run a little west of north and east of south, and 
pitch about 22% degrees east, and are on the summit of the hill, ranging in 
width from six feet upward. The ore is principally sulphurets, carrying from 
10 to 100 ounces of silver, with rich pockets of native, wire and ruby silver 
running much higher, and an average of about $3 gold. The first discovery 
was made by Jack Clonan, Billy Mililgan, Tom Donan and Thomas Fuller, 
Who struck a ledge about eighteen feet wide, which ran uniformly from wall 
to wall about $14 gold and silver. They located the Ruby on it, and this 
proved to be the lowest grade mine on the hill, for Dick Bilderback and his 
father, Pat McGreel and Will ChiLson, located the First Thought on a 
parallel ledge further east, which was thirty to forty feet wide on the sur- 
face and which ran about $28 gold and silver for its whole width. The dis- 
covery Of the Fourth of July, showing the richest ledge on the hill, and tne 
Arlington, both by the same party, came next. The discovery of the Peacock 
by John Pecar and the Lenora by James Robinson and James Gilmore, on 
Peacock Hill, to the northeast of Ruby Hill, then diverted attention. 

About the same time the mineral belt was found to extend northward 
beyond Conconully to Mineral Hill, which is an extension of the same ridge, 
shutting in the Salmon River Canyon on the west, and is about two miles 
northwest of Conconully Equally valuable discoveries were made on the 
opposite side of the canyon and through the lime belt, which runs north of 
Johnson Creek and east of Toat's Coulee up to Wagon Road Coulee, east of 
Loomiston. The ore in the lime belt is all high grade, carrying black sul- 
phurets of silver and showing copper stains. 

After sinking a fifty-foot shaft and running a 100-foot tunnel, both on 
the ledge, and discovering a small stringer running into the main ledge, with 
a rich pocket at the junction, from which $1,000 was taken, the discoverers 
of the Ruby sold it to Jonathan Bourne. Jr., of Portland. This was the 
beginning of a heavy investment by . a large company of Portland people, 
beaded by Mr. . Bourne and by others who followed his lead. The First 
Thought showed $28 ore in an eighty-foot shaft, and was sold to Mr. Bourne 
and his associates for $40,000 cash. On the Arlington the locators sank a 
forty-foot shaft, showing a six-foot vein, which ran about $40 gold and silver, 
and in 1888 sold for $45,000 cash to the Arlington Mining Company, of which 
Mr Bourne was president. Mr. Bourne incorporated the Ruby and First 
Thought, each separately, organized the Washington Reduction Company 
to put in a concentrating plant to treat the ores, and acquired other claims, 
so that be and the corporations which he controls now own twenty- seven 
contiguous claims on Ruby hill. 

The Arlington Mining Company did about 800 feet of development in the 
shape of shafts, drifts and tunnels, reaching a depth of 225 feet, at which 
the ledge was. the same in size and character as on the surface. The com- 
pany then started the erection of a leeching plant, but, after expending 
about $130,000 on this and other work, discovered that no water could be 















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INDEX TO NUMBERED CLAIMS, 

Map of TVisp District. 



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71' e 1 ' An , thon y- 


1. Golden Eagle. 

2. Jack Knife. 


^3. Admiral. 


6. Chief Mosea. 


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s. Anna May 
9. Surprise. 


12. Sarah. "" 


§' nv,"?*™. 



: Jennie 



ion' IlllS" H °™«i 



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i nil 



roitt^Kl qeiwT to qisM 



.p .a .p .» 



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MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 93 

obtained on the site selected, although there was abundance in the creek 
200 feet below. Work on the plant was suspended, mining stopped and, of 
the several hundred tons of ore which had accumulated, the best was con- 
centrated at the Washington Reduction Company's mill. 

On the First Thought Mr. Bourne went vigorously to work. He first ran 
tunnel No. 3 900 feet, tapping the ledge at a depth of 400 feet, and then up- 
raised a shaft to the surface, 234 feet. He ran another tunnel about 1,000 
feet on the fooiwall, and made a cross-cut 112% feet, all through ore. 
Another tunnel was run 800 feet on the hanging wall, which gave a depth of 
200 feet. A number of drifts from the tunnel on the footwall to that on the 
hanging wall showed the ledge to be from thirty to sixty feet wide. It 
averaged from six to ten ounces silver and $3 gold, though there were rich 
streaks and pockets, showing native and ruby silver, which ran up to 1,000 
ounces. 

Meanwhile the Washington Reduction Company erected a concentrator 
at Ruby and built a cable bucket tramway a mile long, from the First 
Thought mine. It has two rock crushers, two Dodge pulverizers with 
screens, eight Frue vanners, canvas strakes, and an electric dynamo run 
by water power, the whole costing about $70,000. It ran for about three 
months in 1892, and, after a suspension during the winter, started again in 
the spring of 1893 and ran until July. As silver then fell below 70 cents, the 
mill was stopped after producing about $40,000 in concentrates, clear of 
freight and treatment charges, and has not since turned a wheel. 

The Fourth of July was bought by a syndicate which incorporated, leaving 
out Mr. Bourne's one-eighth, as he refused to sell. The company sank 
about 780 feet, ran drifts for some 500 feet and stoped about 800 tons of ore. 
This was the richest ledge on the hill, being fifteen feet wide, with a pay 
streak four feet wide, from which one shipment of twenty tons paid $480 a 
ton gold and silver, while specimens of ore carrying native and wire silver 
were carried away, which would aggregate thousands of dollars in value. 
About 200 tons of ore were shipped and 300 tons were treated at the Ruby 
concentrator. • 

Among the first locations on Ruby Hill was the Wooloo Mooloo, by Hugh 
McCool and others, who found a ledge eight feet wide, carrying black sul- 
phurets, the first two assays from which ran 3,000 and 5,000 ounces silver. 
They sank a shaft 160 feet on the ledge and then lost it. The War Eagle, 
owned by a number of St. Paul men, has an eight-foot ledge of low-grade ore 
on which a shaft has been sunk 150 feet. On the Idaho, George Turner, 
W. N. Drumheller and William Pfunder have a shaft about 150 feet deep 
on the same ledge. 

The discovery claim on Anaconda Hill was the Anaconda, located by 
Thomas Higstrun, on a twenty-foot ledge of chloride ore, showing well on 
the surface and assaying 200 to 300 ounces. Higstrun sold it for $10,000 to 
John Rudberg, who resold to Hale & Smith, Xenophon Steeves and J. C. 
Moreland, of Portland, for $15,500, he retaining a one-eighth interest. The 
new owners sank a shaft thirty-five or forty feet and then lost the ledge. 
They ran a tunnel lower down the mountain to tap it in about 400 feet, at 
a point below the shaft, but did not strike it there. They have been con- 
tinuing assessment work and have run on the ledge again, showing up good 
black sulphurets. 

About the same time that the first discoveries were made on Ruby Hill 
a similar body of ore was found near the foot of Conconully Lake by "Texas" 
George Runnels and J. C. Boone, who located the Lady of the Lake on it 
the day the Moses reservation was opened. They bonded it to O. B. Peck 
for $40,000. and he made about 100 feet of drifts and cross-cuts, but forfeited 
the bond. 

The Lone Star, on the west side of Salmon River, about a mile above 
Conconully, was located by Henry C. Lawrence, who interested Allen C. 
Mason, of Tacoma. There is a ledge of galena ore about twelve feet wide 
which assays about 100 ounces of silver, on which a shaft has been sunk 350 
feet, and drifts have been run each way on the ledge at every 100 feet, 
aggregating 1,000 feet, about $40,000 being spent and a considerable quantity 
of ore taken out. 

Directly across the river from the Lone Star is the Tough Nut, owned 
by H. C. Thompson, Milo Kelly and others. The ledge is about six feet wide, 
showing black sulphurets and galena like the Lone Star ore, and the work 
on it consists of a 100-foot shaft and a tunnel 150 feet, both on the ledge. 

The Homestake, adjoining the Tough Nut on the south, is owned by Ben 
Everett, Charles Ulmann and Otis Sprague, of Tacoma. They ran a tunnel 
150 feet through a twenty-foot ledge, well mineralized with silver-lead ore, 
and have 200 tons of ore in the bins. 

Adjoining the Lone Star on the north is the John Arthur, owned by 
James Robinson, of Ellensburg, and Deputy Collector of Customs J. T. Mc- 
Donald, of Oro. A shaft is down 125 feet on the same ledge as the Lone Star, 
showing the same kind of ore. The north extension on the same ledge is 

the St. Clair, located by Thomas Hanway and Dudley, who sank a 

100-foot shaft near that of the John Arthur and on the same ore chute. 

The greatest development in this section of the district, however, was on 
Mineral Hill, where the Bridgeport Milling & Mining Company bought five 
(5) 



94 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

claims. Double compartment shafts were sunk 125 feet on one claim and 130 
feet on another, and a tunnel was run 160 feet on the hill above the latter. 
Shafts were also sunk on the other three. A pair of hoisting engines, boilers, 
air compressor, two machine drills and a sawmill were erected, the whole 
property representing an expenuiture of $30,000 on mines and machinery. All 
the claims have ledges three to six feet wide of high grade silver-lead ore, 
of which a ten-ton shipment ran $300, $20 of this being gold and the balance 
silver. 

The Buckhorn, adjoining this group on the west, is owned three-quarters 
by the Bridgeport company and one-quarter by A. C. Cowherd, and has a 
ledge forty to fifty feet wide on the surface. 

Among the noted rich claims on Mineral Hill is the La Euna, for which 
T. L. Nixon, of Tacoma, paid $10,000. It has a small ledge of very rich ore, 
of which a five-ton shipment from a forty-foot shaft gave returns of 398 
ounces per ton. 

Mineral Hill also boasts of the Mohawk, for which H. C. Lawrence re- 
fused an offer of $30,000 and on which a tunnel 200 feet has shown a three-foot 
ledge of high grade ore, running over 300 ounces silver. On the Independence, 
John Stecb, of Seattle, who paid $4,000 for it, has a 100-foot shaft on a four- 
foot ledge of similar ore to that in the Bridgeport group, and is keeping up 
his assessment work. In the Pointer, adjoining the Tough Nut on the south, 
Messrs. Hargrove and Stokesberry have a five-foot ledge, running 130 to 150 
ounces silver, on which they have a 150-foot tunnel. 

It was about the time that the first discoveries were made on Salmon 
River that the late ex-lieutenant governor, Charles E. Laughton, organized 
a company to build a concentrator to treat their ores on the customs plan. 
He erected a building in the canyon between the Tough Nut and Lone Star 
mines and put up a plant consisting of a rock crusher, a set of rollers to 
pulverize the rock, drum screens to size the material, wooden jigs and wooden 
bumper-vanners. But much of the mineral escaped with the tailings, so 
that the latter were richer than the concentrates, less than half the value 
being saved. About fifty tons from the Tough Nut and a little from the 
Homestake were concentrated, and then, as the assay value failed to show 
up, the mine owners refused to furnish more ore, and after a two weeks' 
run in 1889 the machinery stopped, never to run again. Some time later the 
machinery men foreclosed their mortgage and Allen C. Mason bought the 
mill, but has never run ic. He has sold some of the shafting and parts of 
the machinery. 

In the lime belt the principal group is the Silver Bluff of ten claims, 
owned by the Silver Bluff Mining and Milling Company. On the surface 
the ore in this group runs in great bunches of high value, and a large 
amount of prospecting has been done in the endeavor to find where it lies 
in the country rock below. Work was going on last summer, and one car 
load was shipped which netted over $100. The Belcher is another claim on 
the lime belt, owned by the Belcher Mining Company, about one and 
one-half miles from the Silver Bluff. A shaft has been sunk 275 feet and 
drifts run at the 100-foot level and at the bottom. 

That Salmon River cuts some free gold ledges is evidenced by the dis- 
covery of gold in the sand at several points on its course. Charles H. Ballard 
and J. R. Wallace found gold in the sand of a bench about a mile square 
one mile below Conconully and took out $20 in prospecting it. The ground 
carries from one-tenth of a cent to 10 cents to the pan, and would make good 
hydraulic ground. Eight miles above town, at a place called the Meadows, 
on the north fork of Salmon River, Layton S. Baldwin, L. Irwin Baldwin, 
H. A. Wilder, John Armstrong, of Conconully, and J. P. Gleason, of Seattle, 
located claims on a bar which appears to be an old river bed and where the 
■dirt carries shot gold to the amount of 10 to 15 cents a cubic yard. 

OKANOGAN LAKE. 

With a railroad penetrating its center and a steamer connecting with it 
on the lake, this district has every cause to look for rapid development. The 
Canadian Pacific Railroad runs from Vancouver to Sicamous, 335 miles, and 
thence a branch runs to Vernon, forty-seven miles, and to Okanogan Land- 
ing, fifty-one miles. Vernon is in a rich valley with good roads branching 
from it, and the construction of others to new camps will be inexpensive. 

The mineral belt of this district runs through the hills which shut in the 
Okanogan valley on the east and west. The country formation consists of 
belts of diorite, granite and quartzite, cut by dikes of lime and porphyry. 
Running through this in a generally east and west direction are iron-capped 
ledges carrying gold, galena, iron and copper sulphurets and ranging In 
width from two to fifty feet. There are also large bodies of low grade free- 
milling quartz which carries gold, with little or no silver. 

The pioneer mine of this district is the Monoshee, on the north side of 
Monoshee Mountain, about fifty miles southeast of this town and over- 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 95 

looking Cherry Creek, in which placers have been worked for about thirty 
years. It was discovered about ten years ago by Donald Mclntyre, and has 
a ledge of free milling gold quartz about three and one-half feet wide. Mr. 
Mclntyre, with F. G. Vernon and a Mr. Riskie, drove five tunnels on the 
ledge to a length of fifty to 200 feet, and stoped out the ore thus opened. 
They erected a mill of an old style and ran about 200 tons of ore through it, 
and, finding it did not save the value, stopped operation and have never 
resumed. 

The next important discovery was not made till 1891, and has the prospect 
of being developed on a large scale through the investment of a large amount 
of English capital. This is the Swan Lake group of six claims, discovered 
by the late Capt. F. D. Shorts and W. J. Armstrong, of "Vernon. These 
claims are on a great deposit of free-milling quartz which crops out In 
steep buttes and bluffs through the hills sloping down from the east of 
Swan Lake, four miles north of Vernon. One of these outcrops has been 
opened in a point of rock on the roadside, and the ledge can be traced far 
up the hill. It appears to be an almost flat deposit, and has been traced on 
the surface over a square mile of ground. A shaft has been sunk fifty feet 
at a point 600 feet below the highest outcrop, with a twenty-foot drift from 
the bottom. All this work is in ore, which has given assays ranging from 
$3.25 to $13 in free gold, with a trace of silver. The deposit is pronounced 
to be similar in extent and character to the great Treadwell mine in Alaska, 
and with the Canadian Pacific railroad running along the lake shore only a 
few hundred yards distant, has every facility for cheap development and 
operation. The group is now owned by the Swan Lake Mining and De- 
velopment Company, which has bonded it to Arthur H. Craven, the rep- 
resentative of London capitalists, for $120,000, and he has examined the 
property and tested the ore with a view to deciding the course to be taken 
with it. If the ore will average $4 a ton in gold he proposes to erect a fifty- 
stamp mill and chlorination works and reduce the ore by the method in use 
at Treadwell. 

In the fall of 1895 the BX group of seven claims, adjoining the Swan Lake 
group, was located by Leo Simmons, E. C. Simmons, Charles Casterton 
and E. C. Thompson, all of Vernon. The greatest showing is where BX 
Creek had cut through the ledge down to the granite footwall and where, 
by stripping, it was exposed for a width of sixty feet. Assays from this 
place gave $6 to $8 gold and a little silver, wihch is a fair example of the 
whole group. The country rock, which is chlorite, is itself mineralized, 
having given an assay of $6.50 gold. A twenty-five-foot shaft sunk on a 
four-foot ledge showed plumbago mixed with the broken surface rock. 

A little later, in December, 1895, James McClellan found a ledge of free- 
milling ore similar to that at Swan Lake on his ranch about eight miles 
north of town, and with Alex McArthur, J. Brown and Tom Clinton located 
the Larkin group of three claims. On an eight-foot ledge a hole has been 
sunk fifteen feet, assays of 81 to $8 being obtained from surface rock, while 
a parallel ledge is ten feet wide. A short distance further north, near Lumby, 
large bodies of free-milling ore were discovered by A. J. McMullen and 
Samuel Mcllvanie in April, 1896. 

Explorations had meanwhile turned southward along Okanogan Lake. 
and one result is the creation of Camp Hewitt, on a mountain 1,500 feet high, 
overlooking the lake from the west and sixty miles south of Okanogan Land- 
ing. Here, in June, 1895, Gus Hewitt and Alexis C. Broth found a cropping 
of free-milling quartz three or four feet wide in a porphyry dike in a granite 
formation, in which free gold was plainly visible, and located the Dandy 
and King Solomon on parallel ledges about four feet apart. The surface rock 
was much decomposed, and Messrs. Hewitt and Broth spent much of the 
summer in panning gold out of it and got good returns. In the winter of 1895 
they ran a cross-cut tunnel 115 feet on the Dandy, but have so far been 
unable to locate the ledge, and will now drift from the tunnel for it. On 
the King Solomon the surface rock is In a slide, but the ledge in place has 
been traced for 6,000 feet through four claims and a cross-cut tunnel is being 
run. The Winifred, a supposed extension of the Dandy, located by C. Booth 
and' R. B. Venner, has a shaft twenty feet deep on a ledge three feet wide. 
On a parallel ledge is the North Star, owned by George Bell and Donald 
Mclntyre. There was a cropping three and one-half feet wide carrying free 
gold, but a ten-foot shaft has shown galena carrying about $20 gold, and 
also copper. With the Stag, an extension of the North Star, Henry Hardy 
and C. E. Casterton have had a similar experience, for, while they had a 
three-foot cropping of free-milling ore between granite walls, they ran into 
galena carrying gold and silver with copper and iron sulphurets, from which 
they got assays of $14 to $20 gold. The Mountain View, two miles nearer the 
lake, discovered by Messrs. Hewitt and Broth in April, 1896, has a ledge of 
galena ore five or six feet wide in a lime formation, running east and west 
with a dip to the south. An incline shaft has been sunk thirty feet. 

Another place where the old placer workings have led to discoveries of 
quartz ledges is the ridge between Siwash and Six-Mile creeks, on the west 
side of Okanogan Lake, for the bars of Siwash Creek have been worked for 
over twenty years. Joseph Hitchier located the Jumbo and William Clark 
the E. S. on a ledge of iron and copper pyrites in a lime formation, running 



96 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

almost due north and south. From the decomposed quartz at the outcrop, 
and from the fact that a cross-cut tunnel on the E. S. has been run thirty- 
feet without finding' the walls, it is believed that the ledge is at least thirty 
feet wide. 

Still nearer the town, on the point which divides the east arm from the 
main body of Okanogan Lake, a cropping of galena ore was found last 
spring by J. N. Norden and his two sons, which was six feet wide on the 
surface and was traced for 100 feet. It runs a little west of a north and 
south line in a badly shaken formation resembling syenite. The first shot 
showed up ore, which assayed $10.80 gold, $54 silver and a little copper. The 
Mordens located the Morning Glory with the Jumbo on the north, and 
adjoining the Jumbo E. Harris located the Hardup. The south extensions, 
following the ledge to the water's edge, are the Morning Star by the Mordens 
and the Chieftain by F. II. Latimer. On another ledge, which runs at right 
angles to the Morning Glory, are the Close Call and Old Iron, owned by 
A. N. Pelly. This ledge is nine feet wide on the surface and ten feet on the 
face of the cliff overlooking the lake, and has assayed $3 to $17 silver, a good 
percentage of copper and a trace of gold. Mr. Pelly is driving a tunnel on 
the ledge in the face of the cliff and will sink a shaft from the bench above. 

Prospecting then came closer to the town, and in December Camp Lefroy 
was established on tue hills to the northwest, with locations reaching within 
one mile of Vernon. The mineral is in a belt of four parallel ledges three- 
quarters of a mile in width and well defined for a distance of three miles. 
The ore is quartz, carrying gold, copper and magnetic iron, with a little 
galena, and is between well-defined walls of slate and schist. The first 
location was the Mabel May, by Richard Shook and G. Milligan, who found 
rich float showing free gold, but have not yet found the ledge, though they 
have made a surface cut and are running a cross-cut tunnel. On the exten- 
sion and on a parallel ledge further up the hill is the Babel group of four 
claims, owned by F. H. Latimer, F. M. Kirby, James Martin and G. A. 
Henderson. On another parallel ledge are the Warrior and Maverick, 
owned by H. F. Parke, F. H. Latimer and F. M. Kirby, and the Big D, by 
J. G. Webster and H. F! Dennison. Further west is the Little One, by 
Messrs. Kirby and Latimer, on a four-foot ledge, the Chariot, by Mr. Denni- 
son, being an extension on it, while on the southeast is the Blue Jay. owned 
by Messrs. Kirby and Latimer, with an eighteen-inch ledge. All these 
ledges are from one to five feet wide and carry iron pyrites and gold, with 
a little arsenical iron, while the Falcon also shows galena and copper. Sur- 
face ore has assayed as high as $10 in gold. 

On the hills between Okanogan Lake and Long Lake on the east, a num- 
ber of locations have been made on ledges of iron and copper pyrites carry- 
ing gold. Among these are the Silver Queen and Barney Barnato, by Simon 
P. Ord; the Aberdeen and Countess, by John Howard and William Appleton; 
the Alexanaer, by George H. Meakins; the Sunset, by — Colbee and J. O. 
Williams ; the Gold Ring', by J. K. Johnson ; the War Horse, by F. H. Barnes 
and William Haupt; the IXL, by J. K. Johnson, and the Lark, by William 
Johnson. 

Along both banks of Deep Creek, four miles west of Okanogan Lake and 
two and one-half miles southwest of Hewitt's Camp, a number of parallel 
ledges of iron and copper pyrites and galena carrying gold, between well- 
defined walls, have since been the scene of much work. On the north side 
of the creek is the Panorama, owned by J. L. Webster, showing a little free 
gold. Next on the west is the Little Duncan, owned by Mr. Webster and 
J. Walker, in which an open cut five feet deep showed ore assaying 101 
ounces silver. On going fifty feet lower and starting an incline, ore was 
obtained which assayed $6.40 gold and $11.90 silver. On the same ledge is the 
Major, owned by J. L. Wehster and James Martin. On the south side of 
the creek is a succession of ledges on which have been located the Stella, 
by G. A. Hankey and others; the Iron Mask, by Mr. Webster; the Farmer, 
by Messrs. Dennison and Latimer, on which a small shaft shows galena 
and copper pyrites widening from eighteen to thirty-six inches, and the 
Blind Man, by Messrs. Webster and W r alker, which stands on the side of 
the gulch. 

Further south and within twelve miles of Penticton, on the west shore 
of Okanogan Lake, Alexander Thompson in May, 1896, located the Aberdeen 
on a ledge of pyrites fifteen feet wide, which has been bonded by W. T. 
Thompson. Extensions on this ledge are the Rambler, by Joseph Thurber, 
and the Scrambler, by H. E. Walker. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 97 



PALMEB MOUNTAIN. 

This name is given to a district of Okanogan county directly south of the 
boundary, comprising the area which extends southward along the Sinla- 
hekin River to the mouth of Horse Spring Coulee, and from the Ckanogan 
river on the east to Mount Chapaca on the west, a territory about fifteen 
miles square. Mineral was first discovered there nearly thirty years ago 
by the late "Okanogan" Smith, who made a number of locations in the 
mountains along the Similkameen River and claimed heavy compensation 
from the government when they were included in Chief Moses' reservation 
in 1880. As he refused the sum offered, $250,000, the government, drew the 
lines so as to exclude a strip extending fifteen miles southward from the 
boundary and running across the whole breadth of the reservation. The 
fact that this strip was open to mineral entry did not become known in the 
then thinly settled territory, and prospectors did not enter it until the reser- 
vation was thrown open in 1886. Then it was that mineral discoveries fol- 
lowed one another in rapid succession, and this remote tract was found to 
be among the richest in the United States, not so much in the value of its 
ore as in the size of its ore bodies, though some of the richest discoveries in 
the state have been made here. At first attention was centered on silver 
ores, then it was turned to free gold, which was found in rich pockets in 
the oxidized surface of the quartz ledges. As depth was obtained, base ore 
soon replaced the free-milling ore of the surface, and the lack of equipment 
to save the sulphurets brought disaster to several pioneer enterprises. Dur- 
ing the last year great bodies of iron and copper sulphides, carrying gold, 
have been discovered and have shared attention with the good results fol- 
lowing deeper mining on the other classes of ore. The earlier miners and 
prospectors were too easily contented with gophering on the surface and 
working out rich pockets, but the present movement is all to gain depth and 
block out large bodies of ore for mining, then to erect carefully designed 
plants for reduction. This new movement has already brought such gratify- 
ing results that it is safe to pronounce the ore bodies to be of assured per- 
manence and value, and the destiny of the district to be beyond question. 

The center of the district is Loomis, at the south end of Palmer Mountain. 
To reach it from Seattle, one takes the Great Northern train to Wenatchee, 
174 miles; the steamer City of Ellensburg up the Columbia River to Brewster 
Landing, eighty-five miles, or during high water from the middle of May to 
the beginning of August, to Johnson Creek, 130 miles; and the stage seventy 
miles from Brewster, or twenty-eight miles from Johnson Creek. For 
Golden, on the east of Palmer Mountain, the stage trip is eighty-two miles 
from Brewster and twenty-eight miles from Johnson Creek, and for Oro, at 
the confluence of the Okanogan and Similkameen rivers, the distance is six 
miles further. From Spokane the district can be reached either by the Great 
Northern to Wenatchee, 174 miles, and thence by the route already described, 
or by the Central Washington railroad to Coulee City. 125 miles, thence by 
stage fifty miles to Orondo, on the Columbia river, six miles above Wenatchee, 
and thence by the same route as from Seattle. 

Palmer Mountain is a great, broad ridge, ten miles long from north to 
south and about six miles across, with numerous small peaks marked by 
cliffs of white dolomite. The formation of the mountain is diorite on the 
southern slope, extending as far as the summit, and on the northern nortion 
this is intersected by dikes of black slate and serpentine. The eastern por- 
tion consists of slate capped with dolomite, which forms high v/hr< 
noticeable through all the country around, while further east are large 
dikes of wildly contorted dolomite extending to the Okanogan River. The 
black slate is only here and there overlaid with dolomite, where the latter 
has resisted glacial action. Minerals have been found in all these forma- 
tions. On the eastern slope are veins of silver-lead ore carrying a good per- 
centage of gold in contacts of dolomite and black slate. Through the black 
slate run on north and south lines great quartz veins carrying gold, on 
which are the Triune, Spokane and Wehe groups. On the northern part of 
the mountain, in the black slate, are large, prominent ledges carrying high 
grade silver ore. as well as a good percentage of gold, on which are the 
Ivanhoe, Empire and Bullfrog. In the serpentine and black slate contacts 
which extend on the northwest side to Mount Ellemeham and on the west 
overlook Palmer Lake are some of the richest gold-bearing veins on the 
mountain, among which are the Leadville group and the Bunker Hill. On 
the south end in the diorite are gold-bearing veins carrying a small per- 
centage of silver, on which are the Black Bear. War Eagle, Wisconsin Cen- 
tral, Grand Summit and a large number of others, coursing northwest and 
southeast. Iron caps £re found in the diorite identical in character and in 
identical formation with those across the boundary, and they also occur of 
large size in diorite walls in the syenitic formation to the west, which runs 
through Aeneas Mountain, Douglas Mountain. Gold Hill and Mount Chapaca. 
Palmer Mountain shows surface disturbances which account for the break- 



98 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

ing over of some of the ledges, for as depth is attained it is found that they 
are permanent and that the break-over is merely a surface disturbance. 
This is proven in the Black Bear, where 4 the greatest depth has been reached,, 
and agrees with the experience at the Cariboo mine at Camp McKinney, B„ 
C, which is on the same geological formation and shows the same surface dis- 
placement. These disturbances caused many prospectors to think their 
ledges near the surface had given out, and scared away some timid investor* 
who were inexperienced in mining. 

When it was thrown open to entry, iron caps were found all over the 
Okanogan country, but the great wealth of mineral which they conceal had 
not then been made known, and as the surface ore gave such low values 
that it would not pay to ship in a country where long wagon hauls shut out 
all but the highest grade ores, they were passed over or abandoned after a 
little work had been done. The prospectors turned their attention to the 
free-milling- quartz and high grade silver, and soon found enough to occupy 
them. 

The first strike which attracted notice was the Jessie, on the east side 
of the ridge, near the summit, by C. H. Schepstur, William H. Townsend and 
Charles Cole, and now owned by Mr. Townsend and Adelbert Hart. Here 
they found a four-foot ledge of high grade ore, having on the surface a great 
quantity of decomposed quartz carrying free gold. The owners pounded up 
some of this rock in a hand mortar, panned out the sand and melted down 
quite an amount of bullion. They ran a fifty-foot tunnel on high grade ore 
all the way. A number of similar discoveries followed, and then came the 
great silver-bearing ledge of the Ivanhoe group. It is only within the last 
year that the ledges of sulphide ore capped with iron have received the atten- 
tion which development has proved they well merit. 

The first property to attract general attention was the Black Bear and 
War Eagle group of five claims on the south end of Palmer Mountain, now 
owned by E. J. N. Hale and others, of Spokane. They have several parallel 
ledges, oxidized on the surface so as to free the gold, but growing base at 
depth. A shaft was sunk 190 feet on one ledge and cross-cuts were run at the 
100-foot level to two other ledges, all being two to four feet wide and assaying 
$2S gold and upwards. Drifts were run each way on each ledge on this level 
and also on the 150-foot level, showing pay ore of increasing size and value. 
On another ledge a shaft is down 100 feet and a tunnel in 150 feet, showing 
twenty-four inches of good ore between strong walls. A five-stamp mill was 
erected at Loomiston, and in five months' run in 1892 produced $113,000 in gold, 
but it was badly managed, and, having no concentrators, sent all the sulphu- 
rets away in the tailings, from which one assay er says he has taken an assay 
of $43.50 gold and another $12.04 gold and thirty-six ounces silver. In 1895 
O. S. Stocker and others did the assessment work in return for what ore 
they could take out in doing so and mill. After repairing the dilapidated 
plant, they milled forty-five tons and cleared a nice profit. 

The depth attained on this group so far proved the permanence and value 
of the ore bodies as to encourage an enterprise which will in a year or two 
prove these facts beyond dispute. This is the great main cross-cut tunnel 
which is being driven into the bowels of the mountain from its south end by 
the Palmer Mountain Gold Mining & Tunnel Company. The company has- 
acquired twenty-seven claims in a solid block, on which are sixteen known 
true fissure ledges, parallel or nearly so, and carrying gold, both free and in 
sulphurets of iron and copper. The company is driving a tunnel seven feet 
high and eight feet wide, with double tracks and steel cars, from a point one 
mile from Loomis and 120 feet above that town, with the intention of cut- 
ting all these ledges at a continually increasing depth until the furthest is 
tapped at a depth of 1,200 feet at a distance of 3,600 feet from the portal. 
It is also expected that many blind ledges will be cut, as geologists estimate 
that only a small proportion of mineral ledges crop on the surface. This, 
expectation was confirmed by the tapping of two such ledges of fine-looking 
ore in the first 150 feet of work. The tunnel has at this writing penetrated 
250 feet and its face is a mass of pyritic ore, carrying veins of white quartz 
running with the tunnel, an indication of the proximity of a rich gold-bearing 
ledge. 

Mining is at present being prosecuted with hand drills, but the company 
will, when weather permits, construct a flume from Toats Coulee Creek, one 
mile west of the portal, and thereby conduct water from that stream which 
will develop 1,100 horse-power. This will suffice to generate electric power 
for a compressed air drill plant, tramways and reduction plants, as well as; 
to other adjoining mining properties. 

The ledges in this group contain free gold, auriferous sulphides, usually 
pyrite, small quantities of galena and silver. It is proposed to erect a plant 
at the mine for the reduction of these ores by modern methods and thus; 
dispense with the necessity of shipping anything but bullion. 

A kindred enterprise of almost equal magnitude has been undertaken by 
the Whiskey Hill Tunnel and Mining Company on the east slope of Whiskey 
Hill, a continuation of Palmer Mountain, about eight miles to the northeast 
of Loomis and one mile west of the Okanogan River. This company owns- 
twenty-one claims on which are nine well-defined ledges running nearly 
parallel in a generally northeast and southwest course. It will run a cross- 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 99 

vcut tunnel, eight feet wide and seven feet high, 3,200 feet into the mountain, 
tapping the group at a maximum depth of 900 feet. Considerable prospecting 
work has been done on the different ledges. On one a shaft is down eighty- 
feet and a sixteen-foot cross-cut at the bottom has not found either wall. 
The ledge matter is white quartzite, heavily impregnated with iron and lime, 
and in places carrying some galena, and the ore assays $37 gold and $7.20 
silver. The company expects to strike many blind ledges, and from the 
fact that quartz encountered in facing up the tunnel site assayed $12.75 gold, 
it is believed that Whiskey Hill contains great masses of rock which will 
pay to mill. A gravity tramway one mile long will convey ore or concen- 
trates to the Okanogan River, where it can be transported by boat four 
months in the year and, whenever the government removes the obstructions 
from this river, it can be navigated all the year round except during mid- 
winter. The preliminary work is now in progress and the driving of the 
tunnel will begin very shortly. 

The greatest depth so far attained is on the Ivanhoe group of four claims 
toy the Ivanhoe Company, and the work done has been amply repaid by 
results. Where discovered, the ledge was almost flat on the summit of 
Palmer Mountain and the surface soil was stripped off it with a plow and 
scraper bj'- A. C. Cowherd, the original owner. This exposed in an area 
of 175x50 feet a ledge twenty inches to four feet thick, carrying brittle, ruby, 
malleable and native silver and considerable free gold. From this cut about 
1.000 tons of ore was taken and shipments of sorted ore were made with the 
following results per ton: 6,899 pounds, 1.62 ounces gold, 572 ounces silver; 
15 521 pounds, 1 ounce gold, 278 ounces silver; 25,500 pounds, 1 ounce gold, 
326 ounces silver. Several thousand tons of low-grade ore remaining, a ten- 
ton mill with Dodge pulverizer, amalgamating plates, concentrator and slime 
tables was erected at the foot of the mountain and considerable ore was 
reduced. But the plant was not adapted to the ore, which needed more 
skilful treatment, and is to be replaced by a more modern mill this season. 
During the last year the incline shaft, already started, has been sunk to a 
depth of 500 •feet, showing the ledge seven feet wide and very strong, with 
•three and one-half feet of pay ore, which in places is phenomenally rich, 
one assay running over 9,000 ounces silver and 3 ounces gold, and the pay 
ore generally running from 500 to 1,000 ounces silver. A drift had already 
been run seventy feet at the 120-foot level, showing the ledge six and one-half 
feet wide, and others have been run forty-five feet each way, all in ore and 
showing an increased width. Much of this ore was so rich in native silver 
that it was sacked in the mine. There are over 2.000 tons of shipping ore 
on the dump, besides a large quantity in sacks, awaiting the opening of 
navigation for transportation to the smelter. 

The only regular producer of bullion in the district at present is the 
Triune mine, which is equipped with a ten-stamp mill and four Frue vanners 
operated by steam. This ledge has also broken over to the west and at this 
point carries much free gold, though sulphides are also mingled with it. 
Shafts wpi-p first sunk thirtv-six and nineteen feet, the first showing no 
•walls and the second not cutting the ledge. A tunnel was then run 125 feet 
-on the blanket, only ten to twenty feet below the surface, and the ore above 
was stoped out and milled. The mill then, however, had no concentrators, 
and more than half the value, being in sulphurets, was lost in the tailings. 
It was in 1895 that the mine was properly equipped and the mill put under 
skilled management by the Triune Gold Mining Company, which then 
acquired the property. It has since run a cross-cut 165 feet, which cuts the 
ledge at an acute angle and taps the thirty-six foot shaft and has cut a 
feeder three feet wide. Drifts have been run on the main ledge, above which 
the ore was stoped. An open cut has also been made on the blanket, from 
which forty-four tons of ore were milled, yielding $450 free gold, besides 
concentrates. A tunnel has been run 225 feet, tapping the ledge at a depth 
of eight feet, higher up the mountain, following the blanket in that direction. 
In order to trace the solid formation down into the mountain below the 
break-over, a shaft has been sunk 150 feet, which showed it to straighten 
up, and followed down a number of stringers carrying $68 gold, 12 ounces 
silver, until they united in six feet of solid ore. To the south of the mill 
is a cropping of rose quartz twenty feet high and thirty feet wide, averaging 
$9 gold, according to a mill run. The mill in 1896 produced about $40,000 in 
bullion and after a suspension in November, enforced by frost, was started 
on February 1 and is now making a large monthly product of bullion. 

Adjoining the Triune on the south is the Spokane group of three claims, 
owned by J. Barnett McDaren, of Vancouver, B. C, who has a ten-stamp 
mill on the shore of Wannicut Lake, a mile distant from the mine. A tunnel 
has been run ninety feet on a three-foot ledge, with a drift sixty feet south, 
-a third sixty feet from the first, and a fourth connecting the first and third. 
A thirty-four foot winze has been sunk at the face of the ninety-foot drift 
and from it some of the richest ore in the mine has been taken. A forty- 
foot tunnel has been run on a twelve-inch stringer 500 feet further soutn and 
.a twenty-foot shaft is down on a four-foot ledge carrying galena which 
assays. 20 ounces silver, $5 gold. The mill was run for six months in 1893 on 
ore often carrying $100 gold, but much of the value was in sulphurets, to save 



100 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

which concentrators were needed, and financial troubles followed durlngr 
which work has been suspended. 

Adjoining the Spokane is the Standard group of six claims, also owned 
by Mr. McLaren, on three parallel ledges. One of these is tapped by a 
130- foot cross-cut and averages four feet wide, carrying about $4 gold. On 
another a forty-foot shaft shows eight inches of $6 ore, and the third makes 
a similar showing in a thirty-foot tunnel. 

Among the well-developed properties is the Leadville group of four claims 
and two fractions on a series of parallel ledges, owned by John Judge. On 
one of these, five to six feet wide, an eighty-five foot shaft showed a twenty- 
four inch pay streak to often widen to six feet. A tunnel has been run 333 
feet at a point 155 feet below and has been connected with the shaft by an 
upraise. This gives a large body of ore in sight, which, averages $20 gold, 
though pockets of free gold have run as high as $5,000. Another ledge is 
shown to be ten feet wide by an open cut and has a pay streak assaying 
$20 gold, on which a shaft is being sunk. The third ledge, five feet wide, is 
shown up by a forty-foot shaft and has a pay streak from the croppings 
of which free gold can be taken and which assays $100. 

One of the richest discoveries on Palmer Mountain was the Grand Summit, 
which was located directly on the summit by John Enright and William 
Towne. The ledge is two to three feet wide and had a rich pocket near the 
surface which assayed $39,000 a ton gold. A tunnel is in fifty feet on the 
ledge and a shaft is down forty feet, showing good average ore, of which 
fifty tons milled at the Ivanhoe and Black Bear mills averaged $20 gold. 

Another fine showing has been made by John Mainwaring and Stephen 
Naggy on the Gladstone group of three claims, through which run four par- 
allel ledges, eighteen, fourteen, twelve and thirteen feet wide, between walls 
of diorite and porphyry. About 500 feet of tunnel and drifting has been done, 
one tunnel running 300 feet on one ledge, which could be tapped at great 
depth from the base of the mountain. 

On the summit of the mountain east of the Triune is the Bullfrog group 
of eight claims, bonded by Mrs. Adelbert Hart and Mr. J. Deuel to Mr. 
Stevens, of La Grande, Or. Through them a seven-foot ledge has toeen 
traced 3,000 feet along the apex of the mountain and a tunnel has been run 
160 feet to cut the lead, and is now in ore, while two shafts forty and thirty- 
six feet have been sunk on the lead. A shipment of 4,600 pounds returned 
about $150 a ton in gold and silver, and twenty assays averaged $160 gold and 
silver. Work is being pushed on the tunnel and shipment continues. 

To the east of the Bullfrog is the Bellevue group of four claims, on which 
Reilly Brothers, of Pittsburg, have done over 250 feet of development work, 
showing a high grade of gold and silver sulphuret ore and considerable 
telluride. Several tons shipped to the smelter have netted over $100 per ton, 
while some of the ore bodies have assayed $400 to $500 per ton. 

On the Ninety-two, between the Ivanhoe and Grand Summit, William 
Deuel and William James have driven a tunnel 160 feet, showing three feet 
of free milling ore which assays $12 to $15 gold. 

One of the noted properties is the Rainbow group of ten claims, which 
after many changes has come into the possession of the Anglo-American 
Gold Mining and Milling Company. It was bonded in 1892 by H. A. Noble 
and others, of Seattle, who erected a ten-stamp mill without concentrators, 
but through lack of skilled management failed to extract the value from 
the ore and abandoned the property, selling the mill. The main ledge is 
shown four feet wide in a tunnel 150 feet long, from which a winze was 
sunk sixty-five feet and a cross-cut has been run 312 feet, tapping the ledge 
128 feet below the surface. From these workings there are from 400 to 500 
tons of ore on the dump, and assays range from $5.61 to $323.94. On another 
claim a 316-foot cross-cut taps the l^dge at a depth of 110 feet, showing it 
two to four feet wide, and a sixty-foot tunnel above is all in ore. Shafts 
eighty and ten feet deep and a thirty-foot open cut are said to define an 
ore chute 180 feet long. Assays from this ledge ran in gold, $4.72, $295.84, $270.21. 
On a third ledge shafts are down thirty and thirty-five feet, showing two to 
three feet wide of ore carrying $25 in free gold and sulphurets. The six 
remaining claims are undeveloped. The company proposes to erect a ten- 
stamp mill this summer and. if concentrators are added and skilled men are 
employed, may be expected to make it profitable. 

Adjoining the Rainbow S. J. -Sincock has the Lancashire Lass group of 
four claims, on extensions of two of those on the Rainbow and on a cross 
ledge, running east and west. On the latter a forty-two foot shaft shows 
three feet of ore assaying $25 gold. An eighteen-foot shaft shows a number 
of streaks of ore running into another ledge. Another ledge has a body of 
iron pyrites exposed by an open cut thirty feet long and six feet wide, with 
no walls in sight. 

Up the mountain from this group is the Contention group of five claims, 
owned by Mosher & McDonald, of Seattle, on two ledges crossing one another. 
A ninety-five foot shaft shows three feet of free milling ore, on which a 
drift has been run at the fifty-foot level, another drift at the bottom being 
headed for the junction of the two ledges. 

A mile north is the Chicago group of four claims, which J. F. Jordan is 
developing. A sixty-foot cross-cut has tapped a body of sulphide ore carry- 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 101 

ing gold and silver, the croppings of which have been traced for half a mile. 
A thirteen-foot shaft on this ledge shows ore assaying $16.40 silver, $3.60 
lead, $64 gold. A tunnel shows another deposit of sulphide ore and a twenty- 
foot shaft shows a twenty-four inch stringer, and another three-foot ledge 
is opened by a twenty-foot shaft and several open cuts. Further south on 
the mountain Mr. Jordan has the Oro Fino, on which a thirty-five foot 
inclined shaft shows a five-foot ledge carrying gold, silver and platinum to 
the value of $22.75. 

The Wehe brothers have a group of fourteen claims on the east slope 
of the mountain, some of which carry rich ore. A shaft forty-five feet deep 
shows one ledge four feet wide with two feet of steel galena ore assaying 
50 to 200 ounces silver and 1 to 2 ounces gold. A twenty-foot tunnel has 
shown six to eight inches of galena in another ledge. Shafts twenty-five 
and twenty feet deep show another ledge of three to four feet carrying galena, 
with free gold on the surface, assays running $6, $37 and $120 gold and silver, 
while bunches of telluride ore of course run much higher. Another ledge 
forty feet wide, with three to four feet of pay ore, is shown up by a forty- 
foot cut and a tunnel of the same length. A forty-five foot shaft snows 
six feet of ledge matter on another claim, with only one wall found. A 
twenty-foot shaft shows another ledge carrying galena five feet wide, and 
a fifteen-foot cut shows another eight feet wide, of which the pay streak 
carries $30 gold. On the Uncle Sam, a little to the south, Andrew O'Malley 
has run a cross-cut eighty feet to tap a .small ledge carrying galena, in 
which a twenty-five foot shaft has shown ore assaying $4 gold, $41 silver 
and 15 per cent. lead. 

On the north end of the mountain, half a mile east of Palmer Lake, is the 
Empire group of four claims, owned by the Empire Mining Company. A 
shaft eighty feet shows a ledge three feet and a tunnel sixty-eight feet 
shows it six feet wide. The ore carries iron and copper pyrites and galena 
and is free milling and concentrating, averaging $22 gold. A smaller vein 
runs $160 gold and 300 ounces silver and shows native silver and free gold 
on the croppings. 

Attention has recently been fastened on the deposits of sulphide ore, 
which the earlier prospectors passed over as worthless, on account of their 
low surface values. The first rediscovery of this kind was on the Copper 
World group of four claims on the summit, south of the Ivanhoe, which 
John Wentworth and William Riley are now developing. The main ledge 
has been traced for over a mile and is shown to be at least twenty-five feet 
wide by a surface cross-cut, the surface ore assaying $5 gold, $2.50 silver, 
35 per cent, copper. A shaft has been sunk fifty feet on the hanging wall 
and drifting has so far not reached the footwall, this work all showing 
chalcopyrite and iron pyrites. On the extension of this ledge John Went- 
worth and E. W. Pember have the Copper King, showing eight to ten feet 
of ore, which would be cut by an extension of the great tunnel. 

Adjoining the Copper World Thomars Brown and William Riley have the 
Ben Butler group of three claims on a ledge which is widening from fifteen 
inches in a twenty-foot shaft and carries gold and copper, a surface assay 
showing $7.80 gold. 

Another great showing of sluphide ore has been made on the Kalamazoo 
group, at the base of the mountain, two miles from Loomis, by Messrs. 
Harris and Boyd. After running an open cut thirty feet through cement 
gravel, they cut two feet of white quartz, heavily charged with iron and 
copper sulphides and native copper. They then sank on it and defined it to 
be at least fifty feet wide, of increasing value. 

Another discovery of the same nature was made last October, one mile 
north of the Ivanhoe, by George King and P. H. Pinkston, who have taken 
the Ironmaster and an extension. The ledge has an iron capping from 20 to 
250 feet wide at various points and the croppings show iron sulphides and 
a little copper, assaying $6.19 and $4.19 gold and silver from two samples. 

On the Defiance, on the south slope, the Everett Mining Company has 
sunk 112 feet on a three-foot ledge of free milling ore, and at the ninety-seven 
foot level has drifted forty feet south and forty-two feet north. Near this 
J. M. Sparkman, Lotka & Allen and J. H. Sexton have tunneled eighty-three 
feet on a twelve-inch vein carrying $10 gold and some copper in pyrites, on 
which they have the Baltimore group of three claims. In the same vicinity 
George Paskel and the estate of John M. Hoe have the Combination on a 
sixteen-foot ledge of sulphide ore carrying $12 gold and 5 ounces silver, which 
will be cross-cut at a depth of 175 feet by a tunnel now in 200 feet. A twenty- 
inch stringer has already been cut by the tunnel. 

Since the death of Okanogan Smith, all his claims along the Simil- 
kameen have come into new hands. On the San Francisco group of three 
Frank Gro^an has run a tunnel sixty feet on a six-foot ledge of galena 
carrying a little gold. On another ledge of galena eight or nine feet 
wide John McDonald has tunneled 100 feet and sunk ninety feet. Two miles 
below this is the Cabba, another of the Smith claims, on a twelve-foot ledge 
well mineralized with galena, on which a shaft is down 100 feet. On the 
Julia, on the north slope of Mount Ellemeham, Allan Reiste and Guy Fruit 
have sunk eighty feet on a six-foot ledge of sulphide ore with a little galena, 
four feet of which carries $60 gold, 112 ounces silver. 



102 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The most work on the Similkameen has been done by the Wyandotte 
Mining, Milling and Smelting Company on the Wyandotte group of six 
claims and two millsites, running up the mountain from the left bank of the 
river, three miles south of the boundary. Near the summit of the mountain* 
is a blanket ledge of free milling ore carrying $20 gold and $10 silver, twenty- 
rive to thirty inches wide, between granite walls. An inclined tunnel was 
first run' on the ledge and a few tons of the ore crushed in an arrastre. From 
a shipment of one ton was realized $50 above freight and treatment charges. 
Most of the work was done further down the mountain. The first ledge 
struck was iron pyrites between walls of porphyry and crystallized slate, 
running 40 degrees east of north and west of south, almost straight up and 
down the mountain. At the surface it is six feet wide, but in an inclined 
tunnel it widened to fifteen feet in 150 feet. At this point a stope was made 
to get the tunnel level, and then it was turned westward to develop the ledge. 
Near the surface this tunnel cut a blanket ledge of white quartz two feet 
thick carrying free gold, which cut across the pyrites ledge, and eighty feet 
higher up the mountain is another blanket ledge dipping 45 degrees to the 
east, on which a tunnel has been run 400 feet. The pyrites ledge is colored 
black with graphite and carries $8 gold, but no silver, while the lower blanket 
ledge runs $15 to $20 gold in the discovery shaft, changed to 80 ounces silver 
in the course of the tunnel and afterward back to the original gold value. 
On a parallel ledge of about the same size and character is a tunnel twenty- 
five feet. Another parallel ledge between granite walls widened in a fifteen- 
foot inclined shaft from ten inches to two feet, and increased in value from 
SO ounces silver and no gold on the surface to 1 ounce gold and a trace of 
silver in the first five feet, the gold value continuing to increase with depth. 

The companv last summer erected a cyanide plant of 100 tons' daily 
capacity, under the direction of Dr. Paul Danghammer. It is operated by 
a sixty-horsepower engine and has an electric plant to furnish 200 lights. 
The ore will be brought to the crushers by a 400-foot cable tramway, and a 
cable ferry transports supplies across the river, thus shortening the distance 
to Loomis to ten miles. The plant will be put in operation this spring and 
meanwhile development is being pushed to prepare large bodies of ore for 
treatment. 

The Wyandotte group is adjoined on the south by the Mammoth group 
of three claims, on which the Mammoth Mining Company has sunk thirty 
feet, showing an eight-foot ledge carrying pyrites which assays $16 to $18 
gold. On the Pennsylvania J. E. Longacre, W. E. Meek and J. A. Meek 
have a blanket ledge twenty-eight inches wide, carrying $42 silver and a 
trace of gold, a twenty-five foot tunnel showing it to turn into the mountain. 
On the summit of the mountain they also have the Juanita on eighteen inches 
of ore assaying $32 gold, $2 silver. 

Following down the left bank of the Similkameen, one comes next to the 
Curlew group of five claims, which Otto Hausing, Theodore Wilken and 
Joseph Linton have taken on three parallel ledges of gold-bearing quartz, 
each two to three feet wide on the surface between granite walls. Assays 
from the surface give $40 to $80 gold and a little silver, but one ledge carries 
galena and another a streak of high-grade brittle silver. Next below these 
are the three Riverview claims, on which Mosher & McDonald, of Seattle, 
have sunk 100 feet on a four-foot ledge of low-grade ore. 

Across the river, on Mount Ellemeham, Stephen Cloud, William Bou- 
chard, C. J. Sadenwater and others, of Michigan City, Indiana, have the 
Hoosier group of three claims on a ledge forty-seven feet wide, which they 
have traced from base to summit, of the mountain. 

On Kruger Mountain, which overlooks Oro from the north and is crossed 
by the boundary, are ten or twelve parallel ledges running east and west, 
carrying iron and copper sulphides, the country rock being hornblendic diorite 
with dikes of schist and granite. The first locations were the Allison group 
of five claims, now owned by Dr. Langhammer, who is developing them and 
has secured the power of Similkameen Falls to operate an electric plant, 
which he proposes to install, both to run a 100-ton cyanide plant and to light 
the town of Oro. A good body of gold-bearing sulphide ore has been shown 
up in a sixty-foot shaft, the average value being $45 in gold with no silver. 
There are four veins, two five feet and two four feet wide, which are being 
opened by a 200-foot tunnel 192 feet below the surface. 

The Mammoth Mining Company has the Black Warrior on this mountain 
on two parallel ledges, each five and one-half feet wide, one carrying iron 
and copper pyrites, the other carrying galena. One ledge is almost flat and 
the hanging wall appears to have been carried away by glaciers, three shafts 
having been sunk on it. The galena ledge assays $60 gold and silver and 
20 per cent, lead, the pyrites ledge $53 gold, 220 ounces silver. 

Joseph Bertrand has, on the Warsaw, a six-foot ledge of free milling ore, 
carrying $18 gold, 20 ounces silver, on which he has sunk an inclined shaft 
sixty-five feet and which he has traced 600 feet. 

On the British side of the mountain the first discovery was the Gold Dust 
by George A. Engel and W. F. Keller, who have two claims on four parallei 
ledges and one cross ledge, one of which they have cross-cut for eighteen 
feet without striking the footwall. The ore assays from $4 gold, 6 per cent 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 103 

copper and 2 ounces silver up to $20 gold, 18 per cent, copper and 5 ounces 
silver. The Dividend is on the extension of these ledges and George Bauer- 
man and Benjamin Anderson have stripped the northerly one to a width of 
sixteen feet and the southerly to a width of twenty feet, the ore assaying $12. 
The same parties have the Lakeview, on which a twenty-foot tunnel shows 
four feet of ore and a cross-cut defines the ledge as eight feet wide, assays 
running $14 gold, 4 per cent, copper. On the Lakeview extension W. T. 
Thompson has four ledges, a cross-cut showing one to be ten feet wide. 
Another Lakeview, on the American side of the line, is owned by E. J. 
Goddard and B. O. F. Farrar and has a ledge three feet wide on the surface, 
showing a good deal of free gold, which has been traced for 300 feet, but a 
shaft which is now sixty-five feet deep shows it to have split into two 
two-foot ledges. They are believed to come together again deeper. Assays 
average $12 gold, 12 per cent, copper, 4 ounces silver, though some specimens 
have run much higher. On the Calumet James Anderson and E. D. Boeing 
have a ledge twenty to thirty feet wide containing rich streaks of two to 
three feet carrying petzite. This mineral is 23 per cent, gold, 43 per cent, 
silver, 34 per cent, tellurium, and picked pieces of ore assay as high as $15,000, 
the average', however, being about $40. The ledge has been cross-cut. On 
the Gold Hill, bonded to Capt. Hall, of Rossland, for $8,800, a twenty-five foot 
shaft showed six feet of quartz, with only one wall in sight. On the Inter- 
national, bonded to. George Canfield, of Oakesdale, and G. H. Norton, of 
Kettle Falls, a twenty-five foot shaft shows a four-foot ledge assaying 27 
per cent, copper, $4 gold. The Satellite, bonded to Capt. Hell for $3,000, has 
a drift on the ledge about fifty feet and several open cuts, showing four 
feet of ore which averages $10 gold. The Copper King, also under bond to 
Capt. Hall, has a cross-cut four or five feet long, showing eighteen to twenty 
inches of copper sulphides, which assay $12 gold and 6 per cent, copper. The 
Copper Queen, which is believed to be on the Copper King lead, has a three- 
foot ledge of quartz, carrying copper sulphides, but no work has been done 
and no assays have been made. The New York, which is bonded to Mr. Can- 
field, has a shaft twelve feet deep and a cross-cut on a five-foot ledge, which 
shows well in gold and copper, though no assays have been taken. The 
Frosty, which is on the American side adjoining the New York, has a shaft 
ten feet deep on two and one-half feet of ore similar to the Gold Dust, which 
assays $9 gold and 15 per cent, copper. 

On the steep face of Mount Chapaca, directly opposite the Wyandotte 
and 1,500 feet above the river, is the Rush group of three claims, located on 
a true fissure vein running almost north and south, and owned by the 
Chapaca Mining Company. A shaft was sunk on the ledge and a drift 
run 200 feet northward further down the mountain, where there is a 
ledge four to six feet, which assays from 20 to 200 ounces of silver and some- 
times as high as $20 gold. An inclined shaft was sunk 175 feet and drifts 
were run both ways at the 100 and 175 foot levels, showing the ledge from 
five to eight feet. The company then started a tunnel to strike the ledge at 
a depth of 400 feet and cut three ledges with it, one of which did not show 
on the surface. At the point where it was struck, the main ledge was quite 
small, but drifting north and south showed it to widen to fifteen feet, aver- 
aging 200 ounces. The other two ledges were twenty-two inches, running 
$22 gold, and three feet, running $8 gold. A shaft was then sunk 175 feet 
from the upper drift for the purpose of connecting the two drifts, and in 
places it showed ore fifteen feet wide. Altogether, about 1,600 feet of develop- 
ment work has been done. 

The next largest showing on Mount Chapaca has been made by J. W. 
Miller and George Redpath, of Seattle, on the Grandview group of eight 
claims, with two millsites. They have one great ledge of free milling 
quartz nineteen and one-half to twenty-two feet wide, running diagonally 
across four claims, on which they have run an open cross-cut and tunnel, 
showing two to 'fifteen inches of decomposed quartz on the hanging wall, 
which assays $115 to $484 gold, and five to six feet in the center assaying $6 to 
$58 gold. A thirty-three foot shaft also shows up this ledge. A parallel ledge 
is shown fourteen feet wide by an open cut and tunnel of 110 feet and carries 
ore in the center of five or six feet, from which gold can be panned. A three- 
foot cross ledge has four to eighteen inches of ore in a thirteen-foot shaft, 
assaying $33 to $270 gold. Three small parallel seams of similar character 
have merely been prospected. Another similar ledge is shown from six 
inches to five feet wide by open cuts twenty-eight, twenty-nine and thirty-six 
feet long, and assays from $37 to $280 gold. Two parallel ledge's, eight and 
thirteen feet wide, on the same two claims, have not been developed. In the 
fall of 1896 one of the locations was made on a large iron capping, of which 
the surface ore assayed $2 to $6 gold and 5 to 29 per cent, copper, being typical 
copper sulphides. Another ledge is two and one-half feet wide and a twenty- 
nine foot open cut and tunnel shows twelve to fourteen inches of smelting 
ore carrying about $50 gold and silver, besides quite a per centage of copper. 

Half a mile south of the boundary, on Mount Chapaca, Allan and George 
Reiste have the Golden Zone and an extension on a ledge which a 150-foot 
tunnel shows to be widening, with a continuous chute of ore carrving free 
gold and sulphurets. One ton of ore from the croppings milled $22 on the 
plates and assays average $40. On the Summit J. D. Lindburg and Clay 



104 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Taylor have a 140-foot tunnel on a six-foot ledge assaying $22 free gold. 
On the south end of Mount Chapaca is an iron cap fifty to seventy feet wide, 
which has been traced through four claims — the Copper King, by George 
Millberg; the Mammoth, by W. A. Berry; the Eclipse, by Peter Berg, and 
the Double Standard, by W. F. Kurtz. On the Double Standard, which was 
only discovered last spring, a shaft is down ten feet on copper and iron 
pyrites and is being continued. Surface assays on the Eclipse show $11 gold, 
and the oxidized croppings on the Copper King show $12 and $16 gold, with 
traces of copper and silver. 

Separated from Mount Chapaca by Toats Coulee on the north is Gold Hill, 
on which free gold was discovered in 1892. The ledges are at an elevation of 
4 000 feet above the sea and 2,000 feet below the summit, and range from four 
to eight feet wide in a red porphyry dike, cutting the formation. They run 
northeast and southwest and are almost perpendicular, with a slight dip 
to the northwest. The quartz carries free gold, but most of ihe gold value 
is contained in hematite of iron, there being but little silver. Assays average 
$10 gold, though specimens have run as high as $2,000. The pioneer location 
was the E Pluribus, by D. G. Chilson, of Loomis, and the Moody brothers, 
of Spokane, who have sunk shafts ten to twenty-six feet on the ledge, snow- 
ing it to be four .to ten feet wide. At the bottom of the deepest shaft the 
ledge is seven and one-half feet and averages $10 in gold. The northeast 
extension of the E Pluribus is the Frankie Girl, owned by Benjamin Hall 
and Daniel Mulcahy, of Loomis, and W. E. Hensley, of San Francisco. They 
have sunk several shafts ten to eighty-five feet, in the deepest of which the 
vein varies from four to seven feet, of the same grade as the E Pluribus, 
though some assays run very high. A narrower parallel vein runs through 
these two claims and is equally rich. On a parallel ledge northeast of the 
E Pluribus Henry Wellington and L. D. Burton have the Cieve and have 
made a twenty-foot open cut and started t-o extend it with a tunnel, snowing 
about fifteen feet of low-grade ore. On another parallel vein Lester Sly, 
William Robinson and W. E. Hensley have the Golden Fleece, on which they 
have sunk shafts fifty-five feet on the hanging wall showing two and one- 
half feet of ore, and thirty-five feet on the footwall, showing three feet of 
the same grade as the E Pluribus. 

Fifteen miles west of Loomis, at the head of Toats Coulee, D. G. Chilson 
has the Oceanic and Majestic on a six-foot ledge between granite walls, 
which has been traced 3,000 feet. A shaft twenty feet and openings along 
the ledge are said to show ore the full width, twenty assays of which range 
from $10 to $90 gold and silver. Of this value 65 per cent is free gold and the 
remainder in sulphurets. 

West of Gold Hill is the El Dorado group of three claims, owned by Lee 
Brothers & Barney, through all of which a ledge at least ten feet wide can 
be traced. A shaft is down fifteen or twenty feet on each claim and openings 
along the ledge show free gold on the surface, assays ranging from $10 to 
$35, mostly in gold. The same owners have the Sunnyside a mile further 
west, on a ten-foot ledge of free milling ore, which assays $15 to $20 gold and 
silver from a twenty-five foot shaft. 

Flowing into the Sinlehekin from the south side of Gold Hill is Cecile 
Creek, which has on its banks some rich ledges of iron and copper pyrites. 
On the Little Falls H. M. Redmond has a two-foot vein of quartz exposed 
throughout the depth of a fifty-foot shaft, and assaying from $20 to $350 gold. 
The Hercules, owned by the Hercules Mining Company, of Pittsburg, has an 
iron cap eighty feet wide between walls of diorite, running east and west 
and pitching north about 45 degrees. Several cross-cuts on the cropping have 
traced the cap rock for over a mile, for which distance it has been located. 
Surface assays give $2 gold, 5 to 9 ounces of silver and traces of copper, and 
development, which is now being prosecuted, shows high-grade gold-copper 
ore. 

On Douglas Mountain, south of Cecile Creek, are a series of ledges of 
quartz running high in gold. The country formation is granite, like that of 
Gold Hill, and the ledges are in a porphyry dike running northeast and south- 
west, carrying more copper than those of Gold Hill. The first location was 
the Utica, by D. G. Chilson, John Boyd, Daniel Mulcahy and H. M. Perdue, 
who have a shaft fifty-eight feet on the hanging wall, showing ore the full 
width of five feet. An open cut from the footwall seventj^-five feet from the 
shaft runs thirty feet toward the latter and is all in vein matter heavily 
impregnated with hematite. Assays average $12 to $15 in gold, silver and 
copper. On the Oro Fino, the northeast extension of the Utica, D. G. Chilson 
and John Woodruff have a cross-cut twenty feet and a shaft fifteen feet, 
showing a vein four feet wide, which assays as high as $60 gold. On the Red 
Jacket, a mile north of the Utica, R. H. Redmond has a shaft forty feet on 
a three-foot vein of fine ore, from which he sorted and shipped two tons of 
the highest grade and obtained returns of $80. 

Across the Sinlehekin from Mount Douglas and Gold Hill is Aeneas 
Mountain, a ridge extending many miles south of Loomis and rising to a 
height of 2,800 feet above the town, on which are a series of parallel ledges 
of iron and copper pyrites, carrying gold and wearing red iron caps. The 
ledges run northeast and southwest across the granite and diorite formation. 
Seattle men are most active on this mountain, having joined with Loomis 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 105 

citizens to form the Detroit-Windsor Mill and Mining Company and develop 
the Detroit-Windsor group of five claims, seven miles south of Loomis. 
Three claims are on a ledge capped with iron for a width of fourteen feet, 
with granite and diorite for the hanging wall and granitic porphyry for the 
footwall, the ledge cutting the formation up the mountain and being. traced 
through the three claims. A shaft is down 100 feet, showing iron and copper 
pyrites, and a cross-cut at the ninety-foot level shows it to have widened to 
eighteen feet. Assays have ranged from $10 gold and 2 per cent, copper to 
$35 for both values, the copper ranging from 2 to 5 per cent, and the average 
value being $15 to $20 for the whole width of the ledge. The two other claims 
are on a parallel ledge lower down the mountain. The work so far done has 
demonstrated the permanence and value of the ledge. The shaft will now 
be continued to a depth of 120 or 130 feet and then a cross-cut will be run to 
tap the ledge at a depth of 400 feet. The nature of the ground makes it 
possible to attain a depth of 1,000 feet with a 1,500-foot cross-cut. 

The two ridges of Aeneas Mountain which shut in Horse Spring Coulee 
have become the scene of mineral locations for a distance of six miles. The 
principal group here is the Treasury, of six claims, on which M. F. McConkey 
has been working for five years and in which he lately interested a Seattle 
company. Four claims are on a twenty-four foot ledge of rose quartz on 
which a shaft is down eighty feet in ore assaying about $80 gold, and a 
number of open cuts have been made. A cross-cut has been run 200 feet 
and has cut a parallel ledge, the expectation being that in 800 feet more It 
will cut the main ledge at a depth of 500 feet. Assays run from $8 gold 
upwards and some of it has been milled in an arrastre. 

Further to the east, on the same ridge, Ed Manuel and a number of 
others have located a string of claims on a belt of iron-capped ledges of 
sulphide ore, which has been traced for three miles north and ?outh and for 
a width of two miles east and west. The ledges are twenty to thirty feet 
wide between diorite walls, and surface assays show $2 to $4 gold and 8 Der 
cent, copper, while some have run as high as $70. 

THE COLVILLE RESERVATION*. 

This broad stretch of country, comprising the central part of the northern 
half of Washington, had long been a forbidden land to the ubiouitous nro<* 
pector, when, on February 20, 1896, the northern half of it was thrown ooen 
to mineral entry. It is usual to exaggerate the unknown, and the great niin 
eral discoveries made on the north, east and west had given s-ood ground 
for the general belief that this land, given over to the Indian farmers and 
hunters, abounded in mineral deposits of great wealth. Actual observation 
has confirmed this belief, and development on quite a number of claims rfiir 
ing the past year has proved the previously accepted theory that the arpa 
of eruptive rock veined with sulphide ore, which has made Trail Creek fa- 
mous, is only one of a series of such areas extending throughout the countrv 
to the south and west. Many of the ledges of sulphide ore have nroved to 
be equally rich in gold with the average of those in Trail Creek and some far 
richer in copper than the best in that district, nor do they yield anything- in 
the size of the ore bodies. On the eastern border of the reservation is a belt 
of galena ledges, and over to the northwest, on Myers Creek and its trihii 
taries, and on the head waters of Eureka Creek, is a belt of free-miling- ore 
bodies of immense size. The sulphide ore belt seems to cover the greater 
part of the country opened, for it has been traced through the whole Wtrin. 
extending from the boundary south to Kettle Falls, between the Columbia 
and Kettle Rivers; also along the watershed of Kettle River where it flowt 
meandering from west to east. ' WIieie u nows 

The reservation is fast being made accessible from all directions bv mean* 
of roads, although no railroad as yet enters its confines. From the wee* 
the Great Northern Railroad will take you 174 miles to Wenatchee and tbt 
Columbia River steamer City of Ellensburg will carry you on to' Tohn^on 
Creek, 130 miles, during the period of high water, which is from Mav i tn. 
August 1. Thence the journey must be made on horseback, ten miles : .n 
the Okanogan River road to Tenasket schoolhouse, thirty-three and one bnif 
miles by the state road to Curlew Lake and thirty miles down Curlew Cr££ 
to Kettle River. From the east the starting point is Spokane whence tb^ 
Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad will take you 102 miles to Marcus im 
miles to Bossburg or 130 miles to Northport. The state road runs from 
Marcus up Kettle River and across country to Curlew Lake, which isthi 
center of the northern half of the reservation, to which all roads lead Road« 
also cut across country from Bossburg and Northport to Empire Camn Pierre 
Lake and other mining centers which have sprung up within a year ferried 
crossing the Columbia at all these towns. The route from the south is bv 
the Central T\ ashmgton Railroad from Spokane to Wilbur, ninety-one miip, 
and thence by road across the Big Bend and up the Sans Poel Rive,- tA 
Eureka Camp, sixty-two miles, this road connecting with that fading down 



106 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Curlew Creek. The Sans Poel & Columbia River Ferry & Transportation 
Company has established a free ferry on the Columbia at the mouth of the 
Sans Poel, and will complete the forty-eight miles of road to Eureka Camp 
by the end of April. This will materially reduce the distance by the present 
Sans Poel trail. 

Reliable information as to the geology of this great area is scanty, and is 
only obtainable in scraps as to restricted tracts of country which have come 
under the personal observation of some individual. The simile applied to 
the Trail Creek country by Mr. Woodhouse, quoted in another chapter, would 
seemingly apply here also. As water pours through a hole broken in ice, so 
the eruptive rocks have burst through the older formation in patches and 
are generally veined with sulphide ore ledges, the richest of which are found 
along the edges of the area of eruption. The country rock is generally 
diorite, as in Trail, and the ledges have the same characteristics in the 
• sulphide ore belt. This description applies to the eastern and northeastern 
part of the reservation. In the northwest different characteristics prevail, 
which will be described later in this chapter. 

Within a few miles of the boundary, on the mountains through which 
Sheep Creek flows from Red Mountain into the Columbia River, there is an 
extension southward of the Trail Creek formation, in which mucn develop- 
ment work is being done. On a series of five iron-capped ledges, ten to fifty 
feet wide, running northwest and southeast between walls of syenite and 
diorite, is the Birton group of twelve claims, owned by the Birton Gold Min- 
ing' & Milling Company. A shaft is down thirty-five feet on one ledge, show- 
ing the gold value to increase from $3 on the surface to $10, in iron and 
capper pyrites, and a contract has been let for 100 feet more on this shaft. 
The property is only one and one-half miles from the Red Mountain Rail- 
road and six miles from Northport, where the erection of a smelter is under 
contemplation, and in that case freight and treatment would cost only $7. 

Adjoining the Birton, the Fidelity Gold & Copper Company has the 
Fidelity group of six claims on an eight-foot ledge. A seventy-six-foot shaft 
shows thirty inches of pyritic ore. assaying $12.80 gold, 4 per cent, copper, and 
two smaller shafts and a thirty-foot tunnel show low grade ore throughout. 

On a mountain rising from Sheep Creek, three miles by wagon road from 
the Red Mountain Railroad and twelve miles from Northport, is the Rich 
Four group of four claims, which the Rich Four Mining & Milling Company 
is developing. Three claims are on an iron-capped ledge cropping forty to 
1S§ feet wide through their whole length in a ravine with perpendicular walls 
fifty to 150 feet high. The ledge is slate mixed with white quartz, all more 
or less mineralized with gold, one streak of quartz showing near the hanging 
wall. The other claim is on a similar ledge sixty feet wide, across the sum- 
mit of the mountain. 

The greatest showing so far on this part of the reservation is on the Big 
Iron, one and one-half miles from the boundary, five miles from the Red 
Mountain Railroad and eight miles north of Pierre Lake, which the Big 
Iron Mining Company is opening. Some conception of the extent of the 
surface showing can be formed from the fact that the location was made 
by a man so ignorant of the mining laws that he only covered the actual 
area of the outcrop, and yet this is a tract 450x250 feet. This is a huge blow- 
out of blue iron, in some places twenty to thirty feet thick, covering a body 
of gold-copper ore, of which diligent development has failed to define the 
extent. A shaft is down seventy-five feet, all in mineral, and a cross-cut 
11© feet is also all in mineral and has not struck either wall, passing through 
two good pay streaks seven and two feet wide. The pay ore is iron and 
copper pyrites, assaying y 2 to V/ 2 ounces gold, 2 to 5 ounces silver and SY 2 to 5 
per cent, copper, while the ledge matter is very silicious, with the mineral 
apparently free, carrying $1 to $10 gold and very little copper. 

Adjoining this property, on the same and parallel ledges, is the Little Iron 
group, owned by L. D. W Shelton, W. C. Morris and Edward Maloney. 

Ore of the same character as at Trail Creek, but often running higher 
Sn copper, is being taken out of a number of properties around Pierre Lake, 
which is about midway between the Columbia and Kettle Rivers, some miles 
south of the boundary and sixteen miles from Bossburg. The ledges in this 
district are enclosed in porphyry dikes filling true fissures in diorite and 
syenite, striking northeast by southwest. 

The Little Giant Mining Company has sunk 100 feet on the Little Giant, 
following three feet of copper pyrites, which assays over $100 gold and copper. 
At forty feet the shaft broke through the supposed hanging wall into more 
©re of the same grade. A drift is being run from the shaft and 100 sacks 
of ore have been shipped, being hauled over a road built by the company. 

The Bald Eagle Gold Mining Company is developing the Bald Eagle 
group of five claims in the same district. Three claims are on a ledge which 
has been traced through them and through ten adjoining claims. It crops 
ten feet wide and shows somewhat greater width in a thirty-five-foot shaft. 
Another claim is on a parallel and the fifth on a cross ledge, which have 
been clearly traced by croppings. Work on the shaft was stopped by water 
«,nd ore gas— the latter a favorable indication— but will be resumed when a 



MIXING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 107 

pump and fan have been erected. The surface ore assayed $7 gold and 4.14 
per cent, copper. 

The Syndicate group of five claims, owned by the Syndicate Gold Mining 
Company— an allied corporation to the Bald Eagle— has two claims on parallel 
ledges cropping three to six feet wide and running through into a third claim, 
which is located crosswise. A cross-cut, which is in twenty-five feet, will 
tap one ledge in fifteen feet more, when drifts will be run both ways. An- 
other claim in the group has an iron capping four or five feet wide, thoroughly 
mineralized, and a fifth has four feet of ore in a fifteen-foot shaft, assaying 
$13 gold, $2.17 silver and 19 per cent, copper. 

The Little Gem group of four claims, three miles northwest of Pierre 
Lake, owned by the Lincoln Mining & Development Company, has a quartz 
ledge cropping two and one-half inches wide and increasing to nine inches 
in a seventy-five-foot shaft. Assays have run 34 ounces silver, $3.60 gold and 
5 per cent, copper. 

Two miles east of Pierre Lake the Colville Gold Mining Company has the 
Mackinaw group of four claims. Three of these are on an iron-capped ledge 
thirty feet wide, traced for 2,000 feet, which a short inclined shaft shows to 
be heavily charged with chalcopyrite, increasing every foot. Another claim 
is on a parallel ledge of the same character, on which a shaft is being sunk. 
The same company has the Fidalgo on a twenty-five-foot ledge at the foot 
of Jumbo Mountain, one mile south. Near the head of Pierre Creek this 
company has the Eldorado group of four claims on three ledges which have 
been traced for over a mile, and it also has two claims in the Curlew Camp 
and three in the Eureka Camp. The company proposes to sink a shaft on 
the Mackinaw group. 

Near the head of Pierre Creek and eight miles from the Spokane Falls & 
Northern Railroad, the Churchill Mining & Milling Company has the Churchill 
group of four claims on three ledges of sulphide ore of great width. A shaft 
is down thirty feet on one of these, in a good body of ore, carrying gold, with 
gray copper and chalcops^rite coming in. Assays at five feet were $6.40 and at 
thirty feet $18.60 in all values. 

Five miles southeast of Pierre Lake and ten miles northwest of Bossburg, 
the Centennial Mining & Smelting Company is sinking on the Centennial 
group of ten claims, which has an iron cap over six feet deep. A sixty-foot 
shaft cut three streaks of arsenical iron ore, assaying $8 to $18 gold and copper. 
The shaft will be sunk forty feet more and then a drift wiJ be run on the 
dip of the ledge, which is expected to show the streaks all running together. 

Near the sources of Flat Creek, ten miles west of Northport, the Quadra 
Mining Company will this spring begin development of the Quadra group of 
four claims. The cropping is an iron cap twenty-five feet wide and a 
twenty-eight-foot cross-cut has pierced the footwall and run three feet an 
mineralized ledge matter, assaying $4 gold, $1.17 silver, besides copper. 

West of this group the Searchlight Gold Mining Company has the Search- 
light group of four claims on two ledges, which crop about forty feet wide. 

On the north fork of Fifteen-Mile Creek the Alert Gold Mining Company 
has five claims on as many different ledges, ranging from ten feet upwards. 
A forty-eight-foot cross-cut has shown four feet of ore in one of them, carry- 
ing $6 gold, besides silver and copper. 

On Iron Mountain, at the head of Flat Creek, R. B. Lane and Ledgerwood 
Bros, have the Lafayette group of four c laims on an iron capping 100 feet 
wide, and on the divide between Flat and Pierre Creeks they have the X-Ray 
group of eight, on which an iron cap forty-four feet wide has been traced 
2,000 feet. 

The Seattle Gold & Copper Mining & Milling Company will this season 
develop the Lucky Dog group of seven claims on several ledges between 
Pierre Lake and Saratoga Mountain, with a placer claim on Kettle River. 
Two claims are on a ledge near Pierre Lake cropping four feet, on which a 
fifteen-foot cross-cut shows streaks of sulphide ore aggregating eighteen 
Inches. This cross-cut is being continued to strike the ledge in sixty feet, 
when drifts will be run. Four more are on two similar ledges two and one- 
half miles from Bossburg, and another is on Toulou Mountain, west of the 
Kettle River wagon road, which shows pyrites in the croppings, but has n*t 
yet been defined. 

The Kettle River Mining & Milling Company has the Saratoga group of 
six claims on the ridge between Kettle and Columbia Rivers, from two to 
five miles up the road from Marcus. The Saratoga is on a mountain of the 
same name, on which there is an iron cap 200 feet wide. A sixty-foot cross- 
cut shows the whole ledge to be mineralized with copper and iron sulphides, 
and has cut three streaks of solid ore, each about six inches wide, assaying 
$47.80 in gold, silver, copper and lead. The five other claims are all on one 
iarge iron-capped ledge two and one-half miles further south, in which an 
open cut 200 feet long and ten feet wide showed ore assaying $4.95 gold, and a 
trace of silver, besides copper. 

The Sunnyside Group Mining Company has great ore bodies on its seven 
claims, immediately south of the last-named group. There are two parallel 
ledges, with four claims on one and three on the other. A cross-cut, after 
running fifteen feet through diorite, has passed for forty-eight feet through 



108 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

ledge matter carrying streaks of sulphide ore, and has not struck the hanging 
wall. A shaft is down twenty feet in ore, four assays of which ran from 
$21 to $48 in gold, silver and copper, including 14 per cent, copper. The com- 
pany is installing a steam drill and hoist. 

On the Nest Egg, at the rock cut in the stage road fifteen miles from Boss- 
burg, T. S. Burgoyne, Hon. W. C. Jones, Dr. Edward Pittwood and W. W. 
Stearns have an iron-capped ledge in which a 100-foot tunnel shows good ore, 
carrying gold, silver and copper. 

On the Scotia, on Toulou Mountain, a 200-foot cross-cut has tapped an 
eighteen-foot ledge of sulphide ore. 

Adjoining the Sunnyside is the Empire group of four claims on a ledge 
of sulphide ore cropping thirty to eighty feet wide, the iron capping of which 
carries from $4 to $7 gold. The Empire Mining Company is now beginning 
development. 

On the mountain fronting Northport from the east bank of the Columbia 
River, and within one and one-half miles by wagon road from the Red 
Mountain Railroad, is a series of ledges of galena and sulphide ore, of great 
size, which were the prize of a hot race between prospectors on the night of 
the opening of the reservation. They crop very clearly for over a mile 
parallel with a broad silicate dike, which is plainly visible from the opposite 
bank of the river, and runs northeast by southwest. The first location was 
the Mountain View or Contention, which is the subject of a contest among 
rival claimants. It shows eight inches of galena in the croppings, and in a 
forty-seven-foot shaft on the side of the mountain shows a good body of 
galena and sulphides. 

On the extension of this ledge and on parallel ledges, the Colville Reser- 
vation Mining Company has the Mountain View Extension group of four 
claims. The Mountain View ledge has been tapped by a seventy-five-foot 
cross-cut, which shows four feet of ore carrying galena and sulphides and 
assaying $11 to $64 in gold and silver, but has not yet reached the further wall. 
A winze will now be sunk from the face of the cross-cut. 

The Coyote group of three claims, which has been bonded for develop- 
ment by William Adams and others of Northport to John Leary, George 
Kinnear and A. H. Manning, of Seattle, has a cropping at least fifteen feet 
wide and in a fifty-foot shaft shows ten to thirty-six inches of ore, carrying 
$30 gold and silver. This shaft will be sunk to the 200-foot level this summer, 
and a test shipment of twenty tons will be made when spring opens. 

The White Horse, owned by A. W. Ryan, is on the Mountain View ex- 
tension, and the Bald Eagle, by Messrs. Harris, McFadden and others, is on 
the supposed extension. 

On one of these ledges, ten to twenty feet wide, between walls of slate and 
diorite, the White Otter Gold & Silver Mining Company has the White Otter, 
which will be developed this year. The ledge matter is lime quartz, with 
streaks of porphyritic quartz, and one ore chute of gold-bearing galena is 
exposed in the croppings. It cuts an abrupt hill at right angles, so that, 
by tunneling, great depth can be attained at short distance. 

On three of these ledges the Northport Development Company has the 
Iron Horse group of nine claims, through which the quartz has been traced. 
On the Mountain View ledge a cross-cut of forty feet is all in mineralized 
quartz, with eight feet of ore, and a shaft is down forty-five feet. Another 
ledge has an iron cap thirty to forty feet wide and the third is three or four 
feet showing galena. Surface ore assayed $14 to $25 gold, silver and copper. 
The' company will run a 400-foot cross-cut, tapping two ledges at a depth of 
350 feet. 

The most famous series of mineral croppings on the reservation is on La 
Fleur Mountain, at the head of Koos Moos Creek, directly south of the 
boundary, being an extension of Smith's Camp in the Boundary Creek dis- 
trict. The La Fleur was discovered years ago, and numbers of men have 
since been carrying specimens of peacock copper from it as evidence of the 
mineral wealth that awaited development in this closed country. The result 
was the systematic movement in the winter of 1895-6 for the opening of 
the northern half of the reservation to mineral entry, which was crowned 
With success on February 20, 1896. A race for the La Fleur from Marcus 
followed between several rival claimants, and contesting locations were made. 
The ground of one claim was that congress had opened the reservation by an 
act passed in 1892, and that the president's proclamation was unnecessary, 
adl locations made in the interval being valid. This claim was sustained by 
the United States courts, and the contest has recently been compromised 
between the Comstock and La Fleur companies, the La Fleur being now held 
as the Butte, together with its extension, the Comstock, by the Comstock 
Mining & Milling Company. 

The croppings of this ledge were great masses of peacock copper or 
bornite forty to fifty feet wide. A shaft fifty feet deep shows the ledge five 
feet between walls, with two and one-half feet of solid ore averaging $75 a 
ton, viz., 30 to 45 per cent, copper and the remainder in silver. On the Com- 
stock a shaft has been sunk making a similar showing. 

The Lone Star and Washington group of eight claims is on the extension 
of the La Fleur ledge to within 154 feet of the boundary, and is being ex- 




gfcS CREEK CAMP. 



sou/ 



C4w Csacafle ' 



IlVens. .J 



81 i-?^- 




MtNING IN THE PACIFtC NORTHWEST. 

alternately with serpen u wort j 1 $1,50^000. inevd. aV erage in 

rifo^cJS^ore oM c]alms on KooS b Moos Cre f a has^o od 

quartz ledge fifty teet www, t t feet dee p. ^^flowed -values 

Pine, one and one-half miles iiou triking the nangmg wall ine ld 

leTt through the ore body w^hon t striK g ^ ^ 10 ^ ree g M 

140 feet long and gams ^100 ***£ ^^ wU1 erect a stamp mm a 
and sulphurets throughout, x Kauff- 

foot parallel ledge, ^ne aeauLic a large bo ay OI T f h ve been 

sixty feet wide, of which the cropp s Mount- 

copper. _ f t ide covers a ledge, on whicn Mother on a cross 

At a depth of six feet the snait sno further west, 

SSffi^S^ £S ^ , m ^V « V o e lS tl e Hive, wa S on 



110 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

from which Mary Ann Creek flows east to Myers Creek, Rock Creek flows 
east to Kettle River and Sawmill Creek flows southwest to the Okanogan 
River. It cuts through a series of four great, bald buttes extending north- 
ward, in diminishing size, from Mount Bonaparte to the boundary, and 
formed of quartzite. The country rock is metamorphic slate, cut by dikes of 
porphyry. 

The Hehe group, five miles southwest of the Hehe stone, is owned by A. 
E. Anrud and J. H. Calvert, and covers five parallel ledges of free-milling 
quartz. One ledge is fourteen feet wide, and in a ten-foot shaft shows ore 
carrying $30.80 gold and silver, only a small part of the value being silver. 
Another ledge twenty feet wide runs up the mountain from Hehe Stone, and 
assays $6 to $8 free gold on the surface, while a third shows several seams 
of quartz carrying $4 to .$8 gold on the surface. 

Five miles southwest of this group and due north of Mount Bonaparte, 
Messrs. Calvert and Anrud have the Porphyry group of five claims on a 
porphyry dike eighty feet wide and parallel with it. In this dike a sixteen- 
foot ledge of quartz crops on three claims, as defined by an open cross-cut, 
and shows colors in panning, while an assay ran about $12 gold. 

The greatest and richest showing in this vicinity is on the Big Hole, at 
the forks of Mary Ann Creek, eight miles south of Camp McKinney, owned 
by George King, Charles Armstrong, C. P. Devine and Neal Undem, of Seat- 
tle, who have resumed work. The ledge is thirty to forty feet wide, of honey- 
combed quartz, and carries from a trace to $18 free gold, with two feet of pay 
ore, the lowest assay of which was $108.50 gold and the highest $600 gold, 218 
ounces silver. The indications are that at depth the ore will change to galena. 
The same parties have the Cleopatra, on which an open cut shows eleven 
feet of ore with only one wall in sight. A number of small streaks of ore run 
through, assaying $18 to $20 gold and 8 to 18 ounces silver, and small particles 
of galena carrying gold and silver are discovered all through the ledge matter. 
It is intended to sink fifty feet on each ledge and then cross-cut to define the 
width. 

On the extension of the Cleopatra, A. Walker has the Wenatchee, on 
which the ledge crops twelve feet wide between slate walls, and carries free 
gold and a little sulphurets in a slate and quartz gangue. A small shaft 
showed ore assaying $12 to $28. 

The Columbia, on the boundary, has another great body of quartz 250 feet 
wide, an average sample of which showed $10 free gold. 

On the Poland China, Neal Undem and Jerome Haskins have stripped the 
ledge for 100 feet in width and have not found either wall. The quartz carries 
free gold throughout, assaying all the way from $2.50 to $600. 

Eight miles up Myers Creek from Kettle River and one and one-half miles 
from the boundary, P. H. Pingston has the Pingston claim on a blow-out of 
arsenical iron 50x100 feet, of which the decomposed surface rock assays $4 to 
$16 gold. 

The Chicago and New York are on a ledge of sulphide ore, carrying $4 to 
$12 gold and copper in a quartz gangue, which a ten-foot open cross-cut shows 
to be nine feet wide. 

Near the source of Myers Creek, Senator Turner, Congressman Jones, 
United States Attorney Brinker and Deputy Marshal Vinson have the Bi- 
metallic on a seven-foot ledge of sulphide ore, assaying 12 per cent, copper, 
6% ounces silver and $2 to $3 gold. 

Another great body of white and grey honeycombed quartz crops 200 feet 
wide on the Andruss, one and one-half miles south of the boundary and 
fifteen miles northeast of Oro, the owner being the Tenasket Gold Mining 
Company. Surface prospect holes have shown free-milling ore assaying 
$2.62 to $74.80 gold. 

Placers are extensively worked during the summer on Myers, Fourth of 
July and Deadman Creeks, and in some instances have paid good wages, 
even for work with pan and rocker. Deadman Creek is located for eight or 
nine miles, the dirt panning as much as 40 cents a yard, not only in the 
creek-bed but in the high bars, rising 250 feet above it, and hydraulic mining 
ought to be profitable here. 

BTORTHPORT. 

This town is not only the junction of the several branches of the Spokane 
Falls & Northern Railroad leading to Trail Creek and Nelson, but is the 
center of an organized mining district extending from the Kettle River 
eastward to the Metaline District and from the boundary southward to 
Bossburg. The part ofthis district between the Columbia and Kettle 
Rivers is described in the chapter on the Colville Reservation. The section 
east of the Columbia comprises part of the belt of silver-bearing country, 
of which the Slocan, Ainsworth and Nelson Districts on the north and the 
Colville and Cedar Canyon Districts on the south have experienced most 
development. The principal work now in progress is on Red Top Mountain, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Ill 

east of Northport between the forks of Cedar Creek, and on the headwaters 
of that stream and on Deep Creek. *At the head of Deep Creek the ore Is 
principally galena and carbonates, with some azurite of copper, red oxide 
-of copper and gray copper. At the head of Cedar Creek the ores are all 
silver-lead and carbonates, while directly east and south of Northport the 
ores are lead and gray copper, and at Little Dalles are of the same char- 
acter. The district has the advantage of wagon roads to Northport, making 
transportation to the railroad cheap and easy, and the contemplated erection 
of a smelter at that town by the Union Smelting and Refining Company 
composed of strong capitalists, holds out the prospect of reduction almost 
on the ground. 

On Red Top Mountain, three miles in a direct line and five miles by 
wagon road from Boundary Station on the Spokane Falls & Northern Rail- 
road, is the Clara group of four claims, owned by the Trail Creek Midland 
Mining Company, which is actively developing. Of the two ledges, one is 
in the contact between porphyry and slate and the other between ' granite 
and slate, the gangue being quartz carrying gold, silver and copper A 
tunnel is in over 125 feet on one ledge and will be continued to 200 feet 
when an upraise will be made of 150 feet and stoping will begin. A cross-cut 
will also be driven for 150 feet to tap the parallel ledge, when both will be 
worked from this tunnel. This work has shown nowhere less than six 
inches of good silver sulphide ore, the width frequently increasing to six 
feet and averaging between eighteen and twenty-four inches. A thirty-five 
-foot winze from the tunnel at the 100-foot line shows improved value A 
shipment of fifteen tons to the Tacoma smelter in October, 1896 returned 
$63.70 in gold, silver and copper. Ore of less value than $30 is held in the 
-dump awaiting the erection of the smelter at Northport, ten miles distant 
by rail, and meanwhile the company is investigating a newly invented 
smelter with a view to erecting one, if a test should prove successful The 
property can be developed entirely by tunneling and therefore at slight cost 
The Lakeview group, owned by the Lakeview Mining Company consists 
of two claims on the same ledge and one on a cross ledge. The main 
ledge has been stripped for 150 feet, showing twelve to twenty inches of ore 
while a 180-foot tunnel, an eighty-foot incline and a fifty-foot incline show 
twenty to forty inches of ore, three shafts six to ten feet deep making a 
similar showing. The ore carries chlorides, sulphides and bromides of 
silver and some native silver, and a number of assays, not only of the 
solid ore but of the ledge matter intervening between pay streaks ranse 
from $8 silver and 80 cents gold in the slate gangue to $386.40 silver and 
$15 gold in the chlorides and bromides. One car load of this ore is said to 
have netted $1,100. 

The Red Top Mountain Mining Company has two claims on the same 
mountain, on which a shaft is down 12i feet, showing the ledge to widen 
from seven to eight and one-half feet, with eighteen inches of galena assay- 
ing $78 in silver and lead, with a little gold, the remainder of the ledge beinff 
good concentrating ore. 

On Deep Creek George Foster has a claim named after himself on a 
ledge cropping twenty feet wide, on which he has worked intermittently for 
eight years. A number of open cuts, a tunnel of about forty feet and a 
shaft of about fifty feet have shown a good body of ore carrying about 
40 ounces silver. 

On the Iron Horse, also on Deep Creek, W. C. Taylor has a good ledffe 
of iron and copper sulphides, on which he has sunk a small shaft showine 
ore assaying $2 gold and 2 to 4 ounces silver. ' 6 

On Onion Creek, which flows into the Columbia from the east sevem 
miles below Northport, is a belt of gold-bearing sulphide ore in a quartz 
gangue. cut by the creek from a point two miles above its mouth. On the 
Alice May Messrs. Hansen, Paulson, Sherman and Roseberry have a ledge 
cropping twenty feet wide, in which a seventeen-foot shaft shows five feet 
of sulphide. The Lisburn Gold Mining Company has sunk twelve feet on 
the Lisburn, showing the same width of ore, and good results have been 
obtained on the Etna, Occidental, Wall Street and several other claims. 

+0+0 f •+«+©+•+•+•+ 

COLVILLE. 

This district has reached a more advanced stage of development and 
produced more ore than any other silver district in Washington. It forms 
the southern half of a belt extending about ten miles east from the 
Columbia River across the Colville, and from the headwaters of Cedar and 
Deep Creeks, which empty into the Pend d'Oreille River near the boundary 
southward for seventy-five miles, terminating in that direction in the 
Cedar Canyon District, which is described in another chapter. Like all 
other pioneer discoveries, it has had its alternate periods of activity and 
torpor, and now appears to have become the scene of renewed develop- 



112 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

ment, in sympathy with the movement generally prevalent throughout the 
Pacific Northwest. ♦ 

The formation of this belt of country is granite, lime, slate and quartzite, 
and is veined with a belt of bodies of silver-lead ores, running sometimes- 
north and south and others east and west. These occur either in contacts 
between granite and lime, slate and lime, or slate and quartzite, or in 
fissures in the slate or lime. Where they occur in the lime formation the 
ledges show a good deal of surface disturbance, but at depth settle into 
permanent bodies of ore, either in chutes or veins. In the slate formation 
the ledges are almost invariably in place. 

The first discovery was made in 1883 at the Embry camp, two miles east 
of Chewelah, by a party of prospectors sent out by John N. Squire, of 
Spokane. The ore in that section carries galena, sulphide of silver, some 
carbonate of lead and chloride of silver, mixed with iron and copper pyrites. 
A rush of prospectors followed within two years and explorations extended 
northward. Thus followed the discovery of the Old Dominion, seven miles 
from Colville, where the ledge is in a contact between granite and lime, 
the ore carrying bromide, chloride and sulphide of silver, with occasional 
bunches of galena. Then followed the discoveries at the head of Deep 
Creek and Cedar Creek and along the range east of the Columbia to Little 
Dalles, this territory being included in the Northport District. Fifteen 
miles further south, in the Young America at Bossburg, the ore is lead 
and silver entirely. Five miles further southeast, in the Big Bonanza, we 
find a heavy mixture of galena and iron pyrites, carrying about 40 per cent, 
lead and 10 ounces silver. Still traveling southward, we come to Gold Hill, 
two miles east of Marcus, where the ore is copper pyrites carrying gold. 
On Rickey Mountain, five miles more to the south, there is a great quantity 
of gray copper ore, but it is very much broken and no solid bodies have 
yet been found. Going fifteen miles onward to the south, we come to the 
Summit camp, where the ore carries galena and lead carbonates, and five 
miles to the southwest of this camp is the Wellington, with the same 
class of ore. Five miles south of this is the Cleveland mine, where the 
ore is galena carrying about 40 ounces silver. This mine is treated of in 
the chapter on Cedar Canyon, of which it is the pioneer. All the ores of 
this belt are high grade, except those of Deep Creek, where thy carry 
from 25 to 40 ounces silver and 40 per cent. lead. 

The best developed and most productive mine in this belt is the Old 
Dominion, which embraces a group of claims covering the whole mountain 
and which is owned by the Old Dominion Mining and Concentrating Com- 
pany. It is reached from Spokane by the Spokane Falls & Northern Rail- 
road to Colville, eighty-eight miles, whence a wagon road leads to the mine, 
seven miles distant. The ore chute crops on the surface to a length of 40O 
feet in the contact between lime and granite, and in chambers forty to fifty 
feet wide. The mine was first developed near the surface by a series of 
tunnels aggregating 3,000 feet in length, attaining a depth of 250 feet. A 
tunnel was then driven 3,000 feet on the contact at a further depth of 400 
feet and at the end of that distance struck a chamber of ore, which is now 
being developed. A cross-cut has also been started and has opened other 
small veins, ranging from six inches to twelve feet. The ore carries bro- 
mide, chloride and sulphide of silver, with some native silver, and its 
contents range from 25 to 125 ounces silver, with 30 per cent, lead and $3 gold. 
There is on the ground a concentrator with a capacity of seventy tons a day 
to treat the low-grade ore. The smelter returns show that about $2,000,000 
has been taken out of the mine and, when shipping regularly, it produces 
about $16,000 a month gross, or $12,000 net, employing seventy-five men. 

The Young America group of four claims is a quarter of a mile northeast 
of Bossburg, on the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad, 110 miles from Spo- 
kane, and is owned by the Young America and Cliff Consolidated Mining 
Company. The whole property is covered with float and a ledge cropping 
twelve to twenty feet wide runs across all four claims. A tunnel was run 120 
feet soon after discovery, at a depth of only thirty feet, and ore stoped to the 
grass roots. From this stope ore netting $40,000 at the smelter was taken, at a 
time when freight and treatment cost $30 a ton. After a long suspension, the 
mine was worked by lessees, who operated in the wasteful manner to be ex- 
pected under that system when not properly controlled, and shipped ore ag- 
gregating $25,000 in value. The old tunnel exposes a chute fifty feet long and 
five feet wide of high-grade silver-lead ore carrying 90 ounces silver, 50 per 
cent, lead, and the entire face of the tunnel is in solid shipping ore. A 
cross-cut is being run to tap the ledge at a further depth of seventy-five 
feet. The croppings of a parallel ledge have been discovered, showing six 
feet of carbonates and two and one-half feet of galena. 

The Bonanza, which is also reached from Spokane by the Spokane Falls. 
& Northern Railroad to Bossburg and by wagon road five miles in a south- 
easterly direction from that town, recently fell into the hands of a number 
of miners who held liens and who have leased and bonded it for two years 
to John Hanley. The croppings show a true fissure ledge of low-grade ore 
from ten to forty feet wide between walls of slate, with an ore chute 200 to 
300 feet long. A shaft is down eighty feet and an incline 150 feet, the latter 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 113 

on a continuous body of ore, and a 100-foot drift connects the two. Several 
thousand tons of ore have been shipped, its character making- it desirable 
for fluxing, and three or four car loads will be shipped before the coming 
May. 

Traveling on southward, we come next to the Summit group of five 
claims, owned by the Summit Mining Company, ten miles by wagon road 
from Addy Station, which is seventy-four miles by the Spokane Falls & 
Northern Railroad from Spokane. This group is on a series of five parallel 
ledges of sulphide and galena ore, one of which is in the contact between 
slate and diorite, while the others are in fissures in the slate. All are dip- 
ping into the mountain at such angles as to encourage the belief that they 
will unite in a great contact vein at a depth of 600 feet or less. In a 130-foot 
shaft one ledge widened from thirty inches to five feet, maintaining the 
latter width for the last sixty feet, and five drifts on it are each thirty feet 
long, all in ore. An average sample of hand-sorted ore assayed 50 ounces 
silver. 53.2 per cent, lead, and the whole ledge will concentrate. On a four 
and one-half foot ledge, 120 feet to the west, a shaft is down 110 feet, showing 
quartz mineralized throughout with galena and carrying occasional bunches 
of that mineral, with perfect walls. A fifty-foot shaft on the same ledge 
125 feet further north also shows it equally strong and well denned, con- 
taining ore of which the concentrates will carry iy 2 ounces silver to the 
unit of lead. Another vein eight inches wide is shown by a 125-foot shaft 
to be solid ore carrying gray copper, silver and gold, and assaying $90 to 
$1,000, one shipment having returned $155.15 gross, or $136.15 net. About 160 
feet of drifts have been run from this shaft and a cross-cut is in forty feet 
to tap the ore chute shown in the croppings. A thirty-foot shaft on another 
ledge shows three feet of quartz carrying gold and silver. The company is 
continuing development, shipping the high-grade ore and reserving the 
second-grade, of which there is over 1,000 tons on the dump, for concen- 
tration by a plant to be erected in the fall. This ore will go 6 into 1 and 
make concentrates worth about $70 a ton. 

Three and one-half miles by road northeast of Chewelah, in the Colville 
Valley, which is sixty-five miles by the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad 
from Spokane, is the Eagle group of six claims, owned by I. S. Kaufman, 
C. D. Ide and C. W. Ide. The croppings show large deposits of galena 
and sulphides of silver in a limestone formation. Two shafts 200 and 115 feet 
deep respectively have been connected by a series of drifts on the ledge, 
making an aggregate of 2,500 feet of development. This work shows ore 
chutes ranging from eighteen inches to eight feet in thickness, connected 
by stringers, and about $20,000 worth of ore has been taken out, ranging in 
value from 25 to 100 ounces silver, 40 to 70 per cent. lead. 

The Buck Mountain group of eight claims, owned by the Buck Mountain 
Mining Company, is four miles north of Cedar Canyon and twelve miles by 
road from Springdale, which is forty-seven and one-half miles from Spokane, 
on the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad. One ledge is six feet wide in a 
twenty-two foot shaft and in tunnels sixty and forty-five feet, which show 
eight inches of solid galena and bunches of that mineral throughout the 
ledge, growing more solid with depth. One car load returned 61 ounces 
silver, 77% per cent, lead, and assays have averaged about that figure. 
Another ledge is seven and one-half feet between lime and granite walls 
and in a thirty-foot shaft shows chloride and gray copper ore throughout, 
assaying 64 ounces silver, $3 gold, 8 per cent, copper. Another ledge crops 
ten feet wide and carries chlorides, which assay 36 ounces silver, 12 per cent, 
copper, $5.20 gold. Three claims are along another ledge between slate walls, 
which a forty-foot shaft shows to widen from three and one-half to seven 
feet. Three assays from samples taken at increasing depths showed 40, 52 
and 64 ounces silver respectively. 

Two miles southeast of Springdale by road is the Honest Johns group 
of three claims, owned by the Honest Johns Mining Company. The crop- 
pings show a sixty-foot ledge containing lead carbonates. A cross-cut has 
been driven 280 feet to tap the ledge 175 feet below the surface and will do 
so in about 100 feet more. It has cut a thirty-inch stringer carrying 41 ounces 
silver, 31 per cent, lead and $2.20 gold, besides 20 per cent, iron, which makes 
it a good fluxing ore. 

CEDAR CANYON. 

,-xx About most of the minin g districts of the Pacific Northwest there is 
little of the romantic to make their names live in history, but Cedar Canyon 
is an exception. The greatest discovery there was made accidentally by a 
bankrupt farmer who knew nothing of mineral, and in the face of ridicule 
he persisted in shipping some apparently worthless sand to the smelter. 
When it netted him good returns, other bankrupts like himself went into 
the district, and most of them are now comfortably off, and regard the 



114 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

foreclosing of mortgages on their farms as the beginning of their good 
fortune. 

For Cedar Canyon the starting point is Spokane. The Central Wash- 
ington train may be taken for Davenport, fifty miles west. Then a horse 
or buggy will take one over a good road for thirty-five miles to the head 
of the canyon, which is in the Huckleberry Mountains north of the Spokane 
River. Over this road the ore is hauled to Davenport in half a day, it 
having been greatly improved and shortened in the last year. An alter- 
native route is by the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad to Springdale 
and thence by a wagon road twenty-two miles, which will be shortened 
and improved this season. 

A precursor of the discoveries on Cedar Canyon proper is the Cleveland, 
which was found in June, 1894, by Messrs. France, Finsley and Lingenfelter, 
who have bonded it to Messrs. Monahan, King and McAulay. The ledge is 
eight feet wide, carrying galena, with antimonial silver on the surface, 
and was tapped by a 200-foot cross-cut. From this a drift was run 150 feet, 
a winze sunk sixty feet and an upraise made for twenty feet, the ore being 
then stoped out. The ledge occasionally pinches to two feet, but has pro- 
duced about 1,500 tons of ore, of which 800 tons shipped to the smelter assayed 
$22 to $80 a ton in silver and lead. The main ledge has been struck forty 
feet higher up the mountain and carries 25 ounces silver and 59 per cent. 
lead. This mine is now operated under lease from the owners. 

On what is probably the extension of the Cleveland ledge Dr. J. P. 
Turney, A. W. Turner, C. G. Snyder, H. H. McMillan and C. E. Ricnard, 
of Davenport, have the Bland. It is six to eight feet between lime walls, 
as shown by a cross-cut, and carries antimonial silver, carbonates of copper 
and azurite, assaying 52 ounces silver, 5 per cent, lead and a trace of gold. 

These locations were the forerunners of the most valuable discoveries 
on Cedar Canyon, in the course of which the extent and character of this 
mineral belt has been pretty clearly denned. The country rock is augite 
syenite overlaid with quartzite 100 feet thick. The ledges associate closely 
with phosphate lime, which varies in thickness from 4 to 100 feet. The ore 
is in quartz and includes sulphurets, which assay 500 to 2,500 ounces of silver, 
galena carrying 20 ounces of silver to each unit of lead. The lead carries 
considerable copper, which decomposes and colors the quartz with car- 
bonates of copper and lead, azurite, malachite and yellow carbonates of lead. 
In some ledges there also occur silicate of copper and sulphide of silver in 
streaks, as well as a little zinc and brittle silver. 

The discovery of the Cleveland stirred up interest in Davenport, and 
George Gibson, B. O. Gibson, Charles Golden and W. O. Vanhorn went 
prospecting in Cedar Canyon in August, 1894, and Golden located the Deer 
Trail and Royal. One day, while pursuing two deer, Vanhorn stumbled 
over a big quartz boulder carrying galena, and immediately went prospect- 
ing down the mountain, where he and his brother, Isaac L. Vanhorn, located 
the Deer Trail No. 2. They had pieces of the boulder assayed and found it 
carried between 70 and 80 ounces silver to the ton. A tunnel was then run 
for 100 feet from the croppirigs, partly through a solid formation and partly 
through red sand and gravel, but showed no regular ledge and therefore 
was stopped. W. O. Vanhorn panned down some of the red sand for gold, 
but found strings and flakes of native silver. He then sacked two and 
one-half tons and hauled it to Davenport. After enduring much ridicule 
and with great difficulty he raised enough money to pay the freight, and 
received in payment about $150 a ton. He then shipped nine tons more, 
which brought him $1,360. 

The Deer Trail No. 2 is now the principal one of twelve adjoining claims, 
all owned by the Deer Trail No. 2 Mining Company, and has developed into 
one of the best paying mines in Washington. It has been shown with 
tolerable certainty that the red sand, gravel and boulders into which the 
tunnel ran is part of a true fissure ledge which has either broken off and 
settled with the settling of the mountain, or has been heated and decom- 
posed by the slaking of the lime walls. The break-over pitches into the 
mountain at an angle of only 15 degrees, so that the face of a 200-foot 
tunnel is only seventy-five feet beneath the surface. The red sand is 
simply rich mineralized quartz, decomposed and acted on by fire due to 
the slaking of the lime. The croppings carried 28 ounces in the form of 
black sulphurets and galena. A tunnel run 180 feet into the mountain 
from this point showed the ore in a vein one to six feet thick, cutting 
through lime and quartzite and pitching east about 15 degrees, while the 
eountry formation ran almost perpendicularly into the hill. As the tunnel 
ran in the ore grew richer and began to show green carbonates of copper, 
azurite, malachite, oxycarbonate of lead, native silver in strings and flakes, 
and steel galena. The flakes of native silver are sometimes as large as a 
silver dollar and thin as tin foil. The first car load from near the mouth 
of this tunnel netted $237 at the smelter, the second over $600. the third $1,000, 
and they increased in value until one car load netted over $2,900. A quarter 
of a car load shipped later carried 5.600 ounces to the ton. As the tunnel 
advanced up the hill on the pitch of the vein, the latter grew thinner, until 
at last it ran out altogether. 



INDEX TO NijNBEftED CLAIMS. 



Ester HilberL 

Nancy Hanks. 

Home Stake. 

Eairview. 

Blue Grouse Ext 2 

Horn Silver. 

Plata Kina. 

8. Plata Rica 

9. Sunday Morning. 

10. Satnrday Night 

11. Cluster. 

12. Silver Basin. 

13. Brittle Silver. 

14. Shasta. 
16. Lone Star. 

16. Tenderfoot. 

17. Silver Queen 



18. Brooks. 

19. Dixie Queen. 

20. Moonshine. 
2L Elephant. 

22. Legal Tender. 

23. Victoria 
24 Providence. 

25. Runyon. 

26. Deer Trail No. 2. 

27. Royal 

28. Deer TraU No. 1. 

29. Hoodoo No. 2. 

30. Hoodoo No. 

31. Roodoo Ext. 

32. Josephine 

33. Idaho. 

34. Cleveland. 



CEDAR 



8TEV£NS COUNTY. 
WASHINGTON. 



Huntef 




NlHttiO «* THE PACIFlC.NQmrwWT. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 115 

The theory as to there being- a ledge in place was confirmed when No. 2 
tunnel was started further south, for it was found close to the mouth, 
running down almost perpendicularly with the country formation between 
walls of lime phosphate and syenite. Several tunnels have been run into 
the ledge 100 feet below the highest workings, where it is still three to five 
feet wide and is straightening up, dipping at an angle of 40 degrees. From 
one of these tunnels a drift has been run 100 feet one way and fifty feet the 
other, showing up more solid ore, carrying sulphides and galena, of about 
the same value as that above. This proves the permanence of the ledge, 
which evidently changes its pitch according to the disturbance which has 
occurred in the mountain. 

When development began en a large scale tunnels were run at five dif- 
ferent places, showing up the ledge for about 600 feet in length. There is 
now an extensive system of tunnels and drifts aggregating about 2,000 feet. 
As the ledge is almost level, the ore was stoped out from the side of the 
tunnels and the old workings were filled up with the waste material. As 
work progressed, it showed the ore varying in thickness from one to six 
feet. It is richest at the thinnest points, the red sand carrying most value 
and being either distributed through or lying on top of the other mineral. 
The ore is so soft that it can be mined with pick and shovel and often 
crumbles in the fingers, but the increased cost of timbering and sorting 
offsets the saving in powder. Smelter returns have averaged about $150 a 
ton and have ranged from 150 to 500 ounces of silver, from $2 to $20 gold and 
7 per cent, lead, but some assays have run as high as 3,000 and as low as 10 
ounces. Only ore running over 80 ounces in silver has been shipped and 
there is now a quantity of this low-grade ore on the dump estimated to 
contain 500,000 ounces. In addition there is a vein of sand in the mine 
fourteen inches wide above and below the main ore body which contains 
about 20 ounces silver per ton and which has not yet been disturbed. Nego- 
tiations are in progress for the erection of a concentrator in the district to 
do a customs business and treat this large accumulation of ore. 

Dividends have been paid aggregating over $40,000, in addition to the 
amounts divided among the owners before the property passed into the 
hands of the corporation. 

The Deer Trail ledge has been traced to the south through the Jolly Boy, 
owned by W. A. Crawford, J. A. Cameron and Seth T. Emerson, and the 
Elephant and Moonshine, and to the north through the Royal. 

The discovery of another ledge on the other side of the canyon followed 
that of the Deer Trail and this has been traced through a string of claims 
for 16,500 feet. It was found by C. W. Burdsal and C. T. Porter, who located 
the Saturday Night, Sunday Morning and Plata Rica. On the Saturday 
Night a 100-foot shaft and thirty-five foot drift showed two to five feet of 
ore, two tons of which, shipped from the fifty-foot level, returned 71 ounces 
silver at the smelter. In the second fifty feet the shaft ran through ore 
carrying 150 to 200 ounces, on which a drift is being run at the 100-foot level. 
A ledge eighteen inches wide is shown up in a cross-cut and a fifteen-foot 
shaft on the Sunday Morning, with streaks one to three inches wide carrying 
sulphurets running into it. A shaft is down on the Plata Rica ledge six 
feet wide, carrying streaks of ore two to twelve inches wide, and a cross-cut 
taps the ledge below in about 330 feet, one shipment giving good returns. 

A^ good property on the same ledge is the Plata Fina, owned by Messrs. 
Burdsal, Porter and T. G. Smail. An eighty-foot shaft shows three feet 
of ore, on which considerable drifting has been done and the first shipment 
gave good returns. On the Delaware Harvey Jones has tunneled about 
100 feet on a four-foot ledge. The Vanhorn brothers have sunk eighty-five 
feet on the Silver Queen, showing four feet of good ore; Mr. Keeler has 
tunneled on the Pride of the Valley with good results: and the ledge has 
been cross-cut on the Oro Fino by J. F. Conkling. The Esther Hilbert group 
of seven claims, owned by Len Coombs, Fred Lauer, H. Allen, I. Breslauer 
and Charles Young, has a shaft down fifteen feet on a thin streak of ore 
carrying 40 to 200 ounces silver, and the ledge has been cross-cut 100 feet 
deeper by a 160-foot tunnel, from which a drift has been run 100 feet on 
the ledge. 

Discoveries were extended last year in all directions from Cedar Canyon. 
At the head of Oropathan Creek Alfred Hughes and John O' Leary have the 
Highland Chief on a four and one-half foot ledge between walls of granite 
and lime, the ore carrying carbonates of copper and sulphurets of silver, 
and assaying 120 ounces silver. On the Rattler group of two claims, seven 
miles west of Cedar Canyon, Dr. J. P. Turney and others have a large 
broken ledge of decomposed quartz carrying 12 to 300 ounces silver. A shaft 
is down sixty feet on the broken ledge and another thirty-eight feet on the 
solid ledge matter. 

This district has the distinction of having been developed almost entirely 
by the original prospectors with the money they took out of the ground, 
the sole exception being the Deer Trail No. 2, which is paying good dividends. 

Another section tributary to Davenport, is the Egypt District, near the 
confluence of the Spokane and Columbia ' Rivers, where great ledges of 
quartzite jut out in the canyon walls. At the foot of Pitney Butte is the 



116 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Egypt, owned by Charles Grutt and sons, of Davenport, on which a four-foot 
ledge of galena Is tapped by a 120-foot cross-cut and is opened by a tunnel. 
On the Silver Queen, Greenville Blake has shown eighteen inches of galena 
ore, assaying 60 to 130 ounces silver, besides copper and lead, by sinking a 
forty-eight foot shaft, from which he has drifted sixty-five feet. On Mill 
Canyon, ten miles from Davenport, C. G. Snyder, H. A. P. Myers, Dr. J. P. 
Turney, H. H. McMillan and Charles L. Young, all of Davenport, have the 
Iron Crown group of five claims on four parallel ledges, assaying from $33 
upward in gold. One ledge is shown thirty feet wide by a thirty-foot shaft 
and thirty-foot cross-cut at the bottom. A cross-cut 100 feet below has 
tapped the second ledge, sixteen feet wide, assaying 7 per cent, copper, and 
is being extended to the first ledge. A mile south of this group C. L. Young, 
W. K. Snyder, C. G. Snyder, G. E. Brown and J. T. Young have the Elkhorn, 
on which a forty-foot cross-cut has tapped eighteen inches of galena ore. 
On the United Workman group of two claims Dr. Turney and C. L. Young 
have sunk a shaft twenty-six feet on a six and one-half foot ledge carrying 
gold and silver, while a tunnel showed ore in ten feet, assaying 12 ounces 
silver, $3 gold. The John L., near Port Spokane, owned by Col. William 
Ridpath, has a 125-foot shaft on a ledge carrying galena, a sample shipment 
of which netted $135. A tunnel is being run on the ledge. 

MINERAL CREEK. 

In a broad belt of limestone cut by Mineral Creek and on a spur from 
Mount Rainier,, between Green River and the Summit district, is a series of 
mineral ledges carrying gold, silver and copper in various forms, principally 
galena, on which citizens of Tacoma, Centralia and Chehalis have done a 
large amount of development. The first discovery was made in July, 1891, by 
John T. Davis and James A. Evans and prospecting has traced the belt across 
to Washington and Bear Creeks. The country rock is dolomite and the ledges 
are in fissures in slate, running northeast and southwest, the gangue being 
calcite and talc. 

The district is tributary to Tacoma, being fifty-four miles southeast of that 
city. The route is by the county road from Tacoma to Elbe, on the Nisqually 
river, the Lewis county road thence to the mouth of Mineral Creek and a trail 
for seven miles to the head of the creek. 

The first discovery was the Waterfall, by Messrs. Davis and Evans, on 
the middle ledge of five which are cut by Mineral Creek and are almost 
parallel. On these the Davis & Evans Mining Company has fourteen claims, 
which it is developing. Nearest the mouth of the creek is the Iron Mine, 
which shows brown hematite, carrying gold and silver in the eroppings, and 
is said to have sixteen feet of solid ore carrying $15 to $18 gold and silver. A 
thirty-foot shaft is down on the ore body. The Contact has a twenty-foot 
ledge with several streaks of galena aggregating four feet and assaying about 
$40 gold ana silver. Tunnels have been driven 140 and 100 feet and connected 
by a winze and a shaft is down seventy feet, with several cross-cuts and drifts 
from it. From these workings a large quantity of ore has been taken and is 
ready to ship. On the Waterfall a thirty-foot shaft and tunnels twenty and 
forty feet have shown four feet of ore of the same grade as the Contact. 

On the south fork of Mineral Creek this company has the Tacoma on a 
body of ore seventy feet wide, which a surface cross-cut shows to have 
sulphides of manganese disseminated throughout the ledge matter, while 
assays show it to carry $4 and more in gold. 

On the Eliza, the Mineral Creek Mining Company has a twenty-foot ledge, 
on which a tunnel over 100 feet long shows three to four feet of galena ore. 
The same company has driven a tunnel forty feet on the Goldie, showing a 
still larger body of ore. 

On the Mars' Ann, Dr. C. B. Martin has three ledges, eighteen inches to 
four feet wide, showing good pay streaks in tunnels fifteen, twenty-five and 
forty feet long. 

On the Mashell river, within three miles of the wagon road, the Co- 
operative Mining Syndicate of Seattle is developing the Jessie Harper group of 
nine claims. These are on a ledge of free milling quartz, which has been 
uncovered at several points, and is thus shown to be contimious for over 500 
feet, while a twenty-foot shaft and several surface cross-cuts show eight feet 
of gold-bearing quartz. The surface ore averages $3 to $5 gold and assays 
have run as high as $52. A cross-cut, now in 165 feet, will tap the ledge thirty- 
five feet further at a point below the shaft. Gold has been panned out of the 
creek below this property and is presumed to have been washed out of the 
ledge. 

The wagon road could be extended to the Jessie Harper and up Mineral 
Creek at moderate expense. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 117 



TRAIL CREEK. 

The element of romance in the business of mining, which gives it a fas- 
cination for those unfamiliar with its dry technical details, is particularly 
strong in the history of the development of Trail Creek. It is the story of 
a few plucky, determined men in an almost bankrupt city engaging in a min- 
ing venture in a wild, remote section of the British Columbia mountains, and 
proving to be of incalculable value mineral deposits which men of long 
training and experience had pronounced worthless. It is the story of per- 
severance in the face of poverty, the incredulity of neighbors and every 
natural obstacle. The climax of this story is the dividends paid by the 
principal Trail Creek mines, the return of prosperity to Spokane, whose 
citizens had pinned their faith to and risked their scanty means in those 
mines, the growth of the city of Rossland in the mountain wilds, and the 
haste with which mining experts revised their theories to fit the indisputable 
facts. A new era of mining activity in the Pacific Northwest began with 
the development of Trail Creek, and to Spokane belongs the honor of having 
opened that era when doubt and fear paralyzed the energies of other com- 
munities. 

The Trail Creek Mining District is in the Gold Range of mountains and 
extends six miles northward from the boundary and seven miles westward 
from the Columbia River, its center being Rossland, at an elevation of 3,200 
feet above sea level. The trail built by the British Columbia Government 
on a line surveyed by Lieut. George Dewdney in 1865, in order to open a way 
from the Coast to the Wild Horse District during the placer mining excite- 
ment, passes through the district and gives its name to Trail Creek. The 
principal mines are on a line of rounded peaks north of Rossland, of which 
Red Mountain is the chief, with Spokane and O. K. Mountains on the west 
and Monte Cristo and Columbia Mountains on the east; also on Deer Park 
and Lake Mountains south of the town, through which runs what is 
known as the South Belt. Discoveries have also extended to Grouse Mount- 
ain, four miles to the south, directly on the boundary, and eastward to 
Lookout Mountain, overlooking the confluence of Trail Creek with the 
Columbia River. It is now accessible by two lines of railroad. From Spo- 
kane the Spokane Falls & Northern and Columbia & Red Mountain Railroads 
run trains through to Rossland, a distance of 147 miles, a ferry conveying 
the trains across the Columbia River pending the erection of a bridge. An 
alternative route is to leave the railroad at Northport and take a steamer 
up the Columbia River twenty-five miles to Trail, and then go by the Colum- 
bia & Western train thirteen miles to Rossland. From Vancouver one goes 
by the Canadian Pacific to Revelstoke, 379 miles, thence by a branch line to 
Arrowhead and by steamer down the Arrow Lakes and the Columbia River 
to Trail, whence the Columbia & Western train will take one to Rossland. 

The geology of the district is described in much detail in a report by 
R. G. McConnell to the British Columbia department of mines on the south- 
ern half of West Kootenai. Pie says: 

"The most notable feature in the geology of the district examined is the 
marked predominance of rocks of igneous origin. Two grtat series are rep- 
resented, of which the older consists mostly of porphyrites, diabases, gabbros, 
tuffs and agglomerates, and the younger of granites." 

Further on, he thus describes the eruptive rocks in and around Rossland: 

"At Rossland, the central member of the group, is a fine to coarse- 
grained gabbro, apparently passing in a couple of places into a uralitic gran- 
ite. The gabbros occupy an irregular-shaped area with a length of about four 
miles and an average width of one mile. They extend from Deer Park 
Mountain eastward to the westward base of Lookout Mountain. The line of 
junction between the gabbros and bordering porphyrites, commencing at the 
northwest corner of the area, runs south through the Cliff, War Eagle and 
Le Roi claims, then, turning to the west, circles round a spur from the main 
area which covers part of Deer Park Mountain and continues eastward in 
a sinuous line, passing about a quarter of a mile north of the Crown Point 
mine to the foot of the west slope of Lookout Mountain. The northern edge 
of the area runs from the Cliff mine eastward to Monte Cristo Mountain, 
then bends more to the south, skirting the southern base of the Kootenai- 
Columbia Mountain, continues in a southeasterly direction towards Lookout 
Mountain. The eastern edge of the area has not been precisely defined, 
owing to the absence of sufficient exposures. The gabbros are fringed with 
a varying width of augite and uralite porphyrites, and fine-grained diabases. 
The passage from the porphyrites to the gabbros is nowhere sharply defined 
and the two rocks have apparently originated from the same magma, but 
have cooled under different conditions. 

"The gabbros and bordering porphyrites are important from an economic 
standpoint, as most of the ore bodies at present being worked are situated 
either oh or close to their line of junction. In passing outward from the 



118 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

gabbro area, a section taken at almost any point shows a bordering zone 
of brecciated porphyrites and diabases of varying width, but seldom exceed- 
ing a mile, beyond which comes an alternating series of porphyrites, tuffs 
and slates, and still farther away agglomerates, associated in places with 
fossiliferous limestone, make their appearance. Slates and tuffs occur with 
the porphyrites on Red Mountain, on Kootenai-Columbia Mountain and south 
of the gabbro area on Lake and Bald Mountains, and the ridges running- 
south from them. Agglomerates make up the main mass of Sophia Mountain 
and occur with slates, tuffs and porphyrites on Granite, Spokane. Grouse 
and Lookout Mountains, and on the ridge immediately east of Sheep Creek." 

Mr. McConnell believes the ore bodies to be replacement veins along 
lines of Assuring and gives his reasons in the following language: 

"The blunt irregular outlines of some of the ore bodies and their fissure- 
like regularity in others, the presence in most cases of a single wall which 
is often meaningless as a confining line, and the occasional lack of any wall, 
the gradual blending of the ore with the country rock and the presence of 
the latter as the principal gangue, are all characters consistent with the 
disposition of the ore from ascending heated waters, which have eaten away 
portions of the country rock along lines of fracturing and replaced it by 
the minerals held in solution. The definite and approximately parallel direc- 
tion and dip of the majority of the Rossland leads, the silicious character 
of many of the ores and the presence of calcspar in seams and irregular 
pockets, tell against the theory of original segregation, which has of late 
years been applied to somewhat similar deposits in different parts of the 
world, while the ordinary earmarks of fissure veins, as usually understood, 
are seldom observable." 

The geological formation is described in language which will appeal more 
to the ordinary mind by C. C. Woodhouse, the mining engineer of Rossland. 
He describes it as a patch about four by two miles, in which the gabbro 
rock broke through the older formation and overflowed, just as water pours 
through a hole broken in ice. The richest ore bodies are on the line of frac- 
ture in the original formation, and other belts of gold-bearing chalcopyrite 
and pyrrhotite in gabbro and diorite are found where similar eruptions have 
occurred. 

In this formation the ledges are easily located in almost every instance 
by the red capping of oxidized iron, varying in thickness from a few inches 
to twenty feet. This contains but little gold or silver and this fact caused 
the condemnation of the ore bodies as worthless by the experts. But when 
the capping is broken through, the ledges are found to contain great bodies 
of pyritic ores— pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite— carrying gold 
in increasing quantity as depth is attained, with about 3 ounces of silver, 
and copper ranging from 2 to 22 per cent. Towards the west, the ores are 
more silicious, as in the O. K., I. X. L. and other mines, and are free milling 
and concentrating, pyrites occurring only in streaks. On the South Belt 
the silver value is much higher than on the north belt, and galena is not 
infrequently associated with the pyrites. The average value of the ore so 
far shipped is about $37, though in the deeper levels of the Le Roi and Center 
Star chutes have been struck which ran over $100 in value. 

In his report of August, 1896, on this district, William A. Carlyle, the pro- 
vincial mineralogist of British Columbia, says: 

"Much prospect work has shown clearly that here is a large system of 
lines of fracture with an east by west and northeast by southwest trend, 
and a persistent northerly dip, along which more or less ore has concen- 
trated, either as bodies of solid sulphides or sulphides scattered through the 
country rock. Some of these fissures can apparently be traced through 
several 1,500-foot claims, and along them are the large ore chutes now being 
mined or developed, the maximum width of pay ore so far being about thirty- 
five feet, and maximum length 310 feet. Many of these fissures have been 
or are now being prospected, and in many instances with surface indications 
of the most unfavorable character, the improvement has been very marked 
in the increase of the amount of ore and its value, and the great probability 
that more rich ore chutes will be found by following these fissures has made 
all such property valuable, and is deciding the commencement of extensive 
exploratory work. Again, large chutes of low-grade ore, mostly the coarse- 
> grained magnetic iron pyrites or pyrrhotite, assaying from traces to $6 to $8 
in gold, have been found and are being explored for better grade ore, and 
so far with some success." 

Mr. Carlyle classifies the ores as follows, exclusive of the free milling 
quartz of the O. K. mine: 

"(a) Those large deposits of coarse-grained massive pyrrhotite, locally 
known as the 'iron ore,' in which very little or no value in gold is carried. 

"(b) The ore found in many claims on the South Belt, as the Lily May, 
Homestake, Mayflower, Curlew, Gopher, R. E. Lee, etc., in which the sul- 
phides are not pyrrhotite, but iron pyrites and marcasite (white iron), with 
in some of these mines much arsenopyrite, and also zinc blende and even 
.galena, in which case the silver value exceeds the gold, and the percentage 
of copper is very small or nothing. 

"(c) The typical ore of the camp as sold by the Le. Roi,. .War Eagle, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 119 

Iron Mask, or Josie, is divided into first-class and second-class. The first- 
class consists of nearly massive fine-grained pyrrhotite and copper pyrites, 
osmetimes with a little magnetite, or mispickel, with more or less quartz 
and calcite. In this class of ore, as got from the lowest workings of the 
Le Roi, the amount of quartz is much higher, the smelter returns giving 
41 to 52.8 per cent, silica, and 20.6 to 2G.8 per cent. FeO., but this is proving 
the best ore in the mine. The average smelter returns were on 1,200 tons, 
2.6 ounces of gold, 1.8 ounces of silver, and 2.5 per cent, of copper, or $53.05 
net per ton, while some shipments went as high as 4.06 ounces in gold. 

"The second-class ore, and the bulk of the ore of the camp shipped will 
be most probably of this character and value, is a diorite with a compara- 
tively small percentage of these sulphides, but the value is still very good; 
1,800 tons of the Le Roi, second class, yielded by smelter returns, an average 
of 1.34 ounces of gold, 1.4 ounces of silver, and 1.6 per cent, copper, of $27.97 
net per ton." 

The first discovery in this district was made in 1887 by George Bowman 
and George Layson, who had assays made showing the ore to run high in 
silver. They kept their secret so well that, although others followed their 
trail, it was not till two years later that Oliver Bordeau and Newlin Hoover 
traced it to a ledge on the South Belt, on which they located the Lily May. 

The first locations on Red Mountain were made on July 7. 1890, by Joseph 
Bourjouis and Joseph Morris, and were the_Center Star, War Eagle. Idaho 
and Virginia. They also staked out the Le ±toi and took samples for assay. 
These gave such low values that they readily accepted an offer of E. S. 
Topping, the mining recorder at Nelson, B. C, to take one of the claims in 
lieu of his fees. Being offered his choice, he took the Le Roi. About the 
same time the Josie was located by Harry Sherrin for himself and R. E. 
Lemon, of Nelson. 

Mr. Topping obtained samples from the Le Roi and, taking them seventy 
miles to Colville, Wash., received assays showing as high as $500 gold. He 
showed his specimens to George M. Forster and Col. William Ridpath, two 
Spokane attorneys who were attending- court, and they induced him to go 
to Spokane and show the ore to Oliver Durant, an experienced mining en- 
gineer. That gentleman bonded sixteen-thirtieths of the claim for six 
months for $30,000, and was joined in the venture by a coterie of lawyers, in- 
cluding Messrs. Forster and Ridpath, Senator George Turner, Col. W. W. D. 
Turner and Frank Graves, agreeing to do $3,000 worth of work during the six 
months. This was in November, 1890, and in the following spring a shaft 
was down thirty-five feet in ore which ran as high as $472. The bond was 
taken up. Mr. Topping's remaining interest was bought and the Le Roi Min- 
ing & Smelting Company was organized. In the fall of 1891 the first car load 
was packed out and shipped to a smelter at Butte, where it returned $S6.40 in 
gold, silver and copper. 

■Despite this evidence of the possibilities before the Le Roi. the stock was 
long a drug on the market, and stories abound of how it was accepted at a 
few cents a share with much grumbling, in payment of debts to persons who 
have since been made rich by it. A boarding-house keeper took it in pay- 
ment of a board bill hopelessly in arrears, a stenographer accepted it for 
arrears of salary because it was "Hobson's choice"; a tailor took it in pay- 
ment for a suit of clothes. All accepted it under protest, but stored it away 
in the hope that "it might be worth something some day." and many have 
thus acquired unexpected riches. 

The Le Roi is not only the bonanza but the pioneer of the camp, for it 
was not until 1893 that the development of other properties began, and in the 
summer of that year a wagcn road was cut to Trail landing, and the first 
load of Le Roi ore was hauled out. The construction of a road down Sheep 
Creek to Northport, sixteen miles distant, soon followed, and the camp 
emerged from the prospecting to the mining and shipping stage of its career. 
Early in 1896 the Columbia & "Western narrow gauge railroad was built from 
Trail, on the Columbia River, to Rossland, by F. August Heinze. who has 
also built a pyritic smelting plant at Trail with a capacity of 350 'to 400 tons 
■a day, and is continually enlarging it. Last year also the Columbia & Red 
Mountain Railroad, standard gauge, was built from Northport to Rossland. 
as an extension of the Spokane Falls & Northern, and thus the camp now has 
all-rail connections, which will receive their finishing stroke with the com- 
pletion of the bridge now under construction across the Columbia at North- 
port. 

The Le Roi property includes two claims and a fraction on Red Mountain, 
having a capping six to fourteen feet wide, tracable for 200 to 300 feet 
in a northeast and southwest direction. This capping covered a chute of 
pyrrhotite and some chalcopyrite for the whole distance, until at the west 
end the ledge branches into two or three smaller ones, which can be traced 
onward. A shaft was sunk on this chute, at first at a pitch of 45 degrees, but 
gradually increasing its pitch until at 535 feet it is nearly vertical. This 
•shaft is all in ore, and drifts have been run from it at each fifty feet from the 
150-foot level downward, showing the ore chute to widen out, its greatest 
-width being thirty-five feet at the west end of the 450-foot level. From this 
level a stope is being worked up to the 350-foot level, and has all ore under- 



120 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

neath. The ore chute was cut off by a fault on the west, but the drift on the- 
500-foot level has been extended through it, and has now advanced 125 feet 
through the highest grade ore yet discovered in the mine. Five assays of" 
samples taken on January 11 from the face of the drift five feet wide gave an 
average of $136.64 gold, and ten assays from the bottom of the shaft on the- 
same date gave an average of $58.96 gold. On the 450-foot level the stope 
averages twenty-five feet wide, but at a distance of 172 feet from the fault 
in the west level the ore is cut off by another fault running through the upper 
workings. The ore body has been again discovered beyond this fault twelve- 
feet wide on the 450-foot and fifteen feet on the 300-foot level, and the same 
conditions have been found on the lower levels. The ore has been stoped 
for sixteen to twenty feet from the 450-foot level and is twenty-five to thirty 
feet wide in the roof, thirteen to fourteen feet of it being of first grade. A 
300-foot diamond drill-hole has been sunk on the pitch of the ledge below this 
level. On the 350-foot level the stope averages twenty-five feet wide for 170> 
feet, and a dril-hole in the hanging wall shows twenty feet more of mixed 
ore. On the east side three drill-holes were put in, one showing twenty-six 
feet of low-grade ore beyond twenty feet of barren rock in the footwall; an- 
other forty feet straight ahead beyond a fault into a fine body of ore, in 
which a twenty-foot chamber has been cut. On the west this stope is in 
twelve feet of good ore, with ten feet of mixed ore in the hanging and five 
feet in the footwall. On the 300-foot level a wide body of good ore has been 
stoped, and much second-grade ore is now being mined. 

It has been recently discovered through excavations for a 500-ton hoist 
that the rusty red iron-stained rock has a width of 110 feet, dipping into the 
mountain at an angle of 45 degrees, under a diorite dike. About 800 feet 
west of the old workings a tunnel known as the Peyton tunnel has been 
driven forty feet, and at twenty feet struck pay ore which now shows a solid 
face of eighteen feet. A platform and orebins are being erected, and a 
wagon road is in course of construction to deliver this ore to the smelter. 
Its value runs about $40 gold and copper, and the management believes it has 
here as large and good a chute of ore as in the old workings. 

It was estimated on January 1, 1897, that fully 3,500 feet of work had been 
done in the mine, and that 6,257 cubic fathoms of ore and waste, equal to 
93,654 tons, had been hoisted. The mine is now shipping 150 tons of ore daily, 
fifty tons going to the Trail smelter, and the remainder going to Tacoma, 
Everett and East Helena. A new forty-drill compressor plant is now in 
satisfactory operation, and before this book is published a new hoist will be- 
in operation, capable of delivering 1,000 tons a day, this new machinery having 
cost $80,000. 

The mine employs 160 men and pays $15,000 a month in salaries and wages, 
and $20,000 a month for fuel, supplies and other expenses. It has not only 
paid for its development and equipment, but has paid $350,000 dividends, which 
are being declared at the rate of $50,000 a month. 

The most important recent discovery in regard to the Le Roi ore is that 
it is changing character at depth, and becoming susceptible of reduction by 
the free-milling and concentrating process. This was proved by a recent 
mill-test at the O. K. mill with a lot of ten and one-half tons of an assay 
value of $16 gold and silver. Although the ratio of concentration— 6 to 1— 
was so low that there was not sufficient concentrator capacity to treat the- 
pulp of all ten stamps, and closer saving could have been accomplished with 
five stamps, the result was satisfactory. The total value of gold and silver 
saved on the plates was $67.85 and in concentrates $43.82, an extraction of 65 
per cent. A further test with fifty-one tons 429 pounds of ore assaying 
$8,93 1-3, resulted as follows: 

Gold saved on plates $200 59- 

Silver saved on plates 3 42 

Gold saved in concentrates 127 9(h 

Silver saved in concentrates 5 43 

Copper saved in concentrates 7 91 

Total value saved $345 25- 

Percentage of extraction, 76.1. Ratio of concentration, 6% into 1. 

The next famous mine of the camp is the War Eagle, which was recently 

bought by the Gooderham-Blackstock syndicate for $700,000. This syndicate 

also bought the Crown Point group, and Richmond in the South Belt and has- 

transferred the property to the "War Eagle Consolidated Gold Mining Com- 

The War Eagle was first bonded in 1893, together with the Iron Mask and 
Virginia, by Austin Corbin, W. J. C. Wakefield, E. J. Roberts and others, 
of Spokane. They started two tunnels and a shaft, but owing to a wide 
discrepancy in assays threw up the bond. Mr. Wakefield, however, secured 
another bond for the company, which had been formed under the name of 
War Eagle Gold Mining Company, with the result that work was resumed 
and an ore chute was struck forty feet long and four or five feet wide, 
assaying $18 to $24 gold. Negotiations were pending with Patrick Clark to 
take up development in return for a half-interest when the bond was again 
forfeited and Mr. Wakefield only held the property until these negotiation* 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 121 

with Mr. Clark and John A. Finch were closed, by taking a thirty days' 
option. Then work was resumed and in December, 1894, a great chute of 
ore 75 to 100 feet long and four to twelve feet wide, averaging nearly $50 a 
ton, was struck. From the tunnels and an upraise run on this chute the 
company in 1895 produced $600,000 worth of ore, out of which it paid $132,500 
in dividends and paid for the mine, its development and equipment. 

The original shaft was sunk over seventy feet in No. 1 chute of ore 
assaying $12 to $16 gold, the veins running nearly east and west. About 
300 feet west a splendid ore chute, No. 2, averaging 2^4 ounces gold from 
the surface, was stoped to the surface from tunnel No. 1. 120 feet long and 
eight to twelve feet wide, with two to four and one-half feet of ore remain- 
ing in the floor. Beyond this is a fault, and then comes No. 3 chute, of lower 
grade, fort3 r feet long and five feet wide, which has been stoped to the 
surface, with three to four feet of ore still beneath. Tunnel No. 1, 900 feet 
long, passed through these chutes, as well as through the ore tapped by the 
shaft, which averaged three and one-half feet wide for eighty feet. The 
second tunnel, 140 feet on the depth of the ledge below No. 1, is 1,100 feet 
long, and near its mouth a shaft is down thirty-five feet in a chute of good 
grade ore, which follows the floor of the tunnel for 160 feet as if it were the 
apex of another chute. In this tunnel chute No. 2 has increased to 310 feet 
in length, of high grade ore, and from two to fourteen feet wide, much of 
which averaged $57.60. About 8,000 tons of this ore has been shipped from a 
stope about sixty-five feet high. No. 3 chtite has been struck on this level, 
a raise made through it to No. 1 level, and two stopes are being made on it, 
its average width being six feet and its length eighty feet on the upper and 
forty feet on the lower level. A winze has also been sunk 225 feet on No. 2 
■chute and drifting started east and west along it. The No. 3 tunnel is a 
cross-cut through the Iron Mask ground and in 1,050 feet taps the chute 
exposed in the mouth of No. 2 tunnel at a depth of 250 feet on the depth of 
the ledge, showing ore of a higher grade, of an average value of $25 gold, 
•silver and copper. A spur has been run from the Columbia & Western 
Railroad by way of the War Eagle to the Le Roi and ore bins have been 
erected on it. At present twenty-five tons a day are being shipped, but the 
quantity will be increased to an average of 1,500 tons a month for the year 
1897. A twenty-drill compressor, power drills, steam plant and pump are 
on the Iron Mask ground and are used jointly by the War Eagle and Iron 
Mask Companies. 

On the Iron Mask, which adjoins the War Eagle and has been developed 
largely in connection with it, a shaft followed a narrow crevice down for 
twenty feet, from which point it widened to nearly the full width, with fine 
high-grade ore averaging 2.3 ounces gold. The shaft went down 100 feet, and 
theri fifty feet of drift was run. A tunnel was then run from Center Star 
Oulch on an ore chute exposed by a road cutting, and ran for nearly 120 feet 
•on mixed oj"e. After connecting with the shaft, it turned to the right under 
War Eagle tunnel No. 2, to which an upraise is being made on the ore body. 
A double compartment shaft is being sunk at the mouth of this tunnel, with 
three and one-half feet cf ore showing. 

The Virginia, owned by a sister company to the Iron Mask, has a 400-foot 
cross-cut, run to tap an ore body exposed in a small shaft above, and has cut 
.a chute of low-grade ore fi<Ve feet wide and forty feet long, but work at this 
point has been suspended for surface prospecting. The Poorman fraction, 
separately incorporated by the same parties, has a tunnel about 230 feet long, 
connecting with a ninety-lwo foot shaft. The latter is within five feet of the 
Josie line, and the Josie Company is continuing the tunnel through its own 
ground. Shipments aggregating 133 tons have returned about 1 ounce gold, 
'2^4 ounces silver and 2y 2 per cent, copper. 

The Centre Star and Idaho, which lie east of the War Eagle and Le Roi, 
have the distinction of being a fully developed mine from which not a ton of 
ore has ever been shipped, the owners, the Centre Star Gold Mining & Smelt- 
ing Company, preferring to reduce the ore on the ground by some process yet 
to be adopted. The ledge is exposed thirty to fifty feet wide in a diorite bluff 
on the east side of Centre Star Gulch, with a smaller ledge on each side of it. 
The main tunnel runs from this point 1,500 feet to the Ee Roi end line, gaining 
350 feet of depth and traversing several large bodies of low-grade ore, one of 
which is 147 feet long and fourteen to sixteen feet wide, while another is nearly 
seventy feet wide, and 200 feet from the end line a large body thirty feet wide 
and apparently of great length was struck. Five feet of ore in this chute 
-carries over 20 per cent, copper and averages over $100 gold; the remainder of 
its width is more silicious and averages about $24 for all values. Cross-cuts 
;are being run north and south from this tunnel to the side lines, and have cut 
the north ledge four to six feet wide, of good ore, running high in copper, at 
280 feet, and the south ledge, of less width, at 150 feet. A double compartment 
shaft taps the main tunnel 410 feet from its mouth, near the intersection of 
the drift, and is used for ventilation. Another tunnel is being run to the 
gulch to intersect the north drift, and there is in all about 3,000 feet of under- 
ground work. There are over 7.000 tons of ore on the dump, and Oliver 
Durant, the manager, estimates that there are between 200.000 and 300.000 tons 
of ore in sight in the mine. It is intended to sink" a three-compartment shaft 
on the hill near the north side line to a depth of 200 feet below the present 



122 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

tunnel level. The mine has a steam engine and seven compressed air drills.. 

The Josie, north of the Le Roi, is being developed by the Josie Gold Mining: 
Company, and has two ledges, the main and the north. The main tunnel be- 
gan in ore, but this was soon cut off, and the tunnel ran on between smooth 
walls and through a fault, beyond which it cut an ore chute one to four feet 
wide, stoped up thirty to forty feet and ninety feet long. A 100-foot shaft 
here connects with the surface. In a short cross-cut, 250 feet from the tunnel 
mouth, a diamond drill located ore 107 feet to the north. The tunnel then 
runs for about 100 feet, with ore in the roof, sometimes three feet of solid 
pyrrhotite, with much sulphide scattered through the diorite. Then occurs- 
another fault, where a cross-cut runs 100 feet north to connect with a shaft 
which has been sunk sixty feet in ore in the north ledge, and which has 100 
feet more to go down. A cross-cut to the south showed ore for twelve to 
fifteen feet, and the tunnel, in 700 feet, showed low-grade ore for over 200 feet, 
which would pay to sort and ship. Considerable ore has been taken from 
a stope on the surface, 120 feet long and three to four feet wide. A two- 
compartment shaft has been sunk 120 feet in ore at the mouth of the tunnel, 
and 100 feet of drifts have been run at the eighty-five foot level, the ore taken 
out being sorted and shipped to Tacoma. A cross-cut run from the Le Roi 
boundary taps this shaft at 100 feet. The shaft will be sunk 500 feet, and drifts, 
will be run at the 200-foot level. The Poorman tunnel has been continued 
through the Josie ground for 150 feet, striking an ore chute sixty feet from the 
line, which is forty feet long and averages sixteen feet wide. This tunnel 
is 100 feet above the main tunnel on the other side of the mountain. The 
first shipment of seventy tons from the Josie returned $43 at the smelter, 
other shipments ran $47 and one car load ran $68. The mine is equipped with 
seven compressed air drills, steam hoist and pump. 

The St. Elmo, owned by the St. Elmo Gold Mining Company, has a large 
cropping of quartzose rock, containing calcite, zinc blende and iron and 
copper pyrites, east of which a 100-foot tunnel runs on diorite, well mineralized 
with pyrites. The main tunnel runs 300 feet on an east and west wall through 
Consolidated St. Elmo ground and for the last forty feet on St. Elmo ground, 
where a depth of 300 feet is attained. The ledge is then cross-cut and is 
twenty-two feet wide, of $10 ore. 

The Monte Cristo gave its name to the Monte Cristo Mountain, and shows 
eight to twelve feet of solid pyrrhotite directly beneath the iron capping, on 
which a shaft was sunk sixty feet. Tunnel No. 2 is in 290 feet to a depth of 125 
feet, and twelve feet from the mouth cut a chute of ore which continued for 
seventy feet, and is six feet wide, but carried only a trace to $3 gold. Striking 
a fault, the tunnel diverged to the northeast for fifty feet and ^g'ain struck 
the ore chute, which it still has in the face, the value having increased to $12 
to $30. Tunnel No. 1, 300 feet below No. 2, is in 300 feet, and was run north of 
the ledge to catch the dip, a cross-cut to the south tapping the latter and cut- 
ting the first ore chute struck in the upper tunnel. The mine, which is owned 
by the Monte Cristo Gold Mining Company, has an engine, seven-drill com- 
pressor and two power drills. 

The California, owned by the California Gold Mining Company, has two 
east and west ledges and two cross ledges running north and south. A tunnel 
has been run 165 feet on one cross ledge, which has widened from six to thirty- 
six inches, with decomposed quartz giving place to solid ore, of $15 value. 
Another tunnel is in thirty feet on the same vein, 100 feet higher. The lower- 
tunnel will be extended to cross-cut the east and west ledges, one of which 
has been opened by a fifty-foot shaft. The second north and south ledge has 
been stripped for 200 feet and is sixteen feet wide, a fifty-four-foot shaft show- 
ing $15 ore in it. The company is putting in pumps and power drills and con- 
tinuing the main tunnel. 

The Nickel Plate Mining Company is pushing development on its claim 
and a fraction. A shaft is being sunk on the ore with a drift at the 100-foot 
level, 100 feet east and 110 feet west, showing more or less ore. A cross-cut 
has been driven 285 feet north from this shaft, intersecting at 110 feet a chute 
of high-grade pyrrhotite and copper pyrites, which is two to three feet wide 
in a stope twenty-five feet high. An air-shaft is being sunk near another 
cropping and will connect with the cross-cut. A hoisting plant and power 
drills are being installed. 

The City of Spokane, owned by the Lillooet, Fraser River & Cariboo Gold 
Field Company, lies across Centre Star Gulch, partly on Red Mountain and 
partly on Monte Cristo Mountain, and is being developed on the latter side 
with a three-drill plant and steam engine. A tunnel 325 feet long, with a 
depth of eighty feet, struck an ore chute at sixty feet which proved to be 
ninety feet long and thirty-four feet wide, of several forms of pyritic ore, 
averaging $12 to $64 gold. A cross-cut eighty feet to the north at a point 170- 
feet from the mouth cut several streaks of ore, one as wide as two feet, while 
the south cross-cut is in forty-three feet. Another ledge crops two feet 
wide, assaying on the surface $3 gold, 4 per cent, copper. The main tunnel 
will be driven 750 feet to the east, and a winze will be sunk 100 feet to it. 

The Red Mountain, west of the City of Spokane, has been equipped with a 
seven-drill plant and steam engine by the Red Mountain Mining Company. 
A shaft is down sixty feet on the north ledge, with a drift forty feet west at 
the bottom, showing eighteen inches to four feet of ore which averages $36.40,. 









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BRITISH COLUMBIA. 




MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 123 

carrying 10 to 12 per cent, copper. A cross-cut has been run 400 feet to cut the 
ledge at a depth of 250 feet, and will be connected with the shaft by a drift to 
the west and an upraise of 190 feet. A parallel ledge crops 220 feet to the 
south. Several car loads of ore from the shaft have been shipped to Tacoma. 

The Cliff, on the east slope of Red Mountain, is owned by S. M. Wharton, 
George C. Wharton, John R. Cook and E. L. Tate. It has a well-defined 
ledge, easily traced through it, and several open cuts and a forty-five-foot 
shaft have shown high-grade ore. A 400-foot tunnel, with 100 feet of cross- 
cuts, runs for the first ninety feet through solid ore four feet wide, worth $6 to 
$8, then after a slip continues sixty-five feet, when it becomes broken and 
shows a stringer two to ten inches wide. Tunnel No. 2, 100 feet lower, is in 
300 feet, and for sixty-five feet runs through low-grade ore, thirteen feet wide 
in places, then, beyond a fault, for ninety feet more. Some of this ore has 
been shipped, and returned a small profit. Below the mouth of this tunnel 
a shaft is down twenty-five feet in ore, and 150 feet above the tunnel is an- 
other shaft, forty feet in ore, which will be connected with the tunnel for 
ventilation. There are about 500 tons of $30 ore on the dump, carrying 16 per 
cent, copper. The mine has a three-drill compressor and an engine. The St. 
Elmo Consolidated, owned by Messrs. Wharton and others, is on the west 
extension of the Cliff ledge, and has a fifty-foot shaft with a fifteen-foot cross- 
cut at the bottom, showing ten feet of ore. A cross-cut is in seventy-five feet 
to tap the ledge. The St. Elmo Company has driven a tunnel 300 feet on the 
ledge, 350 feet below on this claim, to run through into its own ground. 

On the View, the Red Mountain View Company had a forty-five-foot tunnel 
on a ledge widening from fifteen inches to nearly three feet of mixed ore, 
and is continuing development. 

The Jumbo, on the left side of Red Mountain overlooking Sheep Creek, is 
owned by the Jumbo Gold Mining Company, which has bonded it for $500^000 
to the London Gold Fields Syndicate. The same company has bonded the 
Gertrude and Maryland, adjoining, for $145,000. • A thirty-five-foot shaft on a 
cropping showed some low-grade ore and some tellurides in streaks and 
bunches running $1,000 and more in gold. A tunnel was then run 260 feet, with 
about 300 feet of cross-cuts, showing fifty feet of sulphide ore in a quartz 
gangue, and cutting two of the three parallel ledges on the claim. At the 
end of 150 feet the tunnel entered and continued for fifty feet on ore averaging 
about $14. Another tunnel, about 200 feet north and 175 feet lower, is in 300 
feet, and is just coming into an ore body on the ledge, the upper tunnel having 
passed over it. Five car loads of unsorted ore have been shipped as a test, 
which is pronounced satisfactory. 

Near this mine, a tunnel is being run on the High Ore for the continuation 
of the Jumbo ore chute, and a tunnel is being run for the same purpose on the 
Nevada, across the creek. The Gold Hill has run a tunnel 350 feet to strike an 
ore chute higher up. 

On the south slope of Spokane Mountain is the O. K., owned by the O K 
Gold Mining Company, on which is a true fissure ledge five to seven feet wide 
of quartz carrying free gold, iron and copper sulphides and galena. Three 
tunnels have been run, 233, 400 and 335 feet respectively, the lowest giving a 
depth of 375 feet, and with cross-cuts and connecting winzes the development 
aggregates 1,600 feet. On the footwall is one to five feet of smelting ore, worth 
$65 to $215, and the remainder of the ledge is milling and concentrating ore 
worth $12 to $40. The concentrates range from 2 to 10 per cent, of the crude 
ore, and are worth $66 to $157, carrying 8 to 10 per cent, copper. The milling 
ore goes to a twenty-five-stamp mill, of which ten stamps are in operation 
three six-foot improved Frue vanners saving the sulphides. A thirty-foot 
ledge, of which the croppings are visible above the ledge now worked, is 
regarded as the main ledge and source of the smelting ore, and will be tapped 
at a depth of 500 feet by the extension of the lowest level. The mine is 
equipped with a five-drill air compressor and a diamond drill, and a gravity 
car tram 800 feet long brings the ore to the mill. 

The I. X. L., owned by John S. Baker, J. H. Scott, Edward Brehn and C P 
Oudin, is generally believed to be on the extension of the O. K. ledge. A 125- 
foot tunnel ran into it twenty feet from the mouth and showed it four feet 
wide, with the same characteristics as the O. K. The St. Lawrence Gold 
Mining Company is preparing to develop the Gold King, which adjoins the 
I. X. L on the same ledge. *4 

South of the O. K., the Norway Gold Mining Company has sunk two thirty- 
foot shafts on a large body of low-grade sulphide ore assaying $6 to $12. An- 
other shaft is down fifty-four feet and a cross-cut thirty-seven feet at the 
fifty-foot level shows only one wall. The ore is sulphides in a quartz gangue 
similar to the O. K., and a number of assays average $20. 

Active development is being pushed on a number of properties on Red 
Mountain, in addition to those already described. The Monita, on the War 
Eagle ledge, has been equipped by the Monita Gold Mining Company with 
a steam hoist and two power drills, and a shaft is being sunk and a drift run 
on the 100-foot level, showing three feet of ore assaying from a trace up to 
$150, an average being $49.50. 

On the west extension of one of the Le Roi ledges, G. H. Randell and others 
have the Mariposa, on which a fifteen-foot shaft shows the rock well mineral- 
ized. A cross-cut is being run to tap the ledge. 
(6) 



124 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The White Bear, which has been equipped by the White Bear Mining & 
Milling - Company with two power drills and a steam hoist and pump, has an 
eighteen-foot cropping of what is believed to be the Le Roi ledge. A shaft la 
down fifty-five feet on the footwall, in well mineralized rock, and a cross-cut 
will be run at the 100-foot level. 

The Annie fraction is also believed to be on one of the Le Rod ledges, and 
shows good ore in a fifty-foot shaft sunk by the Kootenai-London Mining 
Company 

The Surprise and Lucky Queen, owned by P. Porter and Peck Bros., of 
Chicago, adjoin the St. Elmo and Red Mountain. They have two ledges ex- 
posed, on one of which a 200-foot tunnel shows five feet of ore at a depth of 
seventy-five feet, and surface cuts for 600 feet up the mountain make the same 
showing. The other ledge is exposed for 900 feet by surface cuts, being thirty- 
feet wide, with ten feet of ore averaging about $8 gold and 2y 2 per cent, copper, 
this ore chute showing also in a thirty-foot shaft. 

The Butte, on the south slope of Red Mountain, is traversed by a strong 
fissure ledge from east to west, and a ninetytwo-foot shaft cut through three 
ore chutes assaying $8 to $22 gold, and showing eight to twenty-four inches 
of silicious ore on the footwall. The third chute shows three feet of solid ore. 
The Butte Gold-Copper Mining Company is sinking to depth and drifting on 
the ledge. 

The Cracker Jack, owned by the Cracker Jack Mining Company, has a 
shaft down eighty-five feet, showing four feet of ore in the bottom, while a 
twenty-five-foot shaft is down on another ledge, assays ranging from $12 to $15. 

The Northern Belle, owned by the Northern Belle Mining Company, is on 
the north slope of Red Mountain, and has a twenty-foot ledge, with two feet 
of solid ore and numerous lesser streaks, tapped at a depth of eighty feet by 
a cross-cut of 114 feet. Assays average from $12 to $15 gold. A seventeen- 
foot shaft shows four feet of $25 ore in a parallel ledge. 

The Mabel Gold Mining Company has run a tunnel 100 feet on the Mabel, 
which slopes up Red Mountain from Centre Star Gulch, has sunk a winze 
twenty-two feet and cross-cut five feet in ore assaying $12 to $60, and has not 
struck the footwall. A cross-cut is in 160 feet at a further depth of 165 feet, 
and will also tap a smaller parallel ledge. 

The Big Three Mining Company is opening up the Southern Belle and an- 
other claim, adjoining the Cliff on the north. A shaft was sunk a,nd in thirty 
feet showed the pay streak, after widening from six to twenty-four inches, 
to split. The footwall was followed twenty feet more, and then a cross-cut 
encountered the other streak and showed three feet of $38 ore. Another five- 
foot ledge 500 feet north will be tapped by a cross-cut, now in seventy-five feet, 
and a third ledge is exposed. 

Adjoining the California is the Giant, which the Giant Mining Company 
is developing steadily. Two large ledges traverse the claim, and a shaft on 
one of them is in shipping ore from the start, eleven assays ranging from 
$14.40 to $58.40 gold. A tunnel is also being driven on this ledge, and every foot 
of penetration shows improvement in the ore. 

The Morning Star has a shaft down 100 feet on a fifty-foot ledge of ore 
similar to the low-grade ore of the Le Roi, and is extending it another 100 feet. 
A steam hoist, pump and two-drill compressor are being installed. 

The Evening Star Gold Mining Company has on the Evening Star, on 
Monte Cristo Mountain, a large exposure of decomposed rock through which 
two ledges appear to run, and from one of these twenty-two tons of surface 
ore have been shipped to Tacoma and returned $32.80 gold. A fifty-foot tunnel 
oh this ledge showed a small stringer carrying free gold to widen considerably, 
and a tunnel has been driven 300 feet from a further depth of sixty feet to 
strike this ore body, and to be used as a working tunnel. Work on this cross- 
cut was suspended until a shaft was sunk on a known chute of high-grade ore 
on the summit, and at thirty feet this had widened from six inches to three 
feet and in a drift to four feet. Shipments of 100 tons have returned $26.33, 
and two car loads weekly are now being shipped, making this the sixth claim 
in the camp to give promise of regular shipments. The shaft and drift are 
both being extended. 

On the C. & C, south of the Evening Star, J. H. O'Leary and others have 
sunk a shaft thirty feet, all in low-grade mixed ore, and are pushing work 
vigorously. 

The Northern Belle Mining Company takes its name from a claim on Red 
Mountain which shows three ledges on the surface. One of the three showed 
continuous improvement in a small shaft and has been tapped by a 100-foot 
cross-cut. Another ledge has a short tunnel, all in $28 ore. A cross-cut to 
tap ail the ledges at a depth of 500 feet will be run this season. 

The Georgia Gold Mining Company has on the Georgia a 100-foot tunnel 
running through four or five feet of mixed ore and rock, with cross-cuts to 
the west forty and sixteen feet. 

The Iron Horse, on the south slope of Monte Cristo Mountain, has a tunnel 
140 feet, from which a twenty-foot drift to the north struck an ore body, while 
a cross-cut to the south sixty-four feet from the surface, opened an ore chute, 
two car loads from which averaged $30. An upraise has been made from this 
tunnel to connect with a thirty-six-foot shaft sunk by the locators. A winze 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 126 

has been sunk sixty-eight feet on the ore chute, and is being extended to the 
surface by a shaft from above and an upraise to meet it, the intention being 
to make this a double compartment shaft. A hoist has been placed at the 
shaft and power hired from the Columbia & Kootenai. 

The Iron Horse fraction, the name of which has been changed to the AlkL 
is owned by the Alki Gold Mining Company and is on the west extension of 
the Columbia & Kootenai ledge on Monte Cristo Mountain, with extensions 
of the Evening Star and one of the Georgia ledges. A sixty-foot shaft shows 
five feet of solid ore, on which the shaft is being sunk another fifty feet, 
with the intention of then installing power drills and an air compressor and 
drifting. Another shaft is down twenty feet on four feet of ore in the same 
ledge. Assays have ranged from $10 to $40. 

The Iron Colt, on the extension of the Columbia & Kootenai ledge, is owned 
by the Iron Colt Mining Company, which has bought two-power drills to be 
operated by compressed air from the Columbia & Kootenai. A shaft is down 
6eventy-five feet, showing ore all the way down and the full width, averaging 
$15 gold with very little copper on the surface, but improving to about $25, with 
2 per cent, copper at the bottom. This shaft is to be extended to a depth of 
at least 500 feet. A cross-cut is in sixty feet, and in 380 feet more will tap 
the ledge at a depth of 175 feet. 

The La Belle, also on the west extension of the Columbia & Kootenai ledge, 
with four other known ledges crossing it, is owned by the Rossland La Belle 
Mining & Development Company. A cross-cut is in sixty feet, and will strike 
the Columbia ledge twenty feet further. 

On the north slope of Monte Cristo Mountain is the Delacola, owned by the 
Delacola Gold Mining Company. A sixty-eight-foot shaft in the hanging 
wall ds in mineralized rock for its whole width, assaying $3 to $8 gold and 4 
ounces silver, at a depth of twenty feet, with two feet of pay ore, and a fifteen- 
foot shaft on another ledge shows a streak of magnetic iron to widen from 
half an inch to eight inches, carrying $2.60 gold, 4 ounces silver. Both ledgee 
show a little peacock copper. The shaft is being extended to the 100-foot level, 
where drifting will begin. 

The Columbia & Kootenai group of four claims is owned by the Trail Min- 
ing Company, the stock of which has recently been bonded by F. August 
Heinze for $500,000. Mr. Carlyle says that this property has an ore-bearing 
zone running northeast by southwest, with decomposed masses of sulphide ore 
exposed on the surface. At the north end of the Columbia is a porphyry dike 
that can be traced with almost a certainty for over two miles running north 
and south, with solid sulphide ore on both sides. The highest tunnel is 180 
feet long, and at 100 feet an upraise was made thirty-nine feet to the surface 
and a winze sunk twelve feet, on a ledge of about two feet, from which two 
ear loads returned $11.50 and $51.20 respectively. A second tunnel 145 feet below 
is in 425 feet, and at the face has fifteen inches of high-grade and thirty-three 
inches of mixed ore, an average assay across the face being $14. At the 125- 
foot mark, a winze is down twenty feet on ore assaying $40 gold, and an up- 
raise has been made for sixty-five feet. A forty-foot cross-cut, 100 feet further 
in the tunnel, cuts "the main ore body, two feet of which averages $40. A third 
tunnel, ninety-seven feet below, is in fifty-two feet on a chute carrying eight 
to ten inches of mixed ore assaying $23 free gold, the maximum depth attained 
being 300 feet. Another ledge of twenty inches of free milling quartz has 
been traced by a fifty-one-foot tunnel and a twenty-eight-foot shaft, on which 
work is being continued. Some of the ore shows nickeliferous pyrrhotite 
carrying about 2 per cent, nickel. The mine has a thirty-drill compressor 
and hoist. 

On three ledges parallel with the Columbia & Kootenai, the Big Three Gold 
Mining Company has the Mascot. A 140-foot tunnel^has been run for over 
eighty feet on solid ore, and a winze makes an equally good showing. A shaft 
is down over forty feet to connect with the tunnel 150 feet from its mouth 
at a depth of 250 feet. Ore from this shaft assays $33 to $48 gold. A parallel 
ledge shows eight feet wide in a fifteen-foot open cut, and a third ledge, to 
the north, crops five feet wide the whole length of the claim, showing solid 
pyrrhotite ore, assaying $12 on the surface, and is being opened by a shaft. 

The South Belt, extending through the valley of Trail Creek below Ross- 
land and over Deer Park and Lake Mountains along the ridge to Lookout 
Mountain, above the town of Trail, is declared by Mr. Carlyle to have the 
same system of east and west ledges, with ore of fair value. The ore on most 
properties carries very little pyrrhotite, but much iron and arsenopyrite, with 
some zinc blende and galena, the silver value exceeding the gold. The Colum- 
bia & Western Railroad runs through the heart of this belt. 

The principal property is the Crown Point group of five claims, which Is 
owned by the War Eagle Consolidated Mining & Development Company, or- 
ganized by the Gooderham-Blackstock syndicate to operate this property, the 
War Eagle and the Richmond. On the surface a dike thirty to forty feet wide 
is exposed, with three to eight feet of sulphide ore on each side, which was 
struck at sixty feet by an inclined shaft. This shaft was sunk on seven feet 
of ore, which, narrowed at thirty-five feet to three or four feet, and is 
now 130 feet. At the seventy-foot level a drift was run ninety feet along the 
dike, in ore for sixty feet, and at sixty feet along this drift a winze was sunk 



126 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

twenty feet, having: four feet of ore in the bottom. At the bottom of the shaft 
a drift runs 100 feet west and seventy-five feet east, each with a fifty-foot 
cross-cut and all in barren porphyrite. A main tunnel is now in 500 feet to tap 
the ore chute 150 feet west of the dike and 170 feet below the surface, and is 
expected to strike the ledge any day. One hundred tons of ore shipped 
returned an average of about $24. The supposed extension of the Crown 
Point ledge runs through three of the other claims, and two shafts showed 
some low-grade ore, while an open cut showed three to four feet of good grade, 
which a tunnel and cross-cut failed to strike below. A long cross-cut is 
now in 300 feet to tap this ledge at depth. 

The R. E. Lee group of three claims is owned by the R. E. Lee Gold Mining 
Company, control of which has passed into the hands of a Toronto company, 
and is equipped with a seven-drill compressor and a steam hoist. A main 
shaft is being sunk to the 100-foot level, and shows three feet of ore assaying 
$10 to $35 gold, 4 ounces silver. A fifty-foot level runs forty-seven feet east 
and a cross-cut twenty-four feet north from this shaft, and a thirty-foot 
tunnel, with twenty-foot drift, shows two to three feet of mixed ore at another 
point on the ledge. Twelve tons shipped from the tunnel returned an aggre- 
gate of $458 gold. A sixty-foot shaft is down on the Gopher on similar ore, 
and a tunnel 5x7 feet is in 100 feet on the same ledge, all in arsenical iron and 
copper pyrites, carrying $18 gold and copper, with a little silver. This tunnel 
Is being extended day and night by air drills operated by power from the 
Homestake, and at 800 feet will enter the Homestake, which has the same 
ledge. It passes under a thirty-seven-foot shaft, all in ore assaying $8 to $22. 

On the Homestake, the Homestake Gold Mining Company has traced the 
same ledge 700 feet by open cuts, and two shafts, one of which is over 100 feet, 
have been sunk and connected by a drift. One of these shafts is being con- 
tinued to connect at 300 feet with the main tunnel from the Gopher, which 
starts 1,300 feet distant. The shaft shows three and one-half feet of ore, 
assaying $25.54 gold, silver and copper, of which 150 tons will be shipped as 
soon as the railroad is extended and chutes can be built. 

The Nest Egg and Firefly are being developed by the Nest Egg-Firefly 
Gold Mining Company, which has equipped them with a four-drill compressor, 
hoist and pumps. There are two ledges, on one of which are two small shafts 
300 feet apart, showing pyrrhotite and copper pyrites, while a fifty-foot shaft 
and twenty-five-foot drift on the other are all in ore, assaying $20 to $55. This 
shaft is being continued to 200 feet, and drifts will be run to the 100-foot level. 

The Mayflower, owned by the Mayflower Gold Mining Company, has three 
ledges, of which the middle one has been most developed. A 200-foot tunnel, 
With a seventy-two foot shaft at the portal, shows twelve inches of ore. For 
thirty feet along the tunnel the ledge carried carbonates, which gave place to 
iron pvrites with much galena, some zinc blende and calcite. A car load 
netted"$56, viz., $40 silver, $10 gold, $6 lead, and from the bottom of the shaft 
twelve inches assay 160 ounces silver, $12 gold, the remaining twenty-four 
inches 37 ounces silver, $8 gold, the whole averaging $65 for all values. On 
the north ledge, thirty inches wide, a fifty-foot shaft shows eighteen inches 
of $50 ore. Work is being continued on the shaft and tunnel on the main ledge. 

On the Phoenix, the Phoenix Gold Mining Company has three ledges, of 
which the center one is being developed. An eighty-foot shaft shows five 
and one-half feet of mixed ore; another of thirty-six feet has a ten-foot drift, 
all in ore, assays of which run as high as $45 gold; the third, which is now 
being sunk to the 100-foot level, has the ledge nearly ten feet wide. 

The Blue Bird, on the west extension of the Mayflower ledge, shows two 
to three feet of mixed ore in a twenty-two-foot shaft. On the Curlew, be- 
yond it John Earle and Joseph Vogel have a forty-three-foot shaft showing 
six to ten inches of ore. which carries $6 to $10 gold, 70 to 80 ounces silver. On 
the Zilor, half a mile west, E. Morrison, of Victoria, has sunk three shafts, 
one in barren diorite, another of thirty feet showing considerable ore. and a 
third of sixty feet which passed through good ore into barren rock and again 
into ore The Hattie Brown, adjoining the Blue Bird, has a shaft showing 
pyrites and arsenopyrite half its width at the forty-five foot level. 

The Trilby group of two claims is being opened by the Gold & Silver Mines 
Developing Company. The ledge, two to four feet wide, was first stripped 
for several hundred feet and defined by a twenty-five-foot shaft, all in ore. 
Another shaft, now seventy feet deep, ran into solid low-grade ore at the forty- 
foot level, carrying iron pyrites and galena. Surface assays averaged $5 to $6 
but value has increased with depth. At fifty feet considerable galena came 
in and assays between fifty and sixty feet averaged $28, while one at sixty-five 
feet ran $18 silver, $22.50 gold. 

The Southern Cross group of three claims, owned by the Southern Cross 
& Wolverine Consolidated Gold Mining Company, has a well-defined fissure 
ledge carrying two or three feet of solid sulphides in two tunnels, seventy-five 
and ninety feet long, and ten feet in the longer tunnel a winze was sunk 
twenty-five feet on two or three feet of low-grade ore, along what appears to 
be the Crown Point dike. 

The Lily May, the pioneer location of the camp, is being developed by the 
Lily May Gold Mining Company with a ten-drill compressor plant and steam 
hoist. An ineline shaft is down 108 feet on the ledge, and is tapped at forty 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 127 

feet by an eighty-five-foot tunnel from the surface on an ore chute two to six 
feet wide. A thirty-five-foot drift to the northwest shows solid ore across 
the face assaying $22.10. A second shaft forty-five feet on a parallel ledge 
shows ore the full width, carrying gold, silver and copper. A third shaft 
struck a six-inch pay streak at a depth of ten feet, and this widened to four 
feet at a depth of seventy feet, with increasing gold values. The following 
assays were taken in the early stages of development, but those taken recently 
show practically th same value, gold having almost entirely replaced silver: 
42 ounces silver, $4 gold, total $32.15; 96 ounces silver, $4 gold, 26 per cent, lead, 
total $85.18 ;35 ounces silver, $2.40 gold, 7 per cent, lead, total $29.80. 

The Deer Park has one of the largest ore bodies inthe camp, but it was 
of discouragingly low grade until the Deer Park Gold Mining Company took 
hold of it and began sinking to depth. The surface assays ran no higher 
than $6 from pyrrhotite and little improvement was shown for fifty feet 
down the shaft, though a cross-cut showed forty-eight feet of ore with no 
walls in sight. But from a depth of seventy feet onward the value began 
to improve, the lowest assay below that point being $16, while as much as 
$220 has been shown, chalcopyrite having come in. A cross-cut will be run 
at the 120-foot level to determine the size and course of the ledge. 

The Commander, which has been bonded by the Commander Mining and 
Smelting Company to the London Gold Fields Syndicate for $250,000, has 
another great ore body. A shaft sunk on a smooth wall beside a por- 
phyry dike to a depth of 200 feet is in a continuous chute of ore and 
at the 100-foot level a drift for 150 feet to the southeast shows the ore body 
to be two to three feet wide, while a cross-cut at the bottom of the shaft 
shows the ledge to be at least seventy feet wide. Of this, four feet is pay 
ore assaying $20 to $40 gold and copper, and the balance is mixed oxidized 
iron, quartz and decomposed diorite, running from $3 to $7 in value. The 
mine has a. steam engine, pump, four-drill compressor and two power drills. 

A six-foot ledge has been traced east and west across the Palo Alto by 
the Palo Alto Gold Mining Company and a thirty-one foot shaft showed, 
oxidized matter for the first seventeen feet and three feet of fine-grained 
arsenopyrite for the remainder of the distance. On the San Joaquin, the 
San Joaquin Gold Mining Company is sinkink on a narrow crevice, in which 
at a depth of eighteen feet the diorite had become much more mineralized 
with pyrrhotite and copper pyrites. 

The St. Paul, on the north slope of Deer Park Mountain, is owned by the 
St. Paul Gold Mining Company, and has three known ledges, one of which has 
free-milling ore. On the first a shaft is down twenty-five feet, and a cross- 
cut both ways from the bottom shows sixteen feet of mineralized ledge matter. 
Two other ledges were exposed in the cuts for the Red Mountain Railroad, 
and one of these has been explored by a twenty-two-foot tunnel and tapped 
in 150 feet by a cross-cut, which will tap the first-mentioned ledge in 250 feet 
more, at a depth of 150 to 200 feet. The third ledge has not been explored, but 
shows free-milling ore similar to that of the O. K. A three-drill compressor 
plant is pushing the cross-cut ahead. 

On the Red Eagle, the Red Eagle Gold Mining Company has tapped a 
two-foot ledge at a depth of fifty feet with a ninety-five-foot cross-cut, show- 
ing twelve inches cf iron sulphide and galena ore, assaying $27 to $35. A forty- 
foot shaft on the same ledge shows six inches of solid ore on the hanging wall 
and ten inches on the foot wall, assaying $40 to $110 in gold, silver and copper, 
with three and one-half feet of mineralized quartz between. A steam hoist, 
pump and two steam drills have been installed. The same company has sunk 
fifteen feet on the Red Pole, which is on the Silver Bell ledge, showing streaks 
of galena and sulphides throughout, averaging $25 to $30. 

The Kootenai-London Mining Company has been developing the Comet 
No. 2, in which a twelve-foot shaft showed ore the full width, with neither 
wall in sight, assays running from $8 to $12. 

On the Trailhunter, the Cromwell Mining & Development Company is sink- 
ing a shaft, which at twenty feet showed sulphide ore the full width, assaying 
$14 to $18. 

The Iron Hope group of two claims, which the Iron Hope Mining & Milling 
Company is developing, has four well-defined ledges, on two of which work 
has given good results. On one a ten-foot shaft showed four feet of ledge 
matter highly mineralized with iron pyrites carrying $2.50 to $3 gold. Another 
showed heavy arsenical iron on the surface assaying $5.40 gold and silver, and 
in a fifty-foot shaft this has widened to thirty inches, assaying $25 to $35 gold, 
besides silver. The ore follows the granite hanging wall, which is smooth 
and well defined, and between it and the footwall is a great dike of hornblendic 
rock, which at the bottom of the shaft is heavily loaded with iron pyrites and 
shows some copper. 

The Sunset group of two claims, also on Deer Park Mountain, is being 
developed by the Canadian Gold Fields Syndicate, which has contracted for a 
five-drill compressor plant, eighty-horse power boiler, hoist and pump. The 
ledge exposed on the surface for 1,100 feet averages two feet, and at the mouth 
of the main shaft is eighteen inches. This shaft is down seventy feet, and 
shows it to widen to four feet of solid pyrrhotite and iron pyrites from the 
twenty-foot level downward. Assays range from $22 to $68 gold and 1V 2 ounces 
silver, and average about $40 gold. Another shaft, twenty feet deep, shows 



128 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

ore assaying $36 gold, 3 per cent copper, 3 to 4 ounces silver, and a third, of 
thirty feet, is in ore carrying still higher values. A drift has been run seventy- 
five feet from the sixty-foot level in the main shaft, which will be continued 
and will connect at the 100-foot level with a tunnel driven 200 feet on the ledge. 

The Black Rock, on the northwest slope of Deer Park Mountain, is half a 
mile from the Le Roi, and is believed to be on one of the Le Roi ledges. It is 
four feet on the surface, and continues that width in a 30-foot shaft, on which 
work is about to be resumed. Near the surface the diorite was impregnated 
with mineral, and at twenty feet streaks of solid pyrrhotite began to come in, 
so that a decided improvement may be expected on the assay of $4.20 gold, 
made at seventeen feet depth. 

The Rossland Trail Creek Gold Mining Company has three ledges on the 
Golden Crown group of three claims on Lake Mountain. In one a forty-five- 
foot shaft shows two feet of chalcopyrite assaying $2 to $28 gold, and on an- 
other an eleven-foot shaft and a thirty-seven-foot open cut showed a body 
of well mineralized quartz, an assay of which from an adjoining claim showed 
$96. 

The Grand Prize Mining Company is developing two cross ledges on the 
Grand Prize, which has the northeastern extension of the Deer Park ledge. 
The north ledge is mine feet wide, and a fourteen-foot shaft has developed 
streaks. of ore aggregating fourteen inches and assaying $8 gold and 9 per cent, 
copper. The south ledge is thirty feet wide, and a thirty-foot shaft shows a 
ten-inch streak of mineral carrying $18 gold and 6 per cent, copper. The value 
and size of the Deer Park ledge are being shown up on the Deer Park property, 
so nothing has been on it. 

On the Hill Top, a direct east extension of the Mayflower, the Hill Top 
Mining & Milling Company has two very large ledges running east and west. 
The north ledge, in a forty-foot shaft, shows an average gold value of $8. 
Numerous surface cross-cuts and a 220-foot tunnel have shown the south ledge 
to be fully fifty feet wide, of highly silicious ore, averaging about $9 gold, 
besides copper. This is believed to be first-class concentrating ore. Work 
is still in active progress. 

The largest block of mining ground in the camp owned by a single com- 
pany is the Fourteen group, which has been surveyed and made accessible by 
wagon roads by the Fourteen Gold Mines Consolidated Company. It com- 
prises fourteen claims and seven fractions, aggregating 700 acres in area, on 
the north slope of Deer Park and Lake Mountains, and, while undeveloped, 
is surrounded by some of the most promising developed properties, the ledges 
from which run into this ground. Among these are the Red Eagle, Curlew, ■ 
Mayflower, Homestake, R. E. Lee, Lily May, Hill Top, Gopher and Crown 
Point, already described. The Red Eagle ledge has been opened on one of 
the Fourteen claims by a thirty-foot shaft, showing high-grade shipping ore. 
This company is preparing for extensive development this season. 

Lookout Mountain, six miles east of Trail, has during the last year become 
the scene of active development, large iron caps indicating the presence of 
great bodies of ore running northeast and southwest with a northerly dip. 

The principal work so far done is on the G. R. Sovereign, which "Rocky 
Mountain" Ryan and Messrs. Peterson and Murphy have bonded to Gen. J. 
Warren and others. A shaft was first sunk, following down a body of low- 
grade pyrrhotite in diorite gangue, in which copper pyrites, quartz and calcite 
gradually came in, with rising gold value, which at fifty feet was about $50. 
A cross-cut is in 175 feet to tap the ledge at a deoth of 250 feet, and at ninety 
feet struck a cross ledge carrying several feet of ore. 

Adjoining- the Sovereign on the southwest, the Joker Gold Mining Company 
has sunk fifty feet on the Joker, and is drifting from the bottom toward the 
ledge, on a stringer which assayed $42. 

The Vinon, northwest of the Sovereign, owned by T. M. Beamish and Frank 
and Charles Young, of Vancouver, B. C, has a large surface showing of ore 
averaging $13. A cross-cut, now in twenty feet, will tap the ledge in sixty feet. 

The first claim staked on Lookout Mountain was the Red Point, located in 
1893, and now being developed by the Red Point Gold Mining Company. The 
surface ore assayed $68 gold, $10 silver, and the ledge will be tapped in twenty- 
five feet more at a depth of 350 feet by a cross-cut, which is in 275 feet. 

The Nipissing group of three claims, owned by T. M. Beamish, has three 
iron-capped ledges crossing it, the first of which will be tapped in sixty or 
seventy feet more by a cross-cut, now in 140 feet. This cross-cut was run 
on a feeder one to two and one-half feet wide, assays of which ranged from a 
trace to $68 gold. 

The Ida Queen Gold Mining Company has run a tunnel fifty feet on an 
eight-foot ledge on the Ida Queen, assaying $14 gold, and is extending it night 
and day. 

On the Stemwinder group of four claims, the Rossland Columbia Gold 
Mining Company has sunk twenty-two feet, showing an eighteen-inch streak 
of copper pyrites, assaying $16 gold and copper, and widening with depth, 
and has tunneled forty feet from the surface. 

The Bruce Gold Mining Company has also been sinking on the Bruce, and 
has fiftv tons of free-milling ore on the dump, the lowest assay of which ex- 
ceeded $60 gold. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 129 

In addition to its Deer Park Mountain claims, the Rossland Trail Creek 
Gold Mining Company has the Emma C. group of three claims on a series of 
heavy iron caps on the northwest slope of Lookout Mountain, but has not 
yet begun development. 

The Little Giant group of four claims, owned by the Canada Mutual Mining 
& Development Company, has three ledges in which extensive open cuts have 
shown beneath the capping arsenical and sulphide ore two to three feet wide 
and widening with depth, average assays from the surface showing $11 75 to 
$1.40 gold. 

Lookout Mountain has peculiar advantages for cheap transportation and 
reduction, for a cable tramway one and one-half miles long would take the 
ore from an the properties direct to the Trail smelter. 

Within the last two years development work has extended to Grouse 
Mountain, four and one-half miles south of Rossland, through which the 
boundary cuts. The ore is here free milling, the ledges running northwest 
and southeast between walls of porphyritic syenite. Development is in pro- 
gress on both the Canadian and American sides. 

The most development has been done by the Helen Gold Mining Company 
on the Helen group of three claims, through which a ledge eighteen inches 
to twelve feet wide has been traced. An incline shaft is down eighty feet, 
which will connect with a 200-foot tunnel at a depth of 300 feet. The tunnel 
shows from twelve to twenty-four inches of ore, assaying about $12 gold, with 
a little silver and a trace of lead, though some assays have run as high as 
$1,200. A test shipment of two car loads will be made this spring. 

The Knight Templar, owned by the Knight Templar Gold Mining Company, 
has a 160-foot tunnel, from which a winze goes down sixty-five feet, showing 
a large body of low-grade ore, assaying no higher than $26 gold. The winze 
will be sunk to the 100-foot level, where drifts will be run each way. 

The Seattle & Grouse Mountain Mining Company has done a large amount 
of surface work on the Jim Blaine, seven miles south of Rossland and four 
miles from the Red Mountain Railroad, and has shown a well-defined fissure 
ledge two and one-half feet wide cropping the entire length. The Mary 
McCormick adjoins it on the north and has given assays of 86 ounces silver, 
$4 gold a few feet from the surface. The Jumbo, on the Helen extension' 
has a five-foot ledge of free milling ore cropping clear across the claim' 
and the Acme, beyond it on the same ledge, is sinking on ore which averages 
$30 to $35 gold. 

On Sophie Mountain, seven miles southwest of Rossland, are some great 
bodies of gold-copper, on which development is in progress. The Victory- 
Triumph, the principal scene of operations, has a ledge stripped for sixty 
feet and defined for twenty feet between walls at another point, showing 
rich croppings of copper ore. A twelve-foot shaft, all in ore, gave assays 
15.3 per cent, copper and a trace of gold on the surface: 22.1 per cent, copper 
$3.20 gold four feet down, and 30.4 per cent, copper, $3 gold at a depth of eight 
feet, while the country rock carries malachite and assays 9.7 per cent, copper 
A forty-foot tunnel shows nine feet of mixed ore, with streaks assaying 
$19.50 gold, silver and copper thirty feet from the mouth. This tunnel is now 
in 125 feet and shows a full breast of ore averaging $38. 

The two Olga claims are being opened by the Olga Gold Mining & Milling 
Company and adjoin the Victory-Triumph. There are three ledges one 
averaging six or seven feet, and another, which is now being opened, eight 
feet wide. Assays of surface ore from the latter have ranged from $2 27 
gold and silver to $2 gold, $8.13 silver, 54.55 per cent. lead. 

On a parallel ledge the Abe Lincoln Mining & Milling Company has the 
Abe Lincoln group of three claims. The ledge, striking southeast and north- 
west, has been traced over 1,000 feet and is defined by a cross-cut to be forty 
feet wide, the gangue being quartz carrying gold and galena. A fifty-foot 
shaft is down on the footwall and a cross-cut has been run at the bottom for 
forty-two feet, from which drifting has begun. 

The year now opening also promises development directly north of Ross- 
land, both sulphide and free milling ore being found there. 

On the Falu, on Green Mountain, a shaft seventy feet on the hanging 
wall, from which a cross-cut struck the footwall in twenty feet shows a 
body of pay ore assaying $38 to $48 gold. 

A mile further west are the Highland and Sierra Madre, recently bonded 
to an Austrian company for $32,000. They have a large body of low-grade 
silicious ore, carrying a good percentage of copper and well adapted to 
concentration. 

At McDonald's Camp, in the same section, Ross Thompson, John Donahue 
and E. W. Johnston have the three Red Cloud claims, two of which are 
on a forty-foot ledge running east and west, showing four feet of sulphide 
ore in a number of cuts, and an eight-foot ledge of similar ore, traced by 
surface cuts. The surface ore assays between $3 and $4 gold, and a tunnel 
now being driven, shows improvement. ' 

The annual report of Hon. James Baker, Minister of Mines for the 



130 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Province of British Columbia, gives the production of the Trail Creek Dis- 
trict for the years 1895 and 1896 as follows: 

Total 
Year— Ore— Tons. Gold. Silver. Copper. Value. 

1895 19,693 $ 629,940 $30,496 $42 021 $ 702,457 

1896 38,075 1,104,500 59,830 79,030 1,243,360 

To this may be added nearly $1,000,000 as the production from the first 

shipment of the Le Roi in 1891 down to January 1, 1895, for which period 
there is no exact record. This would bring the total close to $3,000,000, a 
large proportion of which was shipped to smelters in the United States. 
The growth of business, both import and export, is shown by the fact that 
the customs collections at Rossland in 1896 were $92,629.20 and at Trail (the 
month of December lacking) were $60,896.40. 

A year ago the most sanguine mining men anticipated an even greater 
production for 1896 than is shown by the above figures. While the increase 
has been great, the returns given show only the metal extracted, and do 
not take into account the much larger quantity of ore taken out but not 
shipped to smelters. Had all this been shipped, it would have greatly 
swollen the total production, though it would not have borne out the extrav- 
agant predictions made. 

But the shipment of this ore would have brought small profit to the mine 
owner in proportion to its value, and that brings up the problem which con- 
fronts the Trail companies and has prompted them to hold their low-grade 
ores on the dump or in the mines. That is the problem of cheap reduction 
of low-grade sulphide ores on the mine ground. They find that the cost of 
freight and treatment bears too high a ratio to the value to permit of ship- 
ment under present conditions, the capacity of the Trail smelter being 
unequal to their needs. The solution is that, like Butte, Rossland must 
become a great smelting center as well as a great mining camp, with smelters 
and concentrators on Sheep Creek and the Columbia River, where there is 
abundant water and power. On this subject Mr. Woodhouse said to the 
writer : 

"The miners have very large quantities of low-grade ores which must be 
worked by the combination process, that is, smelting, milling, concentration, 
chlorination and cyanide. The ore carries, on an average, about half and 
half silica and sulphide. Those ores which are rich enough in sulphides to 
be smelted will not concentrate to advantage because they are already con- 
centrated by nature. Those ores which carry about half and half sulphides 
and quartz should be concentrated in six sizes and the tails crushed to 
thirty-mesh screen, passed over gold plates and reconcentrated with Frue 
vanners or revolving tables. Those ores which are 10 to 15 per cent, sulphides 
should be crushed to thirty-mesh screen, passed over gold plates and the 
free gold saved, while the tails should be concentrated with Frue vanners 
and revolving tables. These processes will save about 40 per cent, of the 
gold in concentrates and 40 per cent, free on the plates. This will require 
large crushing and sizing mill capacities, large area of gold plates, jigs, 
Frue vanners and revolving tables. When the ores are worked by those 
processes, Rossland can turn out more ore and bullion than any camp on 
the Coast. In the case of ores containing no copper or other metals which 
interfere with the cyanide process, cyanide could be applied with advantage. 
The chlorination process would be adapted to high-grade ores which did not 
carry much copper or other metals interfering with its operation, but they 
could be smelted to better advantage." 

SLOCAN. 

Paradoxical as it may seem in these days of low prices for silver, the 
most productive mining district in the Pacific Northwest during the year 1896 
was the Slocan, an almost exclusively silver district, with forty-seven ship- 
ping mines to its credit. Not only that, but it promises to hold the same 
rank with a largely increased production in 1897, for all the producing mines 
are increasing their output and many others are stepping forward into the 
ranks of the producers. The following table, taken partly from tne report 
of W. A. Carlyle, Provincial Mineralogist, arid partly from the annual report 
of the Minister of Mines of British Columbia, shows the rapid increase in 
production: 

Gold, Silver, Lead, Gross 

Year— Tons. Ounces. Ounces. Pounds. Value. 

1894 4,417 ... 613,926 5,623,621 $ 572,350 

1895 9,649 6 1,137,040 9,751,464 1,057,677 

1896 18,215 152 2,141,088 19,210,666 2.010,048 

Some conception of the probable rate of increase for 1897 can be formed 

from the fact that the value of ore shipped from the West Kootenai District 
in January, exclusive of the last week's returns from Revelstoke, was $747,000, 
and that nearly all of this came from Slocan. It is estimated that there will 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 131 

be fully seventy-five shipping - mines in the district this year and that the 
original forty-seven will ship 50,000 tons, worth $5,000,000. 

This district comprises the strip of mountainous country between Kootenai 
Lake on the east and Slocan Lake on the west, a distance of fifteen miles, 
and extending the whole length of the latter lake — about twenty-three miles. 
It is in the backbone of the Selkirk Range, which culminates in a rugged 
mass of snow-clad peaks, nearly 9,000 feet above sea level, between the south 
end of Slocan Lake and Ainsworth. The great chain of lakes and rivers 
makes it peculiarly accessible and an easy pass has been found for a railroad 
across the range from Arrow to Slocan Lake and from Slocan to Kootenai 
Lake. 

From Spokane, which is reached by either the Northern Pacific, Great 
Northern or Union Pacific Railroads, the route to Slocan is by the Spokane 
Falls & Northern and Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railroads to Nelson, 200 miles; 
thence by steamer up the Kootenai River and Lake to Kaslo, with the alter- 
native of the Columbia & Kootenai Railroad between Robson and Nelson; 
thence by the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad to Sandon, and by the Nakusp & 
Slocan Railroad to Slocan Lake. Steamers ply up and down the latter lake 
in connection with the trains. The other route is from Vancouver over the 
Canadian Pacific Railroad to Revelstoke, 379 miles, and by a short branch 
to Arrowhead, thirty-two miles; then by steamer down Upper Arrow Lake 
to Nakusp and by the Nakusp & Slocan Railroad to points on Slocan Lake 
and Sandon. where connection is made with the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad for 
Kootenai Lake points. The Canadian Pacific is now building a branch from 
Slocan City, at the south end of Slocan Lake, to Slocan Crossing on the 
Kootenai River, opposite Nelson, connecting at the latter point with the 
Columbia & Kootenai Railroad. The Provincial government has been very 
liberal in building roads and trails to the new camps and the nature of the 
country favors this work. The cost of roads is estimated at $1,000 a mile 
and of trails at $80 to $125 a mile. The steep even grades of the mountains 
favor the transportation of ore in rawhides over snow trails, and thus the 
heaviest shipments are made during the winter. 

The geological formation of the district is best described in the language 
of Dr. George M. Dawson, of the Dominion Geological Survey, who says in 
his report of 1889: 

"A large part of the "West Kootenai District is occupied by granite and 
granitoid rocks, the main area of which includes the whole basin of the 
Lower Arrow Lake, and extends thence eastward nearly to Queen's Bay on 
Kootenai Lake. Besides this granite area, there are several others of smaller 
dimensions, as well as numerous dikes and eruptions. It is in fact probable 
that about one-half of the entire region here reported upon is occupied by 
granite and granitoid rocks. * * * The granites which are supposed to 
be of the greatest age were found in some places underlying the lowest beds 
of the gneisses and mica-schists, or Shuswap series. The granites which, 
however, occupy by far the largest area are of coarse texture and are char- 
acterized by black mica, with frequently much black hornblende. * * * 
These granites are evidently intrusive and of much later date than the 
stratified rocks, which are altered at contacts." 

In his summary report for 1894, R. G. McConnell, also of the Dominion 
Geological Survey, after describing the eruptive rocks and granites, adds: 
"In addition to the main areas of eruptive rocks, numerous dikes, some of 
them connected with the main areas, others much younger, as they cut 
through everything, are met with in every part of the district." 

In his summary report of 1895, Mr. McConnell adds that "the region be- 
tween Slocan Lake and River and Kootenai Lake is covered mainly by granite 
fringed on the north and east by a border of slates and schists. * * * 
The principal geological boundary in the district is the sinuous line separating 
the granite area from the bordering slates." 

Mr. Carlyle, writing of the whole section from Kaslo south to the bound- 
ary, says: 

"It is of great interest that in all of the geolgical series represented here 
are veins or mineral deposits, especially of silver and silver-lead ores, and no 
longer are the prospectors limiting their researches to special formations or 
parts of these districts, but energetic prospecting is being done with success- 
ful results all over this part of West Kootenai. For a long time these men 
refused to enter the granite areas, until finally the discovery by some less 
skeptical of the silver-lead, and the gold-and-silver, or 'dry ore,' veins on 
the watersheds of Springer and Lemon Creeks, east of Slocan Lake, and the 
success of the Poorman gold mine near Nelson, led to a rush of men into 
the granite regions with gratifying results. * * * 

"There is no reason why mineral should not be found in all of these for- 
mations here present, or in any part of this region, unless it has so happened 
that the conditions have prevailed by which the mineral-bearing solutions 
have not had openings or fractures along which to ascend and deposit their 
burden of precious ores, either by filling up pre-existing cavities, or by 
leaching into or impregnating the country rock with valuable minerals on 
one or both sides of the channel or crevice. The finding of rich veins of ore 
in either of the series, such as of silver-galena ore, points strongly to the 
fact that as depth is obtained in mining, the continuity of the pay chutes 



132 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

is assured. The veins may be "in and out," as the miners term it, or have 
perfectly barren parts along- the fissure, but more or less work will disclose 
other ore chutes if this work is pushed ahead along this fracture in the rock, 
which has permitted the passage of ore-bearing solutions and the formation 
of ore bodies along it elsewhere." 

Mr. Carlyle divides the veins of the Slocan into four classes, viz: 

"1. The argentiferous, galena, with zinc blende and some gray copper, in 
a garigue of quartz and spathic iron. These veins cut across the stratified 
rocks and through the dikes of eruptive rock, where, in many cases, there is 
a good body of ore, and they also occur in the granite area, and some have 
been traceo for 3,000 or 4,000 feet along the strike and one for nearly two miles. 
In the Slocan slates, it has not yet been proven that, as the vein cuts through 
shales, slates, limestones or quartzites, any one of the series has been more 
favorable to the formation of ore bodies than another, as in the different 
veins it will be seen that good ore chutes may have the wall of any of the 
rocks mentioned. The ore has been deposited along fissures, both in the open 
fissure cavities and by impregnation of the country rock. * * * Most 
of the veins are narrow, varying from two and three inches to fifteen and 
twenty inches in width, with occasional widenings to three or four feet of 
solid ore and even much more. The ore chutes are not persistent horizon- 
tally, as'is characteristic of nearly all veins, but ore is often continuous for 
several hundred feet, and where it then pinches a thin streak of oxides is the 
index usually followed in the search for more ore, which seldom fails to 
reappear with more or less work. The mistake is made sometimes of follow- 
ing along a slip-wall or crevice that may cross the vein crevice at a flat 
angle and thus lead the miner astray. Besides the solid ore, some veins have 
associated with them two, three or more feet of mixed ore, gangue and 
country rock, which may be of such grade as to pay well for concentration. 
* * * The product, or concentrates, is silver bearing galena, but any 
value contained in the decomposed material that may enter the mill will 
in all probability not be saved, likewise that in much of the gray copper, 
which apparently slimes badly and escapes. * * * It might be well to 
be on the look-out for gold, remembering the good gold values found in the 
galena ores of the Monitor mine, which yield from $2 to $14 in gold per ton." 

Mr. Carlyle then gives a statement of the value of ore, based on smelter 
returns from the principal mines, the lowest being 40 to 125 ounces silver and 
15 to 73 per cent, lead, and the highest 83 to 730 ounces silver and 19 to 67 per 
cent. lead. He adds that in most of the veins the zinc blende carries a small 
silver value and is sorted or concentrated out of the ore. He then gives the 
three remaining classes of ore as follows: 

"2. The veins of argentiferous tetrahedrite, or gray copper, and jameson- 
ite and silver compounds in a quartz gangue. 

"3. The dry ore veins on Springer and Lemon Creeks, in the granite, 
with a quartz gangue containing argentite, native silver and gold. These 
veins are now attracting much attention, as high assay returns have been 
secured as per smelter returns. 

"4. The gold-quartz veins in the southern part of the granite." 

The change from silver to gold as the predominant value occurs in going 
from north to south. Near Sandon there is little gold in the ore; at Eight- 
Mile Creek, gold is first noticeable; on Lemon Creek, the ore is almost, if 
not entirely, gold-bearing and of high grade, assays from different ledges 
ranging from $75 to $200. ; ■ m 

The Slocan Star group, consisting of eight claims, and owned by the 
Byron N. White Company, is acknowledged to be the greatest mine in the 
district, and indeed is the greatest silver-lead mine in British Columbia. 
The discovery was made in September, 1891, by Bruce White and others, in 
the bed of Sandon Creek a mile from the present town of Sandon, of a 
thirteen-foot ledge of quartz and spathic iron interspersed with galena, zinc 
blende and slate. The croppings of the large ore chute now being worked 
were discovered. 800 feet west. The ledge, varying from a few feet to twenty 
or thirty feet in width, cuts the slate, quartzite and limestone formation 
almost at right angles, in an east and west course, and has a large porphyry 
dike running parallel and at places found within it. It contains in the large 
chute from a few feet to twenty-five feet of mixed ore, and bodies of solid 
galena from two to ten feet wide have been mined. The first-class ore, which 
is shipped direct to the smelter, is almost pure galena, averaging 95 ounces 
silver, 72 to 75 per cent. lead. The concentrating ore is spathic iron, quartz 
gangue, with galena, a little gray copper and some silver sulphides, most of 
the zinc blende being sorted out. The concentrates average 80 ounces silver, 
70 per cent. lead. 

In development, a tunnel was first run fifty feet into the croppings and 
a stope made thirty feet to the surface. Then a cross-cut was driven 100 feet 
and a drift 100 feet, from which ore was stoped to the upper tunnel eighty 
feet long and four to ten feet wide. The third tunnel, seventy feet below, 
cut a feeder at sevent3' feet, on which a twenty-five foot drift was run, and 
then cut the main ledge at 150 feet. A 150-foot drift to the west ran through 
low-grade ore and then entered high-grade ore, on which a 110-foot stope to 
the east almost connected with the short drift on the feeder, leaving a forty- 
foot pillar of concentrating ore. The drift is 430 feet long, mostly on con- 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 133 

centrating ore, and the stope is 180 feet long-, four to seven feet wide, and 
worked to the upper level. The fourth tunnel tapped the ledge at 5/5 feet, 
where it was ten to twelve feet wide, and a seventy-five foot drift west 
opened eight to ten feet of mixed ore until a fault was struck. From a drift 
100 feet east an upraise was made 210 feet to the next level, in god mixed ore 
which was fourteen to sixteen feet at the tunnel level. A cross-cut at 150 feet 
in this drift showed twenty-five feet of mixed ore, with several feet of solid 
galena, but at 225 feet the chute narrowed to three feet. The fifth tunnel 
will at 800 feet tap the ledge 210 feet on the ledge below the fourth and is 
being driven with four air drills. An eighty-foot tunnel near the cropping 
in the creek showed considerable ore, but in broken ground. The ore is 
hauled by a 1,600-foot gravity tramway to the mill, whence a half-mile road 
leads to Sandon. The mill is operated by water power from a 3,000-foot 
flume and has a crusher, four sets of rolls, twelve jigs and two slime tables, 
its maximum capacity being 150 tons in twenty-four hours. The mine shipped 
to December 1, 1896, 11,350 tons of ore and concentrates, worth at the smelter 
$990,000, and during the winter shipped 1,000 tons a month. It has paid $300,000 
in dividends. 

The Eureka, on the extension of the Slocan Star up the mountain, is 
owned by Byron. N. White, Bruce White, John A. Finch and Charles Cham- 
bers, who have tunneled 200 feet on it and shown the same grade of ore as 
the Slocan Star. 

On the Slocan Star ledge, which has been traced into it through the Eureka 
for 2,500 feet, is the Richmond, one mile from Sandon. A fifty-foot tunnel 
has shown the ledge two to six feet wide, carrying galena, zinc blende, spathic 
iron and quartz, which assays $75 silver, 60 per cent. lead. Another tunnel 
will be driven 150 feet below, attaining a depth of 600 feet on the ledge. 

The Ruth group of three claims and a fraction, half a mile from the 
Slocan Star, is owned by D. E. and W. H. McVey and by H. M. Foster, of 
England, who paid $166,000 for a two-thirds interest. The ledge cuts the 
slates northeast by southwest and ranges from three to nine feet wide, 
carrying coarse galena in a gangue of spathic iron and quartz, which runs 
from 100 to 120 ounces silver, 54 to 76 per cent, lead, and on the surface carries 
carbonates running 30 to 65 ounces silver. The lower tunnel follows the ledge 
for 350 feet, but had not reached the ore chute stoped above. The second 
tunnel, 740 feet long, showed little ore for the first ninety feet, then the ledge 
became more defined for sixty feet and after this a stope 160 feet long runs 
up for forty feet on an average of three to three and one-half feet, an up- 
raise of eighty-five feet connecting with the third tunnel. Another stope 
fifty-five feet long and thirty feet high is in four and one-half feet of galena, 
spathic iron and carbonates, and a third stope 160 feet long and forty feet 
high has three and one-half to four feet of ore, while the tunnel beyond 
shows eight feet of ore for twenty-five feet and an eighty-foot upraise, at 639 
feet in, is also in ore. The third tunnel, 330 feet long, is in a narrower ore 
body all the way, but shows three feet of galena and carbonates in the face. 
About 1,500 tons had been shipped up to August, 1896, sixty tons a day are 
being shipped and $50,000 in dividends have been paid. 

The Wonderful group of three claims, a mile further west, owned by the 
Wonderful Group Mining Company, is well named, for it has also been called 
the galena hydraulic. Originally 600 feet of tunnels, with a series of cross- 
cuts, drifts and upraises, had been driven to define the main ledge, but with- 
out success. Ore lay scattered plentifully through the surface wash and 
shattered slate, and therefore, when E. J. Field took charge as superintend- 
ent for the company, he brought water by flume from both Miller and Tribu- 
tary Creeks to sluice off this surface wash and expose the solid formation. 
Water was turned on the wash and, rushing down the mountain to Carpenter 
Creek, swept it clean to bedrock. It was found that pieces of galena ore 
were left in the bottom of the cut and periodical clean-ups resulted in the 
shipment of ore worth $43,690 from this hydraulic, one boulder of solid galena 
weighing 1,300 pounds. This ore assayed 113 to 133 ounces silver and 70 to 76 
per cent. lead. The mineral-bearing wash was only 100 to 120 feet wide and 
the pay dirt, containing much decomposed ore which was swept away, was 
much narrower. This washing finally exposed a solid ledge in place near 
the railroad, running southwest and northeast, twelve feet wide. The longest 
tunnel in the old workings, 685 feet, was then extended 500 feet and a cross-cut 
made fifteen feet wide, showing no mineral at that point, a depth of 700 feet. 
A drift now being run on the ledge is in 200 feet and struck ore at 100 feet in 
stringers, which are becoming more abundant and give evidence of the prox- 
imity of an ore body. Two car loads have been shipped from this tunnel. 
Another tunnel, now in 210 feet, will strike the ledge 100 feet below the ex- 
posure in the wash. Sluicing will be resumed this spring. There are two 
other ledges higher up the mountain. 

The Argo group of three claims is on a ledge only a few hundred feet from 
Sandon and was located in the summer of 1896 by William Snowden, John A. 
Whittier and Alexander McDonald on a ledge showing three to four feet of 
solid ore. A tunnel is being run to explore the ledge, and has recently 
struck eight inches of solid galena. 

The two Monitor claims at Three Forks, owned by George Petty, are on a 
northeast and southwest ledge crossing the slate at right angles near a 



134 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

porphyry dike. The ledge varies from a few inches to three and one-half 
feet of galena and carbonates. The lowest cross-cut, 161 feet, has not struck 
the ledge, but fifteen feet higher a tunnel runs 275 feet on the ledge, with ore 
for 195 feet from three to thirty inches wide. A cross-cut to the west will 
catch the ledge again beyond a fifty-foot fault. A fifty-foot cross-cut 100 feet 
higher struck the ledge again, but much broken. Another cross-cut seventy- 
three feet long tapped the ledge 110 feet higher and from it drifts were run 
both ways, with a stope seventy-five feet long and thirty-eight feet to the 
surface on twelve to sixteen inches of ore, besides much shattered slate 
cemented with galena. The ore differs from others in Slocan in carrying 
gold, shipments having returned $2 to $14 gold, 142 to 30 ounces silver, 37 to 55 
per cent. lead. The average of eighty-eight tons of carbonate ore was $13 
gold, 128.4 to 323.8 ounces silver and 19 to 33 per cent. lead. The mine has 
yielded an estimated profit of $15,000. 

On the west extension of the two lower Wonderful ledges, which are 
exposed in the deep canyon of Miller Creek, the Miller Creek Mining Com- 
pany has a group of two claims and a fraction aggregating 130 acres, on which 
100 feet of work has been done and development is about to be resumed. 

The Idler, at Three Forks, 500 feet above the Nakusp & Slocan Railroad, 
is being developed by the Idler Mining Company, and has unusually good 
surface indications. A tunnel cut the ledge twelve feet below the surface, 
showing it twenty inches wide, with six inches of galena, fifteen assays of 
which avraged $450, the balance being impregnated with carbonates of silver 
and lead. A cross-cut is being run to tap the ledge 125 feet deeper and, 
including offshoots, is over 200 feet long. Another large ledge further down 
the mountain will be developed this summer. 

In the Alamo group of eight claims the Alamo Mining Company has, in 
the opinion of Mr. Carlyle, one of the largest and most productive ore chutes 
yet mined in the Slocan. It strikes east and west across a deep spur from 
the main ridge in the Alamo Basin, three and one-half miles up Howson 
Creek, and from the fissure eight to nine feet of solid galena, mixed with 
gray copper and carbonates, have been stoped, and much mixed ore has 
been concentrated. The lowest tunnel, 300 feet along the ledge, showed little 
ore, but a drift 130 feet northwest and thirty-four feet southeast apparently 
struck it again beyond a fault. In the next tunnel, 340 feet, and the third, 
a large amount of ore has been stoped from a chute four to six feet wide, 
with mixed ore occupying the remaining space between two smooth walls. 
The remaining tunnel, 240 feet below the summit, is in several hundred feet 
and stoping extends thirty to forty feet above this level. Another cross-cut is 
being run to tap the ledge in 1,000 feet at a depth of 600 feet and compressed 
air drills are being installed. Other good ledges are being developed in other 
parts of the property. A three-rail tramway 340 feet long transports the ore 
to bins, whence it is hauled three miles by wagons to the head of a similar 
tramway 7,100 feet long, which transports it to the concentrator on the rail- 
road. The mill, owned by the Slocan Milling Company, is operated by water 
power from Howson and Carpenter Creeks and has a capacity of fifty tons a 
day, the machinery being modern and complete. 

The Idaho Mining Company, under the same management, is mining the 
extension of the Alamo ledge by extensions of the Alamo tunnels through 
the Idaho and St. John ground. In the upper tunnel is a stope twenty-five to 
thirty feet to the surface on ten to thirty inches of ore, and a sixty-foot 
upraise to the surface is on twelve to fifteen inches of ore, while there are 
two feet of solid galena and four to five feet of mill ore in the face of the 
level. Another ledge runs northeast and southwest across the Idaho Basin 
and much good ore has been taken from the upper cuts and tunnels, but the 
main tunnel, 550 feet long, showed little ore, but ten to twelve feet of slate, 
quartz, calcite and iron pyrites. The profits of the Idaho to March 1 are 
estimated at $132,000. 

The Cumberland Mining Company has five claims on either the Idaho 
ledge just mentioned, or a parallel ledge, and in its third tunnel has stoped 
a narrow vein of almost solid galena and blende for 350 feet, and is mining 
a four to ten inch streak of galena in an underhand stope. A cross-cut is In 
500 feet to cut two small ledges several hundred feet lower. Ore is shipped 
by the Alamo road and tramway and milled at the Alamo mill. 

The Alamo, Idaho and Cumberland ledges are said to extend through the 
Hustler and Silver Bell, on which a Victoria syndicate has done some work 
and will do more this summer. 

The Sunshine Mining Company shipped several car loads of galena in 1894 
and 1895 from the Yakima group of four claims in the next basin east of the 
Alamo. On the Wild Goose and Corinth, J. Gilhooley, A. J. Murphy and 
A. Behue have shown six to twenty-four inches of solid galena by stripping 
for 200 feet and are tunneling on the ledge. 

Thorough exploration is in progress by John A. Finch, P. Larsen, William 
Glynn and J. H. Moran on the Queen Bess group of seven claims on the east 
slope of Howson Creek. There are four ledges within 500 feet. A 300-foot tun- 
nel showed the east one to be small and decomposed, carrying ore forty tons 
of which shipped in 1893 returned 96 ounces silver and 74 per cent. lead. 
At 300 feet in this tunnel the ledge was cross-cut, twenty-five feet between 
walls, showing two feet of solid galena on the hanging wall, which carries 119 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 135 

ounces silver and 65 per cent lead. Another tunnel, driven 350 feet, taps the 
ledge 150 feet lower and has twelve inches of ore of the same grade in the face. 
The west ledge runs northeast and southwest and from a sixty-foot tunnel, 
from which a stope was run twenty to thirty feet, produced galena ore 
assaying 141 ounces silver and 75 per cent. lead. A winze is down eighty 
feet at the face on two leaders of galena separated by four feet of slate. 
The third vein has been stripped for 200 feet and is a wide zone heavily iron- 
stained, carrying a little galena and assaying $4 to $6 gold. The fourth ledge 
shows on the surface six inches of carbonate ore assaying 50 to 60 ounces 
silver and as much as 40 per cent. lead. Shipments aggregate 180 tons, which 
averaged 143 ounces silver and 75 per cent. lead. 

The Canadian group of five claims, owned by Mr. Adams, of Sandon, and 
W. H. Brandon, of Slocan City, is on the summit of the ridge between South 
Carpenter Creek and Four-Mile Creek and has several small galena ledges. 
One of these, a few inches wide, can be traced north and south for some dis- 
tance. Another, carrying galena, in calcite and quartz, crops four to twelve 
inches wide and in the lower of two short tunnels has three to five feet of 
mixed ore. Another north and south ledge shows solid galena in the crop- 
pings and is traceable several hundred feet, and in a thirty-five foot tunnel 
on the hanging wall shows coarse calcite with some galena. 

Adjoining the Canadian on the east are the Ivanhoe and Elgin, which the 
Minnesota Silver Company is developing. Two cross-cuts connected by a 
seventy-foot upraise, and with drifts from both, opened an ore chute sixty 
to seventy feet long and containing as much as five feet of solid and concen- 
trating ore. A third cross-cut has been driven 150 feet below and fifteen 
car loads of ore were shipped last year. 

The Adams group of four claims and a fraction, owned by Capt. L. C. 
Adams, of Montreal, and others, is on the same ridge as the Canadian group 
and has a number of closely parallel veins of galena. An open cut shows 
one to be fifteen to thirty inches wide, of mixed ore, with four to fourteen 
inches of solid ore on the summit and another vein crossing it. A twelve- 
foot tunnel has been driven on four to twelve inches of pure galena where 
three or four narrow veins almost unite. A twenty-foot tunnel is in on one 
of several small veins on the north slope, showing four feet of mixed ore. 
and in the croppings this ledge shows eight feet of mixed ore, with small 
stringers. Another ledge shows four feet of mixed ore. Tunnels have been 
run to tap these ledges, one of fifty feet, 150 feet below the summit, having 
six or seven feet of concentrating ore, and another of 245 feet, 400 feet below, 
following ore for the last forty feet. 

The Noble Five Consolidated Mining & Milling Company has five claims 
on one ledge and three on another, with a possible third, three and one-half 
miles by trail from Sandon. The main ledge has croppings of iron rock. 
carrying galena, spathic iron and blende, which in the mine run in bands 
along each wall by turns. The ledges run northeast and southwest through 
slate and limestone and carry their best ore chutes where they cut porphyry 
dikes, the ore being galena, carbonates and oxides in spathic iron and quartz 
gangue. The mine was at first crudely worked by means of small drifts 
but is now being thoroughly developed. A sixty-five foot tunnel and short 
cross-cuts first resulted in the finding of gool ore, but on account of snow- 
slides work was started in a new place. Tunnels have been driven aggre- 
gating 1,380 feet, opening the ledge to a depth of 600 feet, and the high-grade 
ore has been stoped to a width of six to eight feet, leaving seven to nine feet 
of concentrating ore in the drifts. A main tunnel has been driven 200 feet 
lower, cross-cutting the ledge where there is a strong cropping of galena 
and will be connected with the upper tunnels by winzes. On the Deadman 
ledge three tunnels have been run and twenty-six car loads of ore taken 
out, the carbonates assaying 63 ounces silver and 15 per cent, lead and the 
solid galena as much as 255 ounces silver and 69 per cent. lead. The amount 
of ore shipped up to December 1, 1896, was 2,000 tons, and between that data 
and May 1, 1897, it was estimated that 9,000 tons were shipped to the concen- 
trator, producing concentrates worth $50 a ton at the smelter. The ore la 
transported by a cable tramway 6,100 feet long, with a capacity of twent* 
tons an hour, to the concentrator at Cody, which is patterned aftor that 
of the Slocan Star and has a capacity of 120 tons a day. The net profits of 
the mine are estimated at $50,000 to March 1, from $125,000 to S150 000 worth 
of ore having been taken out prior to August 1, 1896. 

™ 9 n t] 2 e h^ Ch ^nce group of four claims and a fraction the Last Chance 
Mining & Milling Company has two small parallel ledges running northeast 
and southwest, west of the Noble Five group. On one ledge is a 240-foot 
tunnel with cross-cuts and drifts on feeders and is tapped 100 feet below bv a 
180-foot cross-cut, from which drifts run 140 feet, and which has been extended 
to the other ledge. An incline on the ledge was extended as a drift midway 
between the two tunnels and ran through high grade galena a few inches to 
three feet wide, mostly solid but partly in quartz gangue. Near the surface 
the ore was rich carbonates. Shipments in 1895 aggregated nine carloads 
assaying 166 to 191 ounces silver and 71 to r i8 per cent, lead, and in 1896 17 car- 
loads averaging 182 ounces silver and 62 per cent. lead. The mine, like others 
In the Slocan, has paid not only for its development, equipment and purchase 
of adjoining claims, but $50,000 in dividends. 



136 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

From the American Boy, adjoining, Thomas McGuigan has shipped five 
carloads and from the Ajax, Matthews & Braden have shipped high grade 
ore, as well as from the Ruby Silver, north of the Noble Five. Dr. Hendryx, 
of Nelson, is cross-cutting a ledge on the Galena, which is the supposed 
extension of the R. E. Lee ledge. 

The Reco group of live claims, immediately east of the Noble Five, which 
Is owned by the Reco Mining & Milling Company, has two ledges, the Big and 
the Small. Three tunnels have been run on the former, one 650 and another 
990 feet long, a 125-foot upraise connecting the two. The ledge varies from a 
few inches to several feet wide of decomposed ledge matter and from it were 
shipped In 1895 four carloads of galena averaging 179.8 ounces silver and 71 per 
cent, lead and nine carloads of carbonates yielding from 89.3 to 161.6 ounces 
silver and 23.2 to 37.1 per cent. lead. The Small, or Goodenough, ledge has 
yielded some of the richest ore in the district and has been mined jointly with 
the Goodenough by three cross-cuts, from w, ach drifts have been run. The 
ledge is from two to twenty inches of solid ore, at times becoming only a 
narrow streak of iron-stained matter, and is richest where it crosses the 
porphyry dikes. The galena ore runs from 225 to 730 ounces silver and 67 per 
cent. I?*»^ and the carbonate ore, of which twenty carloads have been shipped, 
yielded 230 to 3C7.S ounces silver and 19 to 28 per cent. lead. This mine, like the 
Last Chance, has paid for itself and adjoining claims and paid $300,000 divi- 
dends. The ore shipped up to Decembex 1, 1896, aggregated about $200,000 in 
value and to this another $200,000 was added during the winter, the average 
value at the smelter being $200. 

Below the Reco, on the same veins, is the Sovereign, on which John 
A. Finch has tunneled 75 and 300 feet, gaining 150 feet of depth and showing 
from one to twenty inches of carbonates in several chutes. He has shipped 
five carloads running about 100 ounces silver and 60 per cent. lead. 

On the Goodenough and another claim, John A. Whittier, J. H. Thompson, 
J. M. Martin, A. W. Goodenough and C. F. Kent have been working in 
connection with the Reco. The lowest working is a cross-cut, 275 feet, from 
which, where it taps the small vein, an upraise for 169 feet has been made to 
the fourth level on several inches of high grade ore and a drift runs into the 
Reco ground with good ore for 110 feet above and below. The ore has been 
all stoped from the upper tunnels to the surface. The ore shipped ranged 
from 277 to 507 ounces silver and 48 to 67 per cent, lead for galena, and 168.5 to 
322.5 ounces silver and 2 to 34 per cent, lead for carbonates. The mine shipped 
200 tons up to December 1, 1896, and 250 tons more during the winter, worth at 
the smelter $400, and has paid $35,000 in dividends. 

Adjoining the Reco and Goodenough, the Blue Bird Mining Company has 
the Blue Bird and another claim on a ledge cropping thirty feet wide with a' 
number of spurs from both directions. In prospecting for the pay streak 
$40,000 worth of surface ore, carrying 135 to 138 ounces silver and 72 to 75 per 
cent, lead, was taken out and shipped. A shaft was sunk seventy-five feet 
and a drift run 150 feet on what appears to be the true ledge four feet wide, 
with four to eight inches of ore carrying as high as 425 ounces silver. Two 
carloads have been shipped carrying 175 ounces silver and 65 per cent. lead. 

The Chambers group of four claims south of the Goodenough, owned by 
Charles Chambers and others, is on a ledge of concentrating ore forty to sixty 
feet wide, which runs from Carpenter Creek up the mountain. About 500 feet 
of development has been done and one carload was shipped in 1896 which 
returned 89 ounces silver and 70 per cent. lead. 

The R. E. Lee, five miles by trail and road from the Kaslo & Slocan Rail- 
road, is being developed by Lorenzo Alexander of Kaslo. The ledge is a 
narrow one of galena striking northeast and southwest and shows eighteen 
inches wide in some places. Two tunnels, one of them 500 feet long, are 
connected by an upraise of ninety-five feet and an incline runs down from the 
lower tunnel. Three carloads were shipped last year, averaging 130 ounces 
silver and 75 per cent. lead. 

The Slocan Boy, leased by S. K. Green and others to T. M. Gibson and 
Lang Keith, has two ledges, one of which, small but rich, is worked by three 
tunnels, one 140, another 160 feet. The other is the southern extension of the 
Washington ledge and is tapped at 100 feet by a 200-foot shaft, from the bottom 
of which a drift runs 235 feet, connecting with a 170-foot tunnel, run on the 
ledge from the surface. Ten carloads of galena and carbonates have been 
shipped, of which thirty tons from the small ledge gave 332.4 ounces silver 
and 75.4 per cent, lead and the ore from the other ledge averaged over 100 
ounces silver and 68 per cent. lead. The mine is estimated to have paid $25,000 
profit. 

The Payne, now the principal claim in a group of four, is the pioneer 
location, as well as one of the best paying mines in the district, and is now 
owned by W. A. McCune, of Salt Lake. Through an error as to the trend of 
the vein, which is northeast and southwest, the Payne is located across it. 
A 300-foot tunnel follows ore continuously, with a maximum width of three 
feet of high grade galena. Another tunnel of good length has been run lower 
down the mountain and a third runs in higher, with stopes to the surface, 
and drifts on the ore-chutes in both tunnels showed both chutes to continue 
for over 200 feet. Mr. McCune has begun vigorous development, and ship- 
ments up to September, 1896, aggregated $100,000, and were $86,000 in December, 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 137 

$100,000 in January and $110,000 in February. The shipments in March were 
1,148 tons, netting $100 a ton, and fully 1,000 tons a month will be shipped this 
year. The carbonates assayed 80 to 100 ounces silver and 35 to 40 per cent, 
lead and the galena 175 ounces silver and 70 per cent. lead. The profits up to 
March 1 are estimated at $250,000. 

The Payne ledge almost certainly extends southwest into the Slocan- 
Reciprocity group of two claims, on which the Slocan-Reciprocity Mining 
Company is beginning work, for galena float in the bed and on one side of a 
gulch having the same course as the ledge extended indicates the proximity 
of the ledge. 

The Ramsdell Mining & Milling Company has begun shipping ore from the 
Sapphire and Gem, two miles northeast of Sandon, adjoining the Payne group. 
There is a fifteen-foot ledge containing eight inches of solid galena, the rest 
of the ledge matter being concentrating ore. Three tunnels are in thirty, fifty 
and one hundred feet, all in an ore chute, and are being continued, with stopes 
from them. One carload returned 210 ounces silver and 76 per cent, lead and 
two more carloads have lately been shipped from the 100-foot tunnel, which 
has ore in the face. Three carloads monthly will be shipped after June 1. 

The two Washington claims, with a controlling interest in three others 
on Payne Mountain, are owned by the Washington Mining Company, which 
has built a gravity tramway 1,450 feet to the concentrator of eighty tons daily 
capacity. Thence a three-mile road leads to McGuigan Station on the Kaslo 
& Slocan Railroad. The ledge strikes northeast by southwest and is three 
to twelve feet wide, with five to six feet of galena in a gangue of spathic iroD 
and quartz. There are also bodies of clean galena, but little carbonates or 
decomposed ore. There are three tunnels, giving a depth of 330 feet on the 
ledge, which with connections and drifts aggregate 1,540 feet, and 20,000 tons 
of concentrating ore have been blocked out, reducing five into one. The crude 
ore assays 108 to 136 ounces silver and 62 to 66 per cent, lead and the con- 
centrates, of which fifty to sixty carloads were shipped in 1896, yielded Si 
ounces of silver and 60 per cent, lead, and the total production to date ha* 
been about $350,000. The estimated promts prior to incorporation were about 
$20,000. 

The Best group of two claims, owned by A. W. McCune, George M. Hughes, 
P. Larsen and Scott McDonald, is on the ridge separating Best Basin fronc 
Dardanelles Basin and is four miles from McGuigan Station. This granite 
ridge is seamed with quartz ledges from a few inches to six feet wide, running 
northwest and southeast, and carrying tetrahedrite and jamesonite, with 
galena, a little blende and copper and iron pyrites in places. An incline shaft 
is down seventy-five feet with a drift twenty-five feet, both in ore as wide as 
three feet. A 312-foot tunnel 120 feet below struck six to eight inches of goo* 
ore at 100 feet and followed it for sixty-five feet, and at 215 feet a fifty-five foot 
upraise was in eighteen inches of galena, gray copper and blende. 

Also on the Best Basin is the Rambler group of four claims and a fraction, 
owned by the Rambler & Caribou Consolidated Gold & Silver Mining Com- 
pany. It has two distinct series of ledges, two in the granite carrying ore 
similar to the Best, and a small seam of galena running through the slate 
and porphyry close to the granite contact, which has widened to three feet 
in a tunnel. The ledges in the granite are traceable 400 feet at right angles 
to the Best ledges, one of them showing three to twenty inches wide and 
carrying gray coppr and jamesonite, and being continuous in a seventy-five 
foot tunnel with two to twenty inches of fine gray copper ore. Of this eighteen 
tons returned 499 ounces silver, $7.50 gold and 2 per cent, copper at the Pilot 
Bay smelter. On the silver lead ledges a tunnel is in 220 feet, with five feet 
of high grade galena and pyrites ore in the bottom for the first 165 feet, and 
will be continued to tap another ore-chute showing on the surface. The 
lower tunnel is a cross-cut for eighty feet, then runs seventy feet on the ledge, 
In six inches to five feet of ore, and in fifty-five feet more will tap the or* 
chute cut by the upper tunnel at a depth of seventy feet. A cross-cut has 
been started at a depth of 325 feet below the lower tunnel to tap the ledge in 
425 feet. The dry ore vein which is being worked on the Best, where it has 
>.flve feet of ore assaying 600 ounces silver, also extends through this property. 
Shipments have yielded 79.6 to 273.3 ounces silver and 31 to 64 per cent. Iea4 
from galena ore, and 166 to 178. 5 ounces silver and 22V 2 uer cent, lead from 
carbonates. Dividends of $45,000 have been paid. 

Active operations are also in progress on the Antoine group of three 
claims on the Surprise Basin, by C. H. Green, of Saginaw, Mich., and J. C. 
Ryan. The 'edge carries three feet of ore assaying about $250 and about 65( 
tons have been shipped. A dividend of about $10,000 had been paid prior te 
March 1. 

Alexander Smith, of Kaslo, is making regular shipments from the Surprise, 
which is understood to have paid him about $20,000 profit. 

The Ruby Silver, directly north of the Noble Five, is being developed by 
Matthews & Braden, of Kaslo, who in 1896 shipped eleven and one-half tons 
assaying 198.2 ounces silver and 46 per cent, lead and thirteen and one-half ton* 
assaying 256.4 ounces silver and 66 per cent. lead. 

On the Eureka group of six claims Messrs. Green and Ryan have a four- 
foot ledge, from which they had shipped 300 tons of $150 ore up to December 
1896, and had 600 tons in sight. 



138 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The Dardanelles group of four claims on the Dardanelles Basin between 
Best and Jackson Basins is being developed by the Dardanelles Mining & 
Milling Company. The first work was done on a ledge cutting across the 
slates and porphyry dikes and consisted of a 220-foot shaft and 1,300 feet of 
drifts, from which shipments of over 250 tons averaged 265 ounces silver and 
26 per cent, lead, and seventy-six tons of second-class ore returned over 75 
ounces silver and 26 per cent. lead. Smelter returns ranged from 145.8 to 
470.2 ounces silver and 15 to 56 per cent. lead. A steam hoist and pump have 
been put in the shaft and development is now proceeding on parallel ledges. 
The mine had paid considerable profit before incorporation last summer, but 
the amount could not be ascertained. 

The Jackson group of five claims, formerly the Northern Belle, on Jackson 
Basin, five miles south of Whitewater Station on the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad 
and five miles by trail from Sandon, is being developed by George Alexander. 
The ledge cuts through carboniferous shales, slates and limestones and along 
the footwall has from a few inches to three feet of zinc blende, then galena in 
various fornls in quartz and spathic iron gangue, including as much as 
eighteen inches of solid ore and several feet of milling ore. The highest 
tunnel, fifty feet, ran on a big outcrop of decomposed vein-matter and blende; 
the next, sixty feet below, runs 250 feet on the ledge and has been the source of 
most ore; sixty feet below, a cross-cut taps the vein; the fourth tunnel, 135 
feet lower, runs 340 feet on a smooth wall, with a small amount of ore; the 
fifth is being run from a strong cropping on Jackson Creelc, which shows two 
feet of black jack against the wall, then three to four feet of eruptive rock, 
and then twelve to twenty-four inches of steel galena, which continues to the 
face. The ore averages at the smelter about $80 and the six tunnels have been 
continued, 1,200 tons being shipped during the winter. The estimated profits 
to March 1 were $20,000. 

The two Whitewater claims, one and one-half miles by road from White- 
water Station on the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad, have paid for themselves and 
yielded about $40,000 profit to their owners, J. C. Eaton, J. D. Retallack, J. D. 
Montgomery and W. C. Pierce, of Kftslo. The country rock being shattered 
for ten to twenty-five feet from the fissure, no blasting is required, but the 
tunnels need thorough timbering. Along the footwall is as much as five feet 
of spathic iron, then a streak of galena and then carbonates or oxidized iron, 
often scattered through the shale for twenty feet. The ledge has been stripped 
for 800 feet and several carloads of iron oxides and carbonates shipped. The 
upper tunnel runs thirty feet along the ledge, the second, 260 feet below, 
follows it for 200 feet, with little ore; the third, seventy- five feet deeper, 
is in 400 feet, with a small stope near the mouth, from which three or 
four carloads have been shipped, an almost barren stretch of 340 feet fol- 
lowing. Then the ore chute widens to six inches to six feet of solid 
ore. The fourth tunnel, ninety-six feet on the ledge below, was 425 feet long 
and had four to ten inches of ore for 200 feet, then in a cross-cut had 
twenty feet of barren shale with steel galena on each side. A narrow 
streak of carbonates was followed for forty feet near the mouth, then a 
fifteen-foot winze and a short tunnel followed good ore. The fifth tunnel, 104 
feet lower, is in 175 feet and has two feet of spathic iron in the face and in a 
forty-foot stope showed six to twelve inches of steel galena, besides coarse 
broken galena. The first shipments from Slocan via Kaslo consisted of six 
lots from this mine at a time when the cost was $100 a ton for all charges. The 
value of carbonates ranges from 72 to 298.5 ounces silver and 11 to 30 per cent, 
lead, that of galena from 75 to 362.6 ounces silver and 35 to 65 per cent, lead, an 
average for the whole output for 1896 of 114 ounces silver and 30 per cent. lead. 

In the same vicinity development is in progress on the Elkhorn, the east 
extension of the Whitewater; the Charleston, by J. Mitchell; the Corean, from 
Which ore is being taken; the Done Star, by the Hansard Mining Company; the 
Sunset and Colorado, on the extension of the Wellington; and the Eldon group 
of two by the Eldon Gold & Silver Mining Company. 

The Wellington group of seven claims, two miles by road and trail from 
the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad, is being developed by the Kootenai & Columbia 
Prospecting & Mining Company. There are two ledges in slate formation, 
one running northeast and southwest, the other a wide crushed zone carrying 
stringers and pockets of quartz, spathic iron and calcspar, running east and 
west. A 170-foot cross-cut taps one ledge at a depth of forty feet and an 800- 
foot cross-cut taps the other at 550 feet at a depth of 200 feet and all the work- 
ings are connected at this level. The ground, being soft, requires no blasting, 
but needs thorough timbering. The ore is carbonates and galena with gray 
copper and zinc blende and returns 125 to 328 ounces silver and 10 to 55 per cent. 
lead, 400 tons having averaged 173 ounces silver and 30 per cent. lead. 

On the extension of the Wellington ledges to Bear Dake, the Santa Maria 
Silver Mining Company has developed the Santa Maria by tapping the ledge 
In three cross-cuts, thirty, sixty and 120 feet long, gaining a maximum depth 
Of eighty feet. Much of the ore is high grade, running 600 to 700 ounces silver 
and 60 per cent, lead and there is four feet of concentrating ore carrying about 
120 ounces silver. 

Also on Bear Dake, 1,300 feet south of the railroad, William Braden and E. 
J. Matthews are developing the Ducky Jim group with three power drills. 
The ledge is described as in a faulted contact, between slate and limestone, 



am 



BXOCA* 



fas* 
Tr* 

7>« 



69. Republic. 

70. Scotsman. 

71. Ranger- 

Skylark. 

72. Exchange. 

73. Chaplean. 

74. Howard 

Fraction. 

75. Almar. 

76. Two 

Friends. 

77. Silver King 

78. Crusader. 

79. C. P. R. 

80. Alpine. 

81. Black 

Prince. 

82. Meteor. 

83. Ocean. 

84. Wakefield. 

85. Retriever. 

86. Pearl Lulu 

87. Early Bird. 

88. Skyline. 

89. Sweden 

Lakeview. 

90. Highland. 

91. Jeff Davis. 

92. Potlatch. 

93. Mile Point. 

94. Bobtail. 

95. Jennie May 

96. Fourth. 

97. Crescent. 



•nfi£eiN 



BRITISH COLUMBIA 




INOEX. 

1. Mollie ' 

Hughes. 
2- ilt. Chief 

■•■ IJltUum, 
t Alpha. 
^- luauo Cum- 
, berland. 

J- Ivy JLeaf. 

9. Reed & 

j„ Robertson. 

a! Btoo«\jtM 

'-■ -l^"u'', , ,',': , 



19. Payne Boy. 
... ° l0 can Boy. 
21. Lucky Jim. 

24. Northern 

„ T . BeUe. 

25. London 

«„ u . Hlu - 
»a. Hartman 

26. JVhltewS 
ii. Wellington. 

a'MetlaRatla 



33. Montezuma 

34. Soielle. 
36. Bartleth 

Bros. 



41. Galena 

48. Currie. 

45. Daisy. 

44. Granite 

Mountain. 

46. Mountain 

View. 
«. L. H. 

47. Silver 

Band. 

45. Topaz. 
40. Kalispell. 
50. Edmonton. 
61. Dalhousie. 

52. Nepawa. 

53. Enterprise. 

54. Westmount 

55. Lone Star. 

56. U & I. 

37. Conundrum 



to. Scotsman. 
71. Ranger- 
Skylark. 



Friends. 

77. Silver King 

78. Crusader. 

79. C. P. R. 
SO. Alpine. 



89. Sweden 

Lakevlew. 
w. Highland. 

91. Jeff Davis. 

92. Pollatfli. 



■Who in the pacific northwest 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 139 

and galena, zinc blende, iron pyrites and carbonates occur in large pockets 
and side fissures penetrating the limestone. The value of 110 tons shipped was 
59.2 to 75 ounces silver and 50 to 56 per cent, lead and the second grade ore will 
produce concentrates carrying 60 to 75 ounces silver and 55 per cent. lead. 

The Nonpareil group, adjoining, which has been bonded by W. C. McLean, 
J. G. McLean and W. A. Flager to W. N. Rolfe, has a ledge four or five feet 
wide shown in a 300-foot tunnel and 100 feet of open work, with a pay streak of 
four to fourteen inches of galena, sample shipments of which ran from 200 to 
225 ounces silver. 

The London group of three claims and a fraction, three miles from the 
railroad, is being developed by the London Hill Development & Mining Com- 
pany. A forty-foot tunnel has been driven near the summit of a ridge on a 
four-foot ledge carrying gray copper and silver sulphides. A cross-cut has 
been driven 350 feet to tap the ledge at a depth of 200 feet on the other side of 
the ridge and has cut several small quartz veins. Forty tons shipped returned 
from 150 to 267 ounces silver and there is much second grade ore which will 
have to be concentrated. A cable tramway will be builf down the mountain 
this spring. 

On the south slope of the ridge between South Carpenter and Four-Mile 
Creeks is another series of mines, the latter stream forming the boundary be- 
tween the slate and granite formations. 

Beginning at the west is the Mountain Chief, from which George W. 
Hughes shipped a large amount of galena ore in 1893 to 1895, the value averag- 
ing 130 ounces silver and 70 per cent. lead. The ledge was then lost and was 
caught up again only after much prospecting. Several carloads of ore were 
shipped last fall and a long cross-cut is being driven to tap the ledge. 

On the Grady group James McNaught, Alexander McKenzie and James 
McKenzie have a ledge running northeast and southwest, opened by five tun- 
nels. The highest is about 300 feet long, with three upraises, cross-cuts and 
an incline, and another runs fifty feet in another direction on the same level. 
A third tunnel, immediately below, is connected by stopes with the upper ones, 
and a fourth, eighty feet below, taps the ledge at 100 feet and is then a drift 
for 110 feet, but shows no ore. The fifth, below this one, follows another ledge 
running north and south for 110 feet, with several inches of iron oxides or 
decomposed matter on the wall. Over 1,000 tons of ore have been shipped, 
averaging 115 ounces silver and 70 per cent lead. A 1,200-foot gravity tramway 
conveys the ore to the road, two and one-half miles from Silverton. 

A mile northwest of the Grady is the California, from which J. McDonald, 
J. Marino and B. C. Van Houten shipped a carload of ore last fall. 

The Reed & Robertson group comprises a string of claims, of various 
ownership, along a strong ledge running north and south across the ridge six 
miles from Silverton. On the two Reed claims. C. W. Callahan has a tunnel 
110 feet on the ledge showing ten to twelve feet of milling ore in calcite gangue 
and several inches of solid galena, which also crop 300 feet above. On the 
Jenny Lind, Paul and Charles Anderson have 800 feet of the same ledge and 
have cut it diagonally by a 150-foot tunnel showing irregular masses of con- 
centrating ore and stringers of solid galena. They shipped thirty tons of 
galena in 1895. On the Robertson, William Robertson and others have 
tunneled forty feet, showing eight to ten feet of calcite with little galena. On 
the Wakefield group of three claims, George Fairburn and William Smith 
have tunneled 125 feet and at eighty feet had sixteen to twenty inches of solid 
.galena, with calcite beyond it lying almost fiat. On the Buffalo, the Buffalo 
Mining Company has shown by a twenty-foot shaft and several cross-cuts six 
to thirty inches of galena and carbonates carrying 170 to 352 ounces silver and 
55 to 66 per cent, lead and is continuing development. 

Seven miles east of Silverton by trail is the Fisher Maiden group, recently 
acquired by the Fisher Maiden Mining Company. The ledge running north- 
east and southwest crops in syenitic granite on both sides of a gulch and in 
two small tunnels was stoped to the surface one to three feet wide. Below 
these, a 100-foot tunnel with cross-cuts had been run on the south and four 
drifts aggregating 400 feet on the north, showing zinc blende and some galena, 
with native silver along- the seams. Fifty tons shipped in 1894 returned 180 
ounces silver and a later shipment of thirty tons yielded 367 ounces silver and 
24 per cent. lead. A contract has been made with the Everett smelter for the 
entire output to May 15. 

The Galena Farm, composed of five claims a mile from Slocan Lake and 
one and one-half miles from Silverton, was so named from the finding of ore 
scattered over a plateau and the subsequent discovery of a large ledge, and is 
now owned by the Galena Mines Company of London. The ledge runs east 
and west and has been traced for 1,600 feet by cropplngs of quartz and spathic 
iron carrying galena and zinc blende twelve to fourteen feet wide. From a 
fifty-foot shaft a cross-cut tapped the ledge in twelve feet and drifts sixty feet 
east and seventy feet west showed a large body of concentrating ore, with 
high grade galena on the hanging wall. A forty-five foot winze in the west 
drift was in four feet of solid galena and an open cut 500 feet west showed 
sixteen inches of galena on the footwall. A two-compartment shaft has been 
sunk sixty-five feet to strike the ledge at 130 feet and at forty-one feet cut a 
north and south cross ledge of concentrating ore, which it followed for ten 
feet. This ore concentrates five into one, the product carrying 123 ounces 



140 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

silver and 62 per cent. lead. At 100 feet this shaft struck two feet of shipping 
ore. The shaft has been equipped with a hoist and pumps and is being sunk 
600 feet with cross-cuts to the ledge at every 100 feet. The ore is milling and 
concentrating, though a shipment of sorted ore returned 98 ounces silver and 
57 per cent, lead, and a 150-ton concentrator will be built and operated by 
water power. 

The Noonday is believed to have the east extension of this ledge. A 
number of other claims surrounding the Galena Farm are being opened and 
the L. H. has a zone of schistose rock on the line of an east and west fissure in 
the slate, which is twenty to forty feet wide and is impregnated with arsenic, 
mispickel, pyrite and pyrrhotite, though a twenty-two foot tunnel has so far 
ehown little mineral. 

The Enterprise group of two claims, eight miles up Ten-Mile Creek, was 
recently sold for $300,000 by John A. Finch to David M. Hyman and others of 
Colorado. The ledge, though small, has been traced through the two claims 
and strikes northeast and southwest between granite walls. The ore is galena 
with much zinc blende in a quartz gangue and is generally found on the 
footwall. Four tunnels have been driven on the ledge, leaving the ore on the 
side. The lowest, 500 feet, opens a chute averaging seven inches and con- 
tinuous for 40o feet. The second tunnel, 170 feet higher, is in 500 feet with ore 
for 300 feet, where an upraise to the surface follows over eight inches of ore 
for eighty feet. At 330 feet a fault was struck, but the ledge has been 
picked up beyond it and carries ore for 150 feet further, eight to eighteen 
inches wide, which is being stoped. The third tunnel, twenty-five feet higher, 
is 310 feet long and follows six to twelve inches of ore for 260 feet. The fourth 
tunnel, 400 feet, is ninety feet higher and is in six to fourteen inches of solid 
ore. These tunnels have thus traced a continuous ore chute for 1,000 feet 
along the ledge. Shipments have returned from 153.7 to 179.5 ounces silver and 
18 to 30 per cent, lead and now average 250 tons a month. Shipments to date 
aggregate twenty-six carloads, averaging $1,900 to $2,0C0 a car, net. 

The same ledge has been traced into the Iron Horse and United Emoire on 
the northeast and is said to have been found on the Alexandria. The ore 
has been struck in an open cut on the Iron Horse, 300 feet from the Enter- 
prise line. On the Oregon City, John Thompson, L. Parkinson and others 
have struck seven to eight inches of galena in a fifty-foot tunnel and F. 
Griffiths, G. West and others have tapped an ore body with a cross-cut on 
the Westmount. 

The Bondholder group of four claims, owned by the Bondholder Mining 
Company, is near the ridge south of Ten-Mile Creek and is reached by the Ten- 
Mile Creek road and a trail, or by the trail from Slocan City. The ledge is 
supposed to be the extension of the Enterprise, running northeast by south- 
west, and has been traced by cuts and croppings for 4,000 feet, showing twelve 
to sixteen inches of quartz, iron oxides and galena. It has been defined by 
600 feet of tunnels and drifts and a sixty-foot shaft to be four feet wide, with 
seven to twenty-one inches of high grade ore carrying argentite, galena and 
antimonial silver, assaying 63 ounces from average samples of one claim and 
816 ounces from another. The shaft shows four feet of ore averaging 213 ounces 
silver. 

The Kalispell, on Ten-Mile Creek, one mile from Slocan Lake, has a north 
and south ledge in quartzite and is owned by William Lardner, of Deadwood, 
S. D. A seventy-five foot tunnel shows galena, ruby silver and other silver 
minerals and some ore has been stoped, eight tons returning 289 ounces and 
three tons returning 212 ounces silver. 

Great activity is promised for the coming season on Twelve-Mile, Springer 
and Lemon Creeks, up which trails branch off from Slocan City and Brandon. 
It is in this region that dry ore begins to take the place of galena, the forma- 
tion being granite. 

The Two Friends, seven or eight miles from Slocan City on the divide 
between Springer and Lemon Creeks, owned by the Two Friends Mine Com- 
pany, has a ledge of high grade galena striking northeast by southwest. A 
twenty-three foot cross-cut taps the ledge at a depth of twenty feet and shows 
It four feet wide with a twelve-inch pay streak. A drift fifty feet east shows 
galena next the footwall and zinc blende on the hanging wall, the width vary- 
ing from a narrow streak to twelve or fourteen inches of solid ore, and a 
winze proved the permanence of the ledge. A 206-foot cross-cut then tapped 
the ledge at a depth of 100 feet, here three feet wide with ten to twelve inches 
of high grade zinc blende, but in an upraise of twenty-five feet it changed to 
high grade galena. A drift was run eighty feet east from this cross-cut and 
the ore, after pinching out at twenty feet, was coming in again at seventy 
feet. Thirty-nine tons shipped to Tacoma returned $154 to $237 net and thirty- 
eight carloads were shipped during the winter. 

The Arlington and Burlington, on the north slope of Springer Creek, are 
owned by the Arlirgton Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company and hare a 
ledge of mineralized granite four to six feet wide striking northeast by south- 
west through both claims. This ledge is full of stringers of fine-grained 
galena and zinc blende, in which are rich specimens of native silver. A shaft 
is down seventy feet on ore, with drifts seventy feet at a depth of thirty-five 
feet, and thirty-five feet at greater depth, both in ore. An average of four 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 141 

assays from different parts of the mine was 154 ounces silver and 22% per cent, 
lead. 

The Howard group of four claims and two fractions on the divide between 
Springer and Lemon Creeks, is being developed by A. G. Teeter, William 
Price. V. T. Ratcliffe and others. The ledge runs east and/ west througn the 
granite, dipping 10 to 15 degrees north. An incline follows it down 115 feet, 
except where faults have occurred, and shows twelve to twenty inches of 
honeycombed quartz carrying argentite. Considerable ore has been stoped, 
sorted and shipped to Pilot Bay, returning 163 ounces silver and $16 gold up to 
206 ounces silver and $26 gold. 

Another dry ore property which is now being rapidly developed is the Old 
Glory group of seven claims, on the west slope of the foothills from Slocan 
Lake, two and one-half miles from Slocan City, the owner being the Old 
Glory Mining Company. Between quartzite hanging and granite footwalls, 
four well-defined parallel ledges of great strength, from three to sixty feet 
wide, ran the full length of the group, 5,100 feet. The ledge matter is horn- 
blendic schist, highly impregnated with cube iron, and the pay streak is 
capped with quartz carrying arsenical iron and white iron sulphurets— a good 
indication of large ore bodies. Assays of six samples from the surface ran 
from 8.22 to 114 ounces silver and $1.50 to $22 gold and an average sample of 
forty pounds gave 130 ounces silver, $9 gold. Three shafts, twelve, eighteen 
and forty-four feet, have been sunk on the several ledges and a cross-cut, for 
which a contract was let in November, 1896, to be run 200 feet, and which was 
in fifty feet on January 1, 1897, will cut all four ledges at depths ranging from 
40 to 150 feet. 

A number of other properties in this section of the district a?e being 
opened. On the Meteor John A. Finch and John Sheran have shown a twenty- 
inch ledge of high grade dry ore by surface work. Mr. Sheran has sold his 
interest to C. L. Hoffman for $4,000 and work is to begin as soon as weather 
permits. On the Silver King, C. Faas and M. Heckman have run a cross- 
.cut 120 feet to tap the ledge. On the Crusader group of three claims. C. 
Faas, R. N. Clay and others uncovered a ledge of two and one-half 
feet of quartz carrying silver glance, iron pyrites, some native silver and 
gold, and then sank thirty-three feet on it. They afterwards sold a 
half interest for $12,500 to W. H. Hellyar and W. H. Smith. The Alpine 
group of four claims, on the mountain above Summit Creek, has a 
strong gold-bearing ledge two to three feet wide, very flat and traceable 
through three basins, and has been bonded by C.Faas and others to A. B. 
McKenzie and A. Dick, of Rossland. The Ocean group of three claims three 
and one-half miles northeast of the Crusader group, has a dike mineralized 
with silver glance and galena and a three-fourths interest has been bonded by 
W. R. Young, W. R. Richmond and othersHo Alexander Dick, of Rossland. 
The Republic group of three claims, bonded for $25,000 to W. L. Parrish and 
W. J. Lindsay, has a ledge eighteen to thirty inches wide, carrying galena, 
iron pyrites and gold, on which a shaft is being sunk. The Esmeralda group 
of four claims has been sold to J. A. Thompson, of /Northwest Territory for 
$20,000. 

The most active new development has been made with gratifying results on 
the Montezuma group of four claims on the south fork of Kaslo Creek, eight 
miles from Kaslo, by the Kaslo Montezuma Mining & Milling Company, of 
Seattle. Several open cuts were first made and the ledge uncovered for a 
distance of seventy feet, showing fifteen to thirty feet of spathic iron and 
other gangue with zinc blende and galena disseminated through the entire 
width. The first tunnel, 115 feet long, shows a large body of concentrating ore, 
estimated at 4,000 tons, for the entire distance. A tunnel was then driven 
along the hanging wall for about forty feet and connecting with the main 
tunnel by a cross-cut of thirty-two feet, showing the ore body to be that 
width. Another tunnel, 100 feet below, was driven 256 feet on a parallel ledge 
and at 200 feet a cross-cut was run to the main ledge, which was struck in 
thirty feet, proving to be twenty-three feet between walls. A winze was 
then sunk in ore all the way to connect the two levels, showing the ore body to 
be continuous, and drifting has since been extended north and south, showing 
an ore chute 140 feet long, with ore in both breasts. The average width of the 
ore body in the upper tunnel is six feet, in the lower tunnel, 100 feet deeper, it 
is fifteen feet. Assuming it to be no more than 140 feet long, thi3 gives 20.000 
tons of ore in sight, averaging 23 ounces silver and 18 per cent lead. This will 
concentrate four into one, giving 5,000 tons of concentrates, which, allowing 
for loss in milling, will average 80 ounces silver and 65 per cent, lead, a value of 
$92.90 a ton, in addition to $3 gold in each ton of crude ore— sufficient to pay for 
mining, milling and tramming. A shipment of thirty tons of sorted ore re- 
turned 67% ounces silver, 63% per cent. lead, and there are 1.000 tons on the 
dump, worth, when concentrated, at least $20,000. The winze Is being con- 
tinued below the lower tunnel and drifting continues both ways on the ledge, 
As soon as the snow is off another tunnel will be started 200 feet lower, which 
will tap the ore body in 500 feet. The character of the ground permits of 
tunneling to a vertical depth of fully 1,800 feet. Plans are being prepared for 
a cable tramway one and one-quarter miles long, from the mine to the south 
fork of Kaslo Creek and for a mill which will cost $40,000 to $50,000. 

The Jennie, eight miles from Kaslo and half a mile from the railroad, is 



142 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

being opened by the Canadian Gold Fields Syndicate. In a forty-foot shaft 
the ledge widens from four to seven feet of concentrating ore, which assays 
on an average 100 ounces silver, $6 gold and 3 per cent. lead. A cross-cut will 
be run to tap the ledge at a depth of 100 feet. 

The Silver Bear, on the south fork of Kaslo Creek, was recently bought by 
the Reddin-Jackson Company, of Rossland, for $25,000 and has three ledges 
shown by two cross-cuts. One cross-cut shows the first ledge fifteen feet 
wide, carrying seven inches of high grade carbonates and five to six feet of 
talc carrying kidneys of galena which assay 200 ounces silver. The second 
ledge carries three feet of pyritic iron, galena and spar and two feet of talc, 
and the third has three feet of spar and four Inches of carbonates carrying 100 
ounces silver. The second cross-cut is forty feet and has cut the first ledge, 
which carries eighteen inches of carbonates assaying 200 to 300 ounces silver. 
A twenty-foot shaft shows fourteen to sixteen inches of carbonates in the first 
ledge, the remainder of which averages 19 ounces silver. Shipments are now 
being made. 

The two Gibson claims, owned by the Gibson Mining & Milling Company, 
are on South Kaslo Creek, eleven miles from Kaslo and reached by six 
miles of trail from the railroad. Three parallel ledges will be tapped by a 250- 
foot cross-cut, which has already cut the first at thirty-five feet and will 
strike the second at fifty and the third at 250 feet. A tunnel eighty feet on the 
third ledge shows it four feet six inches wide. Assays of the pay ore range 
from 112 to 149 ounces silver and 63 to 75 per cent, lead and the ledge matter in 
general assays 48 to 80 ounces silver and 35 to 75 per cent lead. 

The Briggs group, nine miles from Kaslo and four miles from the railroad, 
has recently been sold by Briggs Bros, to E. J. Kelly, D. Holzman and R. N. 
McLean for $20,000. A 235-foot cross-cut taps a four" and one-half foot ledge 260 
feet deep and drifts in both directions show galena ore assaying 130 ounces 
silver and 70 per cent. lead. Two parallel ledges have been defined by open 
cuts, one of them, capped with iron and carrying galena, being six feet wide. 

The Black Prince group of three claims has a four-foot ledge of rose quartz 
traced through it, carrying high grade galena which has a high gold value. 
From a twenty-foot shaft and a drift from a fifty-foot crosscut ore has been 
taken assaying $76 to $232 gold, silver and lead, 82 per cent, of the value being 
free milling and only $3 of the highest assay being silver. 

On the Iron Crown and San Bernardino John A. Finch has tunneled 300 
feet showing as much as three feet of ore in places, carrying 80 ounces silver. 
Two shafts of about fifty feet each are down on the ledge. 

On the two Phoenix claims, the Phoenix Consolidated Mining Company is 
stoping out ore from a ledge four to seven feet wide, which is worth $140 at the 
smelter and has shipped about 300 tons during the winter. 

On the Echo group of three claims J. M. Martin and Whitaker Lynch have 
tunneled 170 feet and sunk twelve feet on a ledge eight to sixteen feet wide, 
which has four to fourteen inches of pay ore carrying 165 ounces silver and 76 
per cent. lead. 

Discoveries were made in the fall of 1896 on Kokanee Creek, which ap- 
pears on the map as Yuill Creek, and this will be the scene of much work 
this year. The Mollie Gibson group of four claims, in contest among several 
claimants, has a ledge showing four feet of high grade galena and sulphides. 
On the north extension, the Smuggler and U. S.. bonded for $30,000 by 
Charles Faas, C. W. Greenlee and N. K. Franklin to William Glynn, this 
ledge has been uncovered by open cuts at intervals for 400 feet, showing 
eight to twenty-four inches of galena and sulphides, and is traceable for 
1,000 feet. 

Prospecting has about covered all the territory between Slocan and 
Kootenai Lakes and has extended to the country on the west between the 
Slocan and Arrow Lakes. It has already revealed on this divide and in the 
basin of Cariboo Creek, which flows into the narrows of the Columbia between 
the two Arrow Lakes, a great gold basin, where the ore carries $1 gold to each 
ounce of silver, though there are exceptions where the ore is almost ex- 
clusively silver and is very rich. Ore can be shipped in considerable quantity 
which will carry $100 gold and 100 ounces silver; also ore which carrifes 100 
ounces silver with only $2 to $3 gold. There is also quite an area of gold placer 
gro.und on the tributaries of the Cariboo, which is too low grade for the pan 
and rocker, but will pay well for sluicing. On Six-Mile Creek, almost 
directly across Slocan Lake from New Denver, discoveries have recently 
been made of sulphide ore carrying gold and silver, and many prospectors 
are waiting for spring to make locations. 

A steamer 245 feet long has been built by the Canadian Pacific to ply on 
Slocan Lake between Roseberry and Slocan City, and will be launched about 
May 1. The same company Is building wharves at New Denver, Slocatt 
City and Roseberry, which will greatly improve the facilities. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 143 



AINSWORTH. 

Though outstripped in development and production by its younger neigh- 
bors, Ainsworth holds its own and will this year be the scene of renewed 
activity. Mr. Carlyle attributes its comparatively slow progress to the 
attractions offered by the high grade ores of Slocan, to the waiting policy of 
men who have crown granted low grade properties and were discouraged by 
lack of transportation and smelting facilities, to disastrous forest fires which 
destroyed several good plants, and to an unwarranted lack of confidence in 
the probable permanence of these veins and ore bodies, especially of those in 
the limestones, which have been considered as "merely pockets and local." 
On this point he continues: "To one who has worked in silver ore bodies in 
limestone, as in Colorado, this pocket theory is not so alarming a bugbear, as 
the general experience is that, when one ore-chute is found, others are almost 
invariably discovered on prospecting further along the line of break." 

The geological formation is the same as that of the Slocan district, some of 
the ledges running with the stratification and others cutting across it in true 
fissures, while others again are formed by the impregnation and replacement 
of the country rock by ore and quartz, and sometimes calcite. The ores vary 
from a solid galena with zinc blende, though not often enough to exceed the 
smelter limit, through quartz and calcite carrying sulphides with little galena 
and zinc blende; quartz and lime carrying silver in other compounds; galena 
with gold disseminated through the quartz; tetrahedrite in quartz with 
galena; to a low grade ore carrying galena, iron and copper pyrites and pyr- 
rhotite. 

From the south, the district is reached by the Spokane Falls & Northern 
system from Spokane to Nelson, 200 miles, and the Columbia & Kootenai 
Navigation Company's steamers up the Kootenai River and Lake to Ains- 
worth; or the train may be left at Northport and the steamer taken up the 
Columbia and Kootenai rivers, at a greater expenditure of time. From the 
west and north the Canadian Pacific carries one from Vancouver to Revel- 
stoke, 379 miles, the Arrow Lake branch thence to Arrowhead, twenty-eight 
miles, the steamer to Nakusp and the Nakusp & Slocan and Kaslo & Slocan 
Railroads thence to Ainsworth. The mines are at comparatively short dis- 
tances from Kootenai Lake, on which steamers ply, and many of them can 
tram ore down to the lake shore. 

The Number One group of two claims, an interest in three others and a 
millsite, has been developed by the Britannia Mining Company, of Windsor, 
N. S., and is four and one-half miles by road from Ainsworth. The ore body 
is developed by stopes nearly 300 feet long and four to twelve feet wide, is 
enclosed by limestones, shales and slates and in places lies almost flat, its dip 
being changed by faults. A crosscut taps the ore body in 375 feet and from it 
a drift follows a fault wall 157 feet with a thirty-five foot winze to the stopes 
above. This drift is being continued and in 100 to 120 feet is expected to tap 
the ore body. An incline from the stope is now down thirty-five feet to con- 
nect with it. A mill of eighteen to twenty tons daily capacity is run by water 
power from a small stream and by steam at low water. Some first-class ore 
is shipped, but most of the product is reduced eight tons into one of concen- 
trates, which carry 295 to 300 ounces silver and four to eight per cent. lead. 
This mill will concentrate fifteen to twenty-ounce ore at a profit. About 1,000 
tons of ore and concentrates have been shipped. 

A mile from the Number One is the Dellie, on which S. S. Bailey is running 
a 300-foot tunnel to connect with a 100-foot shaft. From the Lilly May on the 
Dellie ledge, under bond to Max Stevenson and T. J. Lendrum, a shipment of 
twelve tons returned 160 ounces silver. The United, with a galena ledge in 
schist formation, on which a 190-foot shaft is down, adjoins. The Krao, 
owned by A. W. McCune, has a shaft down on a galena ledge between walla 
of limestone. On the Neosha a tunnel is being run to connect with a shaft, 
from which 100-ounce dry ore has been taken. 

The Skyline group of three claims, six miles by road from Nelson, is owned 
by A. W. McCune, of Salt Lake City. The ledge is in a slate and limestone 
formation and runs almost north and south and occupies fractured zones 
impregnated with ore. The ore bodies are flattened and ten to twelve feet 
thick, often crossing nearly horizontally from foot to hanging wall. An in- 
cline has been sunk eighty-seven feet on the ledge and a shaft 200 feet, the two 
being connected by 120 feet of drift and an upraise forty feet to the incline. 
The ore is argentite, native silver and galena, with some gray copper and iron 
and copper pyrites, and averages forty to fifty ounces silver. The output is 
ten to fifteen tons a day and is shipped to the Pilot Bay and other smelters. 
Over 2.000 tons shipped in 1895-6 averaged 54 ounces silver and less than 5 per 
cent. lead. 

The Tariff, three-quarters of a mile by wagon road from the lake and one 
mile south of Ainsworth, is owned by William Braden, of Helena, who is thor- 
oughly exploring with a view to systematic development. The ledge runs 



144 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

north and south between schist and quartzite and has been traced by cuts and 
stripping into adjoining claims. From one of these cuts forty-five tons were 
shipped and yielded 30 ounces silver and 55 per cent. lead. From this cut an 
incline is down 100 feet and for eighty feet followed twelve to thirty inches of 
solid galena, which continues in a forty-five foot drift to the north. A bed of 
quartzite twenty-five to thirty feet thick, which forms the footwall, shows 
galena in an open cut and is mought to carry enough mineral for concentra- 
tion. 

From the Mile Point, on the lake south of Ainsworth, A. Stalberg is ship- 
ping ore which carries 106 ounces silver and 4 per cent. lead. 

The Highlander, owned by Max Stevenson, of Philadelphia, is on a bluff one 
and one-quarter miles southwest of Ainsworth and 1,000 feet above the lake 
and has two ledges between schist and quartzite walls. A cross-cut taps one 
of these at eighty feet, and drifts twenty and ten feet show four to eighteen 
inches of galena, zinc blende and a little arseno-pyrite in it. The main ledge 
is tapped at 120 feet and a drift 270 feet, now being extended, shows concen- 
trating ore carrying galena and blende. From a sixty-seven foot winze, 
twenty-seven feet from the tunnel, a crosscut strikes the first ledge in fifty- 
two feet, showing five to six feet of low grade concentrating ore. An upraise 
of ninety-one feet from the drift to the surface shows eight to ten inches of 
good ore and two to four feet of concentrating ore. Twelve tons shipped to 
Everett returned 70 ounces silver, with very little lead. 

The Little Phil fraction^ one and one-third miles on the main wagon road 
from Ainsworth, has been bonded for $20,000 by I. McG^wern and Capt. Hay- 
ward, of Ainsworth, to Hon. N. Clark Wallace, of OriTario. The ledge cuts 
the schists northwest and southeast and is cut at seventy-two feet by a cross- 
cut 442 feet long, and a drift 200 feet shows six to twenty-four inches of galena, 
with some carbonates, averaging 30 ounces silver, while a short upraise shows 
three feet of solid ore. The cross-cut taps another ledge 282 feet further in, 
which has been followed 100 feet and carries a small amount of mixed galena 
and considerable concentrating ore. 

Considerable work has been done by John F. Stevens, of St. Paul, on the 
Black Diamond and Little Donald, the south extension of the Little Phil, and 
250 tons of ore were shipped in 1895 which yielded 33 ounces silver and 66 to 70 
per cent. lead. 

The Highland group of four claims, one and one-half miles north of Ains- 
worth, owned by E. D. Carter and others, has a tunnel 680 feet along a well- 
defined fissure ledge, showing ten feet of concentrating galena ore in the face. 
There is some ore for fifty feet towards the mouTh and an upraise 120 feet 
shows six to twenty-four inches of almost solid galena for 105 feet, as also does 
a ninety-foot shaft connecting with it. There is more or less ore for 285 feet 
more along the tunnel, where an upraise is made 160 feet to the surface. A 
few tons of the best ore returned 40 ounces silver and 75 per cent, lead at the 
smelter. Surveys have been made for a cable tramway to a millsite at the 
mouth of Cedar Creek. 

The Amazon group of four claims at the mouth of Woodbury Creek, 
three and one-half miles north of Ainsworth, is owned by the Canadian 
Pacific Mining & Milling Company, of Minneapolis, which is developing with 
machine drills. The property has several well-defined fissure ledges striking 
east and west across the gneiss formation in which the creek flows. The 
ledges carry four inches to four feet of galena and zinc blende in quartz 
and calcite gangue, and in places there is six to sixteen inches of solid galena. 
Almost at right angles to these ledges is a cross ledge, which will be cut 
at depth by two tunnels being driven on the main ledges. One tunnel runs 
sixty-five feet on rock seamed with small quartz veins, carrying a little iron 
and copper pyrites and some galena, with $3 to $5 gold. This ledge and an- 
other crop twenty-five feet apart and the intervening rock carries a small 
percentage of sulphides and is believed to be concentrating ore. Another 
tunnels runs sixty feet through surface wash, from which boulders have 
been taken carrying 30 to 40 ounces silver in galena, and a forty-five foot 
tunnel follows a small galena vein. A 120-foot tunnel follows another ledge 
carrying eight to fourteen inches of solid galena and zinc blend in quartz 
and calcite and is being extended to where the ledge crops four feet wide 
on the cliff, and carries pyrrhotite. On another ledge, fourteen to twenty 
inches wide, tunnels have been driven 140 feet on one side and 120 feet on 
the other side of the creek. A shaft is down 140 feet on another vein of 
mixed galena ore, four to twenty-four inches wide, carrying a good gold 
value. A concentrator with seventy-five tons daily capacity stands one- 
quarter mile from the lake, water power for it and the twelve-drill com- 
pressor being furnished by 1,200 feet of flume from the creek. A tramway 1,400 
feet long carries ore and concentrates to steamers on the lake. 

The Silver Glance, two miles up Woodbury Creek, is on an east and west 
ledge discovered in August, 1896, by William Franklin, Alexander McLeod and 
F. L. Fitch. A tunnel is being driven on the ledge, which carries four to 
^sixteen inches of galena, iron pyrites and marcasite in quartz gangue, with 
two to three feet of mineralized country rock. Assays range from 50 to 232 
ounces silver and $18 to $20 gold. 

The Blue Bell group at Hendryx on the east shore of the lake, consists of 
four claims owned by the Kootenai Mining & Smelting Company. The mine 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 145 

is on a band of crystalline limestone in the schists and the ore is mostly low 
grade galena and pyrrhotite, with some blende, iron and copper pyrites. It 
occupies irregular chambers, often of great size, in the limestone, the ore 
body now being worked measuring 200 feet long, seventy feet wide and 150 feet 
high. In the year 1895, 40,000 tons were shipped to the Pilot Bay smelter, 
eight miles down the lake, and there are vast quantities in sight. 

The Pilot Bay plant, which is owned by the same company, consists of a 
fully equipped concentrator with a capacity of 200 tons in twenty-four hours, 
four reverberatory furnaces of twelve tons capacity each in twenty-four 
hours, and one 100-ton water jacket blast furnace. A 150 horse-power engine 
runs the concentrator and sampling works, an eighty-five horse-power engine 
runs the blower and a thirty horse-power engine the dynamo, which lights the 
works. The plant employs 200 men. 

At the head of Hooker Creek, on the divide between Kootenai Lake and 
St. Mary's River, ten or twelve miles from the lake, is the Commonwealth 
group of three claims, under bond to the London & British Columbia Gold 
Fields Company. A tunnel runs 150. feet on a ledge of quartz four to sixteen 
feet wide, carrying galena, gray copper, silver sulphides and some gold. 
On the Express, adjoining, a cross-cut has been driven ninety feet to cut two 
ledges, two to two and one-half feet wide, carrying galena and gray copper. 

After a period of litigation, due to its location on the townsite of Ains- 
worth, the title to the Jeff Davis has been cleared and development has been 
taken up by the Jeff Davis Mining & Milling Company. It has two parallel 
ledges running north and south through lime, shale and slate, one of them 
showing two feet of galena in a thirty-foot cross-cut and being defined by 
many open cuts. Assays show 19 ounces silver and 78.9 per cent. lead. The 
west ledge is only twenty feet distant and has been denned by open cuts, 
email shafts and tunnels for a width of sixteen to forty feet and a length of 
400 feet. It carries sulphide ore assaying $2.75 gold, 94.2 ounces silver, 9.1 per 
cent, copper. A contract has been let for a 100-foot cross-cut to tap both 
ledges at a depth of seventy-five feet and hoisting machinery has been 
ordered. 

Development has also been resumed by the Ellen Silver Mining Company 
on the Ellen, on whicn a seventy-five foot tunnel has gained a depth of 
seventy-five feet on a six-foot ledge. The whole width averages fifty ounces 
silver and 48 per cent, lead and will pay to concentrate, but eighteen inches 
is clean shipping ore, assaying 80 ounces silver and 75 per cent. lead. 

Adjoining the Ellen is the Bonanza King, on which C. F. Clough & Co. 
have sunk sixty feet, showing four feet of galena ore, of which ten assays 
average $92.20 silver and lead. 

NELSON. 

Including the territory drained by the Kootenai River between its outlet 
from Kootenai Lake and its confluence with the Columbia River, also the 
watershed of Salmon River as far south as the boundary, this district has 
both gold-copper and silver-copper ore bodies of great size,, as proved in the 
Hall mines on Toad Mountain and in the Poorman group. After being out- 
stripped in the amount of production by the newer districts of Trail and 
Slocan, it has recently awakened revived interest by the extensive discoveries 
along the Salmon River and its tributaries. 

. The Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railroad runs through its center along 
Salmon River to Nelson, 200 miles from Spokane. From Vancouver, B. C, 
the route is by the Canadian Pacific to Revelstoke, 379 miles, by a branch 
railroad to Arrowhead, twenty-eight miles, by the Arrow Lake steamer to 
Robson and by the Columbia & Kootenai Railroad to Nelson. 

The greatest mine of this district is the Hall,: or Silver King, on Toad 
Mountain, eight and one-half miles by wagon road south of Nelson, owned by 
the Hall Mines Company, of London. The property consists of eighteen 
claims, of which the original four are on the silver-copper belt and the 
remainder on the gold belt. The silver-copper lode strikes east and w^st 
through the diabases and has no distinct walls, the ore-bearing solutions 
having probably impregnated the country rock on each side of the fissure. 
The development is on the main ore-chute, 200 to 225 feet long, but smaller 
ones are now being explored. The ledge has been traced almost continuously 
for nearly 3.000 feet and appears to have branched on the east, one fork run- 
ning southeast. 

The present company has been extending the workings of the old com- 
pany, consisting of 1,100 feet of tunnels, 345 feet of cross-cuts and several 
winzes, and has continued exploration by means of 22.000 feet of diamond 
drill-holes. The highest tunnel, near the summit, is eighty-five feet long and 
showed good ore, particularly in short winzes. The second tunnel. 132 feet, 
is a short distance below and is connected by two winzes with the lower 
workings. It has produced much high grade and considerable medium grade 
ore. In the main tunnel, 270 feet below the surface and extending 912 feet 



146 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

east along- the ledge, a small amount of mixed ore was struck at eighty-five 
feet and continued until, at 175 feet, three to four feet of good ore was 
followed down for seventy feet by a winze, which showed two to three feet 
of good ore, also encountered in a 100-foot drift and believed to be in a second 
chute. A compressed air hoist is used in sinking this winze to a connection 
with No. 5 tunnel, 210 feet below. At 345 feet the main tunnel enters a great 
ore chute and cuts it for over 200 feet. At first six to nine feet of very high 
grade ore was mined, but lower grade ore is also taken out now from a stope 
thirty-five to fifty feet wide and thirty-five to forty feet high, showing fifteen 
to thirty feet of medium ore in the roof, the chute narrowing at each end to a 
few feet. Half way along this stope another winze has been sunk on the 
hanging wall, 135 feet, and from it two levels extend, one at thirty feet with 
170 feet of drifts and sixty feet of crosscut and another at sixty feet, with 
seventy-five feet of drift and 110 feet of crosscut, both being connected by 
another winze. Considerable high grade ore has been stoped from these 
levels, with twelve to fifteen feet of lower grade remaining. Another body 
of good ore ten to twelve feet thick, is struck at thirty feet in a cross-cut 
fifty feet beyond the stope in the main tunnel and is again tapped, six feet 
thick, by a diamond drill-hole from a cross-cut 100 feet east. The new tunnel, 
300 feet west, shows two to three feet of mixed ore, carrying more galena 
than is found in the other workings. A sixty-five foot shaft with 120 feet of 
cross-cuts on the Kootenai Bonanza claim shows considerable good ore, 
believed to be in the extension of the Silver King ledge. 

Mr. Carlyle grades the ore into two classes: That carrying a high per- 
centage of value-bearing sulphides and lower grade country rock impregnated 
with a smaller amount. There is a rich zone in the chute, shown in the upper 
workings, consisting of bornite, some tetrahedrite, copper and iron pyrites 
and a little galena and zinc blende, and of this ore 200 tons averaged 190.9 
ounces silver, 18.17 per cent, copper, and 1,160 tons shipped by the present 
company averaged 119 ounces silver, 12.9 per cent, copper. When the smelter, 
to be described further, was built, 5,000 tons of ore on the dump assayed 46.44 
ounces silver, 5.92 per cent, copper. The grade of ore since produced has been 
lower, because it has become profitable to mine lower grade ore and because 
the bulk of the high grade ore in the present chute has been mined out. Thus 
the average value of 15,000 tons mined in 1896 was 20.52 ounces silver, 3.64 per 
cent, copper. 

The mine is equipped with a steam engine, twelve power drills and two 
compressors, and a sawmill and planer. From the bins below the sorting 
floor, the ore is carried 700 feet down a three-rail gravity tramway to the cable 
tramway which makes a descent of 3,750 feet vertically in a distance of four 
and four-tenth miles and has a capacity of 145 tons in ten hours. This tram- 
way extends from the mines to the smelter at Nelson. 

The smelting plant consists of one water-jacket blast furnace, to which 
is being added another with a capacity of over 200 tons a day, while the 
building has room for five stacks, brick dust chamber and stack; a sampling 
works, consisting of crushers and rolls; a refinery, consisting of reverberatory 
calcining furnace and reverberatory smelting furnace, in the latter of which 
the calcined matte will be reduced to blister copper; an eighty horse power 
engine; and a masonry reservoir, with a capacity of 150,000 gallons. This 
smelter was in blast for 255^ days from January 14, 1896, to January 1, 1897, 
and smelted 30,131 tons of ore, producing 632,960 ounces silver, 578.1 ounces gold, 
2,262,921 pounds copper. Of this quantity 271 tons was customs ore and the 
average value of the remainder is shown to be 21 ounces silver, 3.7 per cent, 
copper. This smelter was blown in on March 1 and will go into the customs 
business for the treatment of Trail Creek ores, while the new stack will be 
equipped for the treatment of silver- lead ores from Slocan. 

On the west extension of the Silver King ledge A. H. Kelly has been 
developing the Dandy. A seventy-five foot tunnel shows the ledge three and 
one-half to four feet wide, carrying copper pyrites, bornite, galena and spathic 
iron. A cross-cut of sixty-five feet taps the ledge at another point and a 
drift of 170 feet shows copper ores and galena, as in the other. A fifty-foot 
open cut exposes the vein three or four feet wide and a 170-foot tunnel follows 
it for 100 feet. 

The Iroquois, owned by J. E. Boss, of Spokane, appears to have a parallel 
ledge of the same character, which has been explored by means of tunnels, 
open cuts and diamond drill-holes. 

On the Grizzly Bear the Stadacona Silver-Copper Mining Company has 
traced the east extension of the Silver King ledge and has shown good ore in 
a shaft, but in 300 feet of tunnels and cross-cuts has failed to tap the ledge. 

The Silver Queen Mining Company, of Victoria, has resumed prospecting 
with the diamond drill on the Silver Queen, which is believed to have one of 
the branches of the Silver King ledge. There are good indications in several 
open cuts and silver-copper ore has been struck in a shaft. 

The Poorman group of six claims on Eagle Creek, six miles west of Nelson 
and two miles from the Kootenai River, is owned by N. L. Davenport and 
others, and has two ledges of free milling and concentrating ore striking 
about north and south through hornblendic granite. The main ledge, which 
varies in width from a few inches to five or six feet, is tapped by a ninety-foot 
cross-cut, from which drifts run 180 feet south and 325 feet north, In the 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 147 

south drift the ore varies from a stringer to five or six feet, with six to eight 
inches in the face, and has been stoped practically to the surface. In the 
north drift is a stope seventy to eighty feet long and averaging two feet wide. 
A second cross-cut to tap the ledge in 450 feet at a depth of 300 feet, is in 14j) 
feet and has cut a small ledge from which fifty tons of ore have been mined 
in a forty-foot drift. A tunnel has been driven 140 feet on the other ledge, 
showing in one place two to three feet of ore and in others only two small 
veins, carrying iron and copper pyrites and galena. About eighty tons of 
this ore have been milled, giving somewhat higher returns than the other. 
The mine is equipped with a three-drill compressor, a ten-stamp mill and 
three vanners, run by water power, the water being brought by flume and 
pipe from Eagle Creek. Water is only sufficient from April to July inclusive, 
but Sandy Creek would furnish more by two miles of fluming and the Koo- 
tenai River would give ample power. About $100,000 has been taken from the 
main ledge, the ore averaging about $16 and concentrating about ten into one. 
As depth is gained, the value goes more into sulphides. 

The Royal Canadian group of three claims, a mile west of the Poorman, 
has two quartz ledges in granite, on one of which a 205-foot tunnel shows six 
to forty-two inches, with an average of sixteen inches, carrying $12 to $14 gold, 
while eight assays ranged from $8 to $51. This ore carries 8 to 12 per cent, iron 
pyrites and some copper pyrites. Another tunnel, fifty feet above, is in sixty- 
six feet, showing the same ledge four to twelve inches wide. On the other 
ledge a short tunnel shows the parallel ledge two to twelve inchs wide, carry- 
ing some iron and copper pyrites and fifteen tons of this ore yielded $14.50 free 
gold at the Poorman mill. 

On the south extension of the Royal Canadian is the Muldoon, on which 
M. Monahan has shown a small stringer in a tunnel. 

The Majestic, owned by John Miles, shows eight to thirty-six inches of 
quartz, carrying little pyrites, in a 120-foot tunnel. A parallel ledge twelve to 
sixteen inches, carrying free gold, shows in an open cut. 

The Starlight group of six claims, 4,000 feet above the Kootenai River, 
has two auriferous schistose bands. One of these is shown by a tunnel 209 
feet to be 148 feet wide between two porphyry dikes and assays $3, of which 
35 per cent, is free. At 158 feet a drift was run fifty-nine feet east and 
seventy-two feet west on a parallel ledge of quartz, six to thirty-six inches 
wide, assaying $2.50 to $32 gold, which can be traced 700 or 800 feet on the sur- 
face, ninety feet above. The other band of schistose ore is opened by a fifty- 
foot tunnel. 

The Fern group of three claims and two fractions, under bond by Frank 
Fletcher and Capt. Duncan to the Montreal & British Columbia Development 
Company, is four and one-half miles by trail from Hall's Siding on the Nelson 
& Fort Sheppard Railroad and has a ledge averaging about two feet and 
carrying iron and copper pyrites, between walls of porphyry and schist. The 
lowest working is a twenty-foot cross-cut, from which a drift runs twenty-- 
five feet on the ledge, in two to three feet of decomposed quartz carrying free 
gold, and a winze is down twenty-two feet. The ledge is shown above this 
by an open cut and fifty feet higher by a fifteen-foot shaft in which it is 
twenty-one inches wide; fifty feet higher still, it is eighteen to twenty-four 
incites in an open cut. The longest tunnel is 350 feet, driven 200 feet above the 
lowest tunnel, and shows the ledge four inches to three and one-half feet, 
While an ore chute thirty inches wide has just been entered, which is said to 
assay 12 ounces gold. A third tunnel, sixty feet higher, runs 160 feet on the 
ledge, which widens from three inches to three and one-half feet. A two- 
stamp prospecting mill has been erected, but is not running. A shipment of 
twenty-five tons to the Pilot Bay smelter returned $39 gross. 

The Athabasca group of four claims on Morning Mountain, two miles from 
Nelson, has been acquired by the Athabasca Gold Mining Company. Seven 
ledges have been opened, ranging from one to eight feet wide, all showing free 
gold with some iron and copper pyrites. The company has begun develop- 
ment and intends to erect a stamp mill. 

The more recent discoveries have shown the mountains through which 
Salmon River flows southward into the Pend d'Oreille from the same ridge, 
which drains northward into the Kootenai, to be equally well veined with 
mineral. Here the sulphide ores are found in some instances to be equally 
rich in gold and silver and to have galena and native silver associated with 
them. There are also great bodies of iron-capped sulphide ore in a diorite 
formation, similar to those in Trail Creek on the west. 

Development is in progress by the Dundee Gold Mining Company on the 
Parker group of three claims between Wild Horse and Porcupine Creeks, 
three-quarters of a mile from the Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railroad. The 
ledge crops fifteen feet wide between a granite footwall and a hanging wall of 
black augitic rock, and an eighty-five foot shaft on the hanging wall shows 
six feet of quartz carrying iron sulphurets and a little galena and assaying $22 
gold and two ounces silver. The shaft is being extended to the 100-foot level, 
when a cross-cut will be made. 

A property which has attracted much attention by its rich surface show- 
ings is the Elsie, five miles by trail from the railroad, which is being devel- 
oped by the Elise Gold Mining Company. The ledge is six feet wide between 
slate walls and carries two to three feet of pay ore, the mineral being iron - 



148 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

and copper sulphides, galena, black sulphurets and native silver. Three 
samples across the pay streak at places ten feet apart assayed: Gold $60.80, 
silver 116 ounces; gold $80.S0, silver 37 ounces; gold $88, silver 17 ounces. Ten 
assays from various parts of the ledge ranged from $7.20 gold and 1 ounce 
silver up to $1,046 gold and 234 ounces silver, an eleventh assay having shown 
only a trace of gold and 6^ ounces silver. 

The Cromwell, on the north fork of Salmon River, fifteen miles from the 
railroad, with a wagon road within three miles, is being developed by the 
Cromwell Mining & Development Company. A twelve-foot shaft shows three 
feet. of quartz carrying pyrites, which assays $80 to $140, mostly in gold. 

The Salmon River Gold Mining Company has the Swinker group of three 
claims twenty-eight miles east of Waneta Station. They are on the south 
slope of a high, rounded mountain and in a diorite formation have four wide 
iron-capped ledges running east and west. A number of open cuts have 
shown their character and in one is almost four feet of solid pyrrhotite, 
assaying 50 cents to $3 gold on the surface, such values as have been shown on 
the surface of similar ledges in Trail Creek. 

The Bear Creek Mining Company is developing the Portland group of four 
claims on the divide between Bear and Beaver Creeks and many other prop- 
erties in the same district are making good showings in the course of develop- 
ment. 

+®+© f ©+@+©+©+©+®+ 

BOUND AEY CREEK. 

This district, occupying the middle ground between the Okanogan River 
and the Trail Creek mining district, and including an area of l,bi00 square 
miles immediately north of the boundary, has risen into prominence during 
the last few years and is now the scene of as much activity as Trail Creek 
when the latter's wealth had been proved but had not been poured forth in 
the form of dividends. Its development has been retarded by its remoteness 
from transportation, but this defect is likely to be soon repaired by the 
extension of the Columbia& Western Railroad from Rossland through the 
heart of this country to a connection at Penticton with the Canadian Pacific 
steamer on Okanogan Lake, which connects with the Sieamous branch of that 
railroad. The road is now under construction up the Columbia River from 
Trail to Robson, a distance of twenty-five miles, and $1,500,000 has been raised 
for the further extension across the mountains, down Christina Lake and the 
North Kettle River, up Kettle and Okanogan Rivers to Penticton. The 
Spokane Falls & Northern has also made surveys for a line from Marcus up 
Kettle River to run partly through Washington and partly through British 
Columbia. 

The present routes into this country are from Vancouver, B. C, by the 
Canadian Pacific Railroad to Sieamous Junction, 331 miles; thence by the 
Sieamous branch to Okanogan Landing, fifty-one miles; from there by the 
steamer Aberdeen to Penticton, eighty miles; then by stage to Midway, eighty- 
five miles; Boundary Falls, eighty-nine miles; Anaconda, ninety-two miles; 
Greenwood, ninety-three miles; Carson, 105 miles; Grand Forks, 110 miles, in 
each instance from Penticton. The other route is from Spokane by the 
Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad to Marcus, 102 miles, or Bossburg, 110 
miles, thence by stage to Grand Forks, forty-five miles, the distances to 
other points being obtained by reckoning along the first-named route in the 
opposite direction. Robert Wood, of Greenwood, has built a wagon road 
from that town to Greenwood and Wellington Camps at a cost of $5,000 and 
has also extended the road from Deadwood Camp as far as Copper Camp. 
Another road has been built from Midway to White's, or Central, Camp, 
shortening the distance to five miles, and the British Columbia Prospecting 
Synidcate has made one up Boundary Creek to Long Lake Camp. Exten- 
sions are being continually made, and trails lead to the remaining camps. 

The Boundary Creek district comprises the area between the mouth of 
Rock Creek on the west and the north fork of Kettle River on the east, 
between the boundary on the south and the source of Boundary Creek, twelve 
miles north. 

The geology and mineral formation of this district are best described by 
Samuel S. Fowler, a mining engineer of Chicago, in a report prepared for 
W. T. Thompson, of Midway, after an examination extending over nearly a 
year. He said: 

"The basal rocks of the district are quartzites, mica and hydro-mica' 
schists, some clay slates and bands of limestone. I have assumed these to be 
of the Cambrian or pre-Cambrian age. They are highly tilted and altered 
and extend from just west of Boundary Creek eastward. From this western 
limit we find more recent, probably Devonian or lower carboniferous lime- 
'stones, and further west again cretaceous sandstones, shales, etc., appear. 

"All these stratified rocks are penetrated and disturbed by an extensive 
series of eruptive rocks of different ages and nature. These include granite, 
syenite, trachyte, porphyry and diorite. These eruptives are more or less 
ultimately connected with almost all the mineral deposits examined. No 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 149 

systematic geological survey has been undertaken here and until it has been 
it will be impracticable to interpret the gelogical evidence intelligently. 

"In a general way, however, I may say that the granites along Boundary 
Creek seem to be accompanied by the dry silver and gold ores shown in Provi- 
dence and Skylark Camps, etc., while the diorite belts running nearly east and 
west are accompanied by the basic sulphides in considerable bodies along 
contacts. In this respect the district is somewhat similar to Trail Creek, 
although there the diorites are found to penetrate the granite rocks rather 
than the metamorphic series. 

"As a whole the ores of Boundary Creek may be classed as gold. They 
consist largely of mixtures of various iron sulphides, with small amounts of 
copper pyrites, all more or less auriferous. There are exceptions, which will 
be noted. 

"In Copper Camp we find an essentially straight copper ore. It consists 
principally of copper glance in quartz, with more or less red oxide or native 
copper near the surface. In Deadwood Camp the most prominent feature is 
a large body of magnetic iron (often polaric), through which is disseminated 
auriferous copper pyrites. Passing east over the Boundary Creek valley to 
Greenwood Camp, we find again large bodies of magnetite on some claims; in 
others, at less elevation, quartz accompanied by specular iron and calcite. In 
each case copper pyrites is present, with more or less gold. White's Camp 
and Wellington both show considerable amounts of iron and copper sulphides, 
gold-bearing in all cases. In the north part of the district the Long Lake 
Camp is found in a granite and schist belt with radically different ores. These 
are quartz, carrying free gold at the surface. Below we find silver glance, 
tellurides of gold and silver, native tellurium, along with blende, and small 
amounts of galena in some of the veins. Again in Providence and Skylark 
Camps, on both sides of Boundary Creek, quartz veins in the schists or 
granite or in the contacts, carrying the dry ores of silver, are found; also 
occasionally small amounts of galena, etc., are present. Graham Camp 
exhibits purely copper ores; here, however, these are almost entirely copper 
pyrites instead of glance, as in the Copper Camp. 

"The great number of claims located within three or four months have 
been principally on ground in or near the largest of the diorite belts. The 
great majority of these are practically as they were found, and I have seen 
but few of them. There is much ground that has yet never even been walked 
over; much of it is covered by dense forest; in many places the 'wash' is 
heavy, and yet mineral in place continues to be found. Whether or not lead 
ores will be found in any more than the limited quantity shown at present is 
doubtful, but from what is already seen the district is essentially one of 
copper and gold, and in which more or less dry silver ores are incidental." 

Mr. Fowler goes on to discuss the principal claims in detail, and then sum- 
marizes his facts, as follows: 

"From the foregoing we find: One camp producing copper ore, as such, 
with little precious metal. Again, in and near the Boundary Creek valley, a 
belt of dry silicious silver-gold ores, carrying practically no copper. East of 
this many groups of claims with mixed pyritous ores, containing gold and 
copper. These in many cases are not in need of preliminary concentration; 
in others again they are. Roughly speaking, they average 4 to 5 per cent, 
copper and carry $2 to $3 gold to the unit of copper." . 

Prospecting extended gradually eastward from the placers on Rock Creek, 
which are described in another chapter. L. M. McLarren, of Boundary Falls, 
worked placers on Boundary Creek in 1884 and in 1885, on a mountain over- 
looking his home located the Tunnel claim on a two-foot ledge of quartz, 
carrying iron 'sulphurets, gold and galena. He ran a tunnel sixty feet on it 
and got various assays, running about $12 gold and 28 ounces silver, in one 
place finding a little nickel. The lack of transportation caused him to 
abandon the claim in 1890, but meanwhile in 1887 W. T. Smith had located the 
Nonsuch on the same mountain and gave the place the name Smith's Camp. 
On the surface he found three feet of slate, carrying galena, iron, gold and a 
little gray copper. He has run two -tunnels seventy-nve feet apart, one eighty 
feet and the other 200 feet long, giving a depth of 500 feet and showing a ledge 
of free milling ore two to three feet wide, which on a milling test save $28 
gold, but at depth changes to iron sulphurets. The Last Chance, the north 
extension of the Nonsuch, has a shaft about sevnty-five feet deep showing 
two to three feet of iron pyrites, with galena near the surface and in places, 
as depth was gained, carrying native silver in sheets, this ore being worth as 
high as $75. The Republic, a northwest extension of the Nonsuch, had twelve 
inches of $40 gold and silver ore showing in a twenty-foot shaft. These three 
claims have been incorporated by Mr. Smith and his partners. 

The Northern Chief, located in 1892 by James Atwood, showed twelve 
inches of free milling ore in a ten-foot shaft. The Snokane & Great Northern 
Mining Company bought it, erected a two-stamp mill and milled the ore until 
at forty feet of depth it changed to sulphurets. The claim was then 
abandoned and the mill removed. In 1895 John Winters and others relocated 
it as the Boundary Falls and, sinking the shaft six feet further, ran into $50 
free milling ore. 

On the Great Hesper and Hecla, J. C. Haas, of Greenwood, and James 
McNicol, of Midway, have shown by a twenty-five foot tunnel a four-foot 



150 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

ledge carrying copper and iron pyrites and galena, assaying $3 to $8 gold, 10 to 
50 ounces silver. On the Golconda, a twenty-foot shaft shows a fifteen-foot 
ledge, in which the pay ore assays $3 to $15 gold. 

On the opposite side of Boundary Creek the Ruby, owned by Messrs. Cook 
and McMahon, has a forty-foot shaft with a good showing of ore, which has 
assayed as high as $3 to $5 gold and 23 per cent, copper. The American Boy, 
adjoining, owned by R. Louis Rutter, of Spokane, has a ledge sixteen to 
seventeen inches wide on which a shaft has been sunk seventy-five feet. Two 
or three tons have been shipped to the smelter and ran about 200 ounces in 
silver and $20 in gold. 

Traveling up Boundary Creek, one comes next to the section called Provi- 
dence Camp, which extends from the confines of Anaconda northward one 
mile beyond Greenwood and to the crest of the ridge on each side of the 
«anyon, and contains small ledges of very high grade ore. The first discovery 
was the Providence, made in 1892, by F. A. Bartholomew, and now owned by 
the Spokane & Great Northern Mining Company. There is a series of rich 
streaks of gold-bearing galena, one of which shows twelve to eighteen inches 
thick in a sixty-five foot shaft. Several carloads of ore were shipped to the 
Tacoma smelter and yielded from 5% ounces gold and 238 ounces silver to y 2 
ounce gold and 438 ounces silver. The same company also owns the Defiance, 
the vein on which carries rich sulphides of silver, and made two shipments in 
1893, yielding respectively 380 and 680 ounces silver and 1.8 and 3 ounces gold. 

The Texas, owned by J. L. Wiseman and Charles Vanness, of Grand 
Forks, has three prospect holes on a ledge of pyrites, so far shown to be 
twenty feet against a trap footwall, with the hanging wall not in sight, and 
traced on the surface for 800 feet. - The ore assays from 4 per cent, copper, $1 
gold and 2 ounces silver to 3 per cent, copper, $11 gold and 4 ounces silver, and 
ore has been struck carrying native silver. The Master Mason, owned by 
F. A. and C. E. Bartholomew, has a three-foot ledge of galena and pyrites 
between walls of slate and quartzite. A fifty-foot shaft has been sunk with 
a fourteen-foot drift from the bottom, showing the vein to hold its width and 
improve in quality. It assays $10 to $38 gold and 75 to 125 ounces silver. F. A. 
Bartholomew also owns the Combination, on which there is a two-foot ledge 
between slate and quartzite with a six-inch pay streak of very rich ore, 
carrying native silver, galena and free gold, and assaying 100 ounces ^silver, $25 
gold. A shaft has been sunk twenty-five feet, showing the native silver to 
increase with depth. 

A parallel ledge runs north and south' on the east side of Boundary Creek 
below Greenwood and two miles on the west side, being cut by the creek. The 
original location was the Black Bess, by Mr. Dickman, in 1892, on a twelve- 
inch ledge abutting on Anaconda town, and it was relocated in 1894 by A. N. 
Symons and Joseph Wallace, who shipped eleven tons of unsorted ore. It 
returned iy 2 ounces gold, 29 ounces silver and 8% per cent. lead. Extensions 
were then located north and south. 

On the south the Capital Prize, owned by Thomas Humphrey, has a shaft 
six feet deep on a four-foot ledge of galena carrying about $100 gold and 
silver. 

The Lead King, owned by A. N. Symons, has a nine-foot ledge traced for 
1,000 feet on the surface, the High Kicker, by J. Wilbur, being a south exten- 
sion. The Coming Man, by Harry Morgan, has fifteen feet between walls on 
a parallel lead to the Lead King. 

To the north is the Mammoth, owned by Fred Dittmer, who sank a shaft 
twenty-five feet and ran a tunnel thirty feet on a twelve-inch ledge which 
assayed 107 ounces silver and $22 gold. 

On the Dundee, next to the north, Robert Wood and James Sutherland 
have sunk a shaft thirty-five or forty feet on a twelve-inch ledge of quartz. 

The G. A. R. group of eight claims to the north, on the west of the creek 
is owned by the Boundary Creek Mining Company, and are all supposed to 
be on the same ledge, as they have similar white quartz carrying- galena 
between walls of diorite and occasionally lime, wherever walls have been 
found. One claim shows eleven inches of galena in a twentv-foot shaft and 
carries $20 gold, 8 ounces silver. A parallel ledge twenty-five feet wide 
has only been uncovered and not assayed, and another ledge ten feet wide is 
undeveloped. On another ledge a shaft is down thirty-five feet showing it 
four to twelve feet wide, with an eight-inch pay streak carrying galena 
native silver and free gold. A shipment of four and one-half tons to Tacoma 
returned about $100 and assays have ranged from $30 to $100. Another led°-e 
shows twelve inches of galena and wire silver in a small shaft, assays ranging 
from 50 ounces silver and $8 gold upwards. 

The Anaconda, owned by Thomas McDonald and W. G. McMynn and the 
J. A. C, owned by D. A. Holbrook, adjoining the G. A. R., are both copper 
properties, carrying gold and silver, and show surface indications of a large 
ledge. 

A tour of the district naturally takes one next to Deadwood Camp two 
and one-half miles west of Greenwood. The discovery claim was the Mother 
Lode, one of the greatest in the district, and dates from 1891, being found 
by William McCormick, M. K. Ingram. W. T. Thompson and W. W G'bbs 
It has been bonded through W. T. Thompson, of Midway, to Col. John Weir* 
of New York, who is now developing it. It has a contact ledge between 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 151 

walls of lime and syenite, capped with magnetic iron (often polaric), and 
has been traced for 1,200 feet and to a width of over 100 feet by croppings. 
The surface ore assayed $1.50 to $12 gold (rarely the latter), but as depth was 
attained in a 190-foot cross-cut, of which 150 feet is in ore, the magnetic iron 
gave place to pyrrhotite richer in gold, and this to pyrrhotite, with quartz 
and zinc blende, with still higher gold values. Beyond the walls, the surface 
country rock is slightly mineralized for a width of 600 feet. 

The Crown Silver and Sunset, on two parallel ledges of the same char- 
acter, have been bonded by W. W. Gibbs and James Schofield to a Montreal 
syndicate for $16,000. The Sunset ledge is 750 feet between walls of porphyry 
and quartzite, and has been traced for 400 feet; the Crown Silver has a crop- 
ping fifty feet wide and has been traced the same distance. The Sunset 
has a tunnel in twenty-five feet, a shaft eighteen feet and an open cut forty 
feet across the vein, all in ore of the same character, and though the vein 
has not been cross-cut both walls have been found. The Crown Silver has 
a twelve-foot shaft and a twenty-foot tunnel, showing a still better grade of 
ore and well-defined walls. The Sunset ore is copper sulphides assaying $6 
to $10 gold and 10 per cent, copper. 

The Great Hopes, bonded by J. P. Harlan and others to the Great Hopes 
Mining Company for $12,000, has a vein of arsenical iron, which can be traced 
for nearly the whole length of the claim. The ore chute is three and one- 
half feet wide, traced for 400 feet and assays an ounce of gold. Numerous 
open cuts have been made, a shaft is down twenty-five feet and a tunnel 
on the vein forty feet, all showing the same width and quality of ore. The 
Gem, owned by W. McCormick and John Dunn, who have bonded a half 
interest to Garland & Hayes, of Portage la Prairie; the Iron Top and Gold 
Drop, by John Dunn and Samuel Larsen, also have good showings. 

The Morrison, owned by George T. Crane and others, of Spokane, has a 
ledge carrying arsenical iron and copper pyrites and assaying $6 to $20 gold 
and as high as 40 per cent, copper. A shaft has been sunk about fifty feet 
to the ledge showing a large body of ore, but its width has not been defined 
by a cross-cut. 

The real beginning of the movement into this district was the discovery 
of Copper Camp, three and one-half miles further west than Deadwood along 
the same road from Greenwood, on the divide between Copper and Ingram 
Creeks. Locations had been made as early as 1880, but local historians date 
discoveries from 1887, when George Bowman and George Layson found a 
great contact ledge carrying red oxide of copper, black oxide of copper, 
some copper carbonates and pyrrhic oxide of iron, carrying gold and silver, 
native copper and copper glance. They located the Blue Bird on it in the 
following year, but lost it through not doing assessment work, and in 1889 
Austin Hammer and John Moran located the Copper Mine, including half 
the Blue Bird, and William Austin located the Last Chance, including the 
other half. The King Solomon is owned by the Spokane & Great Northern 
Mining Company. The Last Chance, Enterprise, by T. Humphrey, Ewing 
Keightley and Scott McRae, and Honolulu are extensions of the King Solo- 
mon lead; the Yucatan, by George Riter, on the Copper Mine extension; the 
Copperopolis, by Mr. Riter; the Jumbo, by T. L. Savage; the Cuprite, by 
Scott McRae and others; the Paramatta, by Robert Burrows, and the Har- 
quehla, by Martin Griffin. All these claims are on the northeast extension 
of the Copper Mine lead, tracing it for over 13,000 feet in that direction, 
while six or seven other claims beyond are supposed extensions southwest 
from the Copper Mine, and adjoining its south side is the Last Chance, 
from which the lead extends to the Sycamore, located by Frank Beaucnene, 
other locations stretching miles to the southwest. The King Solomon and 
Copper Queen are on parallel ledges east of the Copper Mine, and the Copper 
Bottom, by George Riter, is on the same side. 

The Copper has been bonded for $27,000 to Col. John Weir, of the American 
Metal Company, who sank a fifty-foot shaft in lime on the footwall and a 
ninety-foot cross-cut run to the porphyry hanging wall, showing twenty- 
seven feet of ore between walls, continually improving with depth. Above 
this ledge are others of similar ore, which can be cross-cut at a depth of 
over 500 feet from the bottom of the shaft. Assays show 5 per cent, and 
upwards in copper. The main ledge is nowhere iess than twenty feet wide, 
on the Copper Mine is fifty feet at least, on the Enterprise forty feet, widen- 
ing at one point to 100 feet, and on the Last Chance thirty-five feet. The 
King Solomon ledge has been defined to a width of fourteen feet, and the 
Copper Queen of twelve feet. The pitch of the Copper Mine lead is from 
flat to 20 degrees and the course is east northeast. No average assays of 
the whole ledge are possible till both walls are shown up, but those so far 
obtained run from $5 to $125 gold, silver and copper. 

Returning to Greenwood and climbing the mountain to the east, one 
comes in two miles to Skylark Camp on the divide between Twin and Lind 
Creeks, where large pyrites ledges are found in close association with galena. 
The first discovery, made in 1893, was a three-inch streak of galena, on which 
Samuel Bloyer and James Atwood located the Skylark and Last Chance and 
Thomas Wake the Denver. It widened with depth, and assayed 200 to 1,200 
ounces silver 2Vo to 4 ounces gold. The Skylark was bonded to H. C. 
Walters for $5,000, and he leased it to others, who sank forty-four feet and 



152 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

made a shipment which returned $158 gold and silver. Then the Spokane & 
Great Northern Mining Company took it and shipped sixty-two tons via 
Marcus, which yielded 1,892 ounces silver, 15 ounces gold per ton, freight 
being $30. The mine had so far paid for its development, but the ledge being 
broken, it was returned to the owners. They sank seventy-five feet further, 
struck it again thirty-two inches wide and sold to the Lexington Mining 
Company. It carries gray copper, steel galena, ruby shver ana about 7 per 
cent, lead, assaying from 50 to 2,000 ounces silver, $10 to $50 gold. Develop- 
ment is being continued and shows increasing value. On the Denver, also 
sold to the same company, a thirty-foot shaft and a cross-cut showed thirty 
feet of iron pyrite, also running through the Skylark. 

The Silver King, owned by Thomas Wake and James Atwood, has several 
parallel ledges of pyrrhotite with streaks of galena one to four inches wide, 
and a cross-cut iifty feet from the footwall has not reached the hanging 
wall. Assays of the pyrrhotite show $4.25 to $5.25 gold, besides copper. On 
the same ledges are the Santa Anna and T. & B. 

The Last Chance, owned by George Cook and Messrs. Reed and Cole, of 
Spokane, had two to six inches of galena on the surface, which widened to 
twenty-four inches in an eighty-foot shaft. 

The Golden Crown and Lookout, owned by Richard Watson, both have 
ten inches of galena, assaying $5 gold and 9 ounces silver, and a ten-foot 
shaft on the Golden Crown shows it to maintain its width. 

East of the Skylark are the Lulu, Nellie Cotton, Blue Jay, Smuggler, 
Red Rock and Skyline, all with good surface showings of quartz, carrying 
$11 gold. The Nellie Cotton has a thirty-foot shaft showing the ledge thirty 
inches wide. 

The Crescent, owned by William Dittmer and Robert Mack, has twelve 
to eighteen inches of galena, on which there is a twenty-foot shaft. Assays 
have run from 116 to 1,126 ounces silver and $22 to $54 gold. The Mexico, the 
west extension of the Crescent, owned by Scott McRae and others, has a 
ten-foot shaft on the same ledge. 

The Nightingale and Mayflower, owned by C. Christy, have a capping of 
magnetic iron sixty feet wide, which has assayed $8 gold, 7 per cent, copper 
and some silver, but only surface prospecting has been done. 

The Trilby, bonded by W. H. Norris and Randolph Stuart to W. Nelson, 
of Boundary Falls, has a twenty-foot shaft, a twenty-five-foot cross-cut 
on the Mayflower extension. 

Two and a half miles further east, on the divide between Lind and Fourth 
of July Creeks, is Greenwood Camp, noted for its ledges of pyritic ore, equal 
in size to those of Deadwood. The Stemwinder, located by Robert Denzler 
and James Atwood, and sold for $12,000 to the Pyrite Smelting Company, of 
Butte, has two parallel ledges, twenty feet and seven or eight feet wide, of 
iron and copper pyrites, which has given assays ranging from $5 to $o0 gold, 
5 to 6 per cent, copper and 1 to 8 ounces silver. The owners have sunk a 
double compartment shaft sixty feet between the two ledges, drifted twenty- 
five feet from that point eastward, cross-cutting the small vein and then 
sunk. They have also sunk a shaft fifty feet on the larger vein. 

On the same ledges are the Gray Eagle, owned by James Scholield and 
John Stevens; the Knob Hill, owned by H. P. Palmerston, Henry White, C. 
J. Lundy, John Stevens, John Hotter and A. B. Jones, of Spokane, who have 
given a bond for $30,000; the Old Ironsides, recently sold by the Old Ironsides 
Mining Company for $15,000; the Phoenix, owned by Thomas Tighe, James 
Schofield and Thomas McDonald; the Montezuma, owned by Ewen Keightley. 
On these claims the ledge shows up fifty to 100 feet wide, and development 
on a large scale is in progress on the Old Ironsides. On the Montezuma are 
two shafts, twenty and twelve feet deep respectively, and the ledge haa 
been traced to a width of sixty-six feet. Assays show $4 to $38 gold and 11 
per cent copper. 

The greatest development has been done by the Montreal & Vancouver 
Prospecting & Development Company on the Snowshoe group of three claims, 
which were bonded for $58,500. There are three distinct ledges, running 
nearly north and south, ranging from fifty to 200 feet wide, of iron and copper 
pyrites, carrying gold and silver, between walls of diorite. About 225 feet of 
development work has been done, one shaft being down 110 feet, another 
seventy-five feet and a number of prospect holes six to twelve feet, the ledge 
cropping out 100 feet wide and assaying $6 to $53 gold and 13 per cent, copper. 
The company ran a number of diamond drill holes, sank shafts forty and 
seventy-five feet, and cross-cut fifty to sixty feet from the footwall towards 
the hanging wall, showing ore which carried $15 to $25 gold, 3 to 10 per cent, 
copper. The cross-cuts showed 122 feet of ore of various grades in the Gold 
Drop, and some of the diamond drill cores assayed $50 gold. The company 
took up its bond on this claim and dropped that on the Snowshoe and Mon- 
arch. The Monarch was bonded to R. E. Brown, of South Africa, who also 
bought the Tamarack for $4,000 cash and bonded the Dandy for $10,000, and 
is preparing for development. 

Adjoining the Stemwinder on the west is the Brooklyn, owned by Joseph 
Taylor, George Rumberger and Stephen Mangitt, who have cross-cut eighty 
or ninety feet from the lime footwall, and not yet found the hanging wall. 

West of the Monarch is the War Eagle, owned by Robert Denzler and 



mining in the pacific northwest. iss 

Thomas Johnson, which is locally known as the mineral ranch, every stake 
being in mineral. A shaft has been sunk twenty feet in one ledge of un- 
known width and an open cut runs across another ledge, which it shows to 
be twenty-live feet wide, with no hanging wall yet discovered. The ore 
assays $2 to $6 gold and 3 to 11 per cent, copper. 

The Vitoria, owned by John Stevens, adjoins the Old Ironsides on the 
east, and has a ledge fifty feet wide, on which a shaft is down fifteen feet, 
and a number of cross-cuts have been made to find the walls. 

To the south of this is the Etna, owned by George Rumberger, and be- 
tween the Etna, Monarch and War Eagle is the Missing Link, owned by 
George Rumberger and Harry Morgan, who have run a cioss-cut on the 
ledge, but have only one wall. 

In 1895 prospecting was extended up Boundary Creek to Long Lake, one 
of its sources, by Louis Bosshart, Fred Dittman, C. Thomet and Spencer 
Benerman, and they discovered a series of gold and silver-bearing ledges on 
bjQth shores, running northeast and southwest through schists, quartzite and 
dikes of diorite. The ledges carry iron and copper pyrites and galena, with 
occasional tellurides of lead and silver. On the Gold Drop, Messrs. Bosshart 
and Dittmer have sunk twenty feet on three to four feet of ore, giving very 
high assays. The North Star, on the north extension, owned by Robert 
Wood and J. W. H. Wood, by C. Thomet, shows a ledge three to five feet 
in a thirty-five-foot shaft, assaying from $30 upward, and the shaft has been 
extended seventy-five feet and a tunnel run 100 feet. Beyond this is the 
Golden Eagle, by Messrs. Benerman and Peterson, and Mr. Benerman has 
the Silent Friend, in which a small shaft shows thirty inches of $50 ore. The 
Jewel was located on a parallel ledge by Messrs. Bosshart and Dittmer, who 
have shown $26 ore in four small shafts, while a lower cropping shows $46 ore. 
On the extension of this ledge are the Anchor, Ethiopia, Robert Emmet 
and Enterprise fraction, and beyond these is the Dinero Grande, on which 
Messrs. McArthur and Shonquest have a five-foot ledge well mintrahzed, 
shown in a shaft and cross-cut. The Jewel and Dinero Grande have been 
bonded for $60,000 to Leslie Hill, for the British Columbia Prospecting Syndi- 
cate, who has erected a steam hoist, pump and power drills and is sinking 
a shaft. 

On the north end of the lake, C. Thomet, Robert Wood and J. W. H. 
Wood have run a tunnel over 100 feet on a ledge on the Lakeview, which 
widens to three and one-half feet and carries hessite, native, leafy and wire 
copper, surface specimens having assayed $60 gold. 

On the west side of the lake, A. B. Jones, of Spokane, John Powell and 
Mrs. Robert Wood, of Greenwood, have the Roderick Dhu on two ledgea 
twelve and forty-eight inches wide. On the smaller, a fifty-foot shaft 
showed galena which assayed $80 gold and 80 ounces silver, and on the wider 
vein two cross-cuts showed antimonial silver, somewhat lower in value. 
On the Samson, Mr. Galloway, of Vancouver, B. C, has two to three feet 
of ore running $20 in gold 

In traveling from Greenwood to Grand Forks, one comes to Wellington 
Camp, nine miles from the former place, the characteristic ores being pyrrho- 
tite and copper pyrites. The first discovery here was the Oro in 1892 by 
Joseph Taylor on a three-foot ledge of silver-bearing quartz. Then W. J. 
Peter and Thomas Russell located the Golden Crown on a ledge of free- 
milling ore three or four feet wide, which a sixty-foot shaft and several 
open cuts show to widen, the ore assaying from $7 to $200 gold, and averaging 
$60 gold at forty feet deep. This is under bond to the Golden Crown & 
Brantford Mining Company for $30,000. This company has also bonded the 
Calumet for $18,000, on which is a twelve-foot ledge carrying pyrrhotite, assay- 
ing $4 to $32 gold, besides copper. 

The Winnipeg, adjoining the Golden Crown, is owned by Duncan Mcintosh 
and has a ledge seventeen feet wide, on which shafts have been sunk thirty- 
five and sixty feet with a drift of thirty feet at the fifty-foot level, on ore 
averaging $50 gold. One shipment of eight tons has been made. The Calumet, 
adjoining the Winnipeg, is owned by R. F. McCarren and has a twelve-foot 
ledge carying pyrrhotite, which assays $4 to $32 gold and a little copper. 

On the Keystone group Joseph Taylor has sunk shafts twelve to fifteen 
feet and run several cross-cuts, showing sixteen feet from the footwall with 
no hanging wall in sight, assays running $4 to $5 gold and 5 per cent, copper. 
On the northeast extension Taylor & Co. have sunk twenty-five and fourteen 
feet on two ledges assaying $8 gold. John Myer and Daniel McLean have 
shown a four-foot ledge carrying galena in a twenty-five, foot shaft on the 
Keno, assays running 2 to 3 ounces gold, 45 to 55 ounces silver. John Myer 
and Ben Burgunder have a ledge of pyrites on the Colorado, where a twenty- 
foot cross-cut has failed to find either wall, and also have an eighteen-inch 
streak of galena assaying $45 gold and silver. On the Buttercup John Farrell 
has shown eight feet of pyritic ore in a small shaft and several surface cuts. 
George Cook is sinking on the Jim to show up a ledge of pyrites at least fifty 
feet wide, assaying 18 to 20 per cent copper and $10 gold. The Outburst, owned 
by W. A. Glover, has a true fissure vein of white quartz about twelve inches 
wide, which assays % ounce gold. 3 per cent, copper and 45 ounces silver. On 
extensions of this vein are the St. Charles, owned by George M. Miller and 
the St. James, by W. A. Glover and James E. Walker. 



154 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

In the newer part of Wellington Camp, development has made some of 
the largest and most valuable showings in the district. The most prominent 
of these has been found by George Cook on the Jim, which has fifty to 
seventy-five feet of solid ore in a contact between lime and diorite. The 
surface ore is pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, carrying large gold and copper 
values, which increase with depth. Mr. Cook is actively developing. 

On the divide between Single and Douglas Creeks, nine miles from Grand 
Forks and five miles from Midway and extending to the boundary, is White's, 
or Central, Camp, of which the ores are mainly high grade gold and silver. 
James Atwood made the first discovery on the Lexington, now owned by 
Joseph Taylor and others, and on the City of Paris. On the former a 100-foot 
cross-cut, giving a depth of 100 feet, has been run to tap an eight-foot ledge- 
of pyrites between walls of dolomite and serpentine, assays of which show 
$26 gold, 12 ounces silver, 6 per cent, copper. 

The City of Paris, bonded by an English company, has a parallel ledge, 
shown to a width of sixteen feet by a fifty-six foot shaft and several cross- 
cuts, assays running $18 gold, 5 to 20 ounces silver, iy 2 per cent, copper. The 
City of Lincoln, bonded by the same company, has an eight-foot ledge tapped 
by a 100-foot cross-cut, a shaft seventy feet and a tunnel 150 feet, and a ship- 
ment of a few tons to the Omaha smelter returned $21 gold, 3 ounces silver, 8 
per cent, copper. A small shaft and some surface cuts have shown a ten-foot 
ledge carrying pyrites on the No. 4, owned by H. P. Pelmerston and Henry 
White, assays showing $12 gold and 8 per cent, copper. The Gold Dollar, 
owned by James Atwood and John Douglas, has a ledge of white quartz four 
to twelve inches wide, carrying free gold, between walls of diorite and blue 
lime. Considerable work has been done during the winter and has made a 
good showing. Assays run all the way from $10 to $300. 

The Mabel has three shafts down on what are supposed to be three distinct 
ledges of free milling and copper sulphuret ore, showing ore in two of them 
which carries $40 to $100 gold and 5 ounces silver, and in the third from $10 
upwards in gold and 5 to 300 ounces silver. The Oro, the south extension of 
the Mabel, has had much development done, showing good gold values and 
rapidly increasing copper value in an easily mined gangue. 

Col. John Weir, representing the American Metal Company, has been 
vigorously pushing work on the No. 7 group of three claims, which have two 
parallel ledges running their full length and carrying gray copper and galena. 
One of these is two feet wide on the surface and a continuous ore chute has 
been traced in the croppings for 800 feet. A shaft has been sunk 150 feet 
showing ore which steadily improved in quality and quantity as depth was 
gained and a 200-foot drift at the 150-foot level is in ore the whole distance, 
assaying about $80 gold, 75 ounces silver. A cross-cut is being run from the 
shaft to tap the parallel six-foot ledge, in which shafts twenty and thirty feet 
have shown even richer ore. This property, which cost $20,000, now has over 
$70,000 worth of ore in sight. 

On the New York, owned by Douglas & Co., this ledge is shown up in 200 
feet of tunnel and shaft. 

On the Jack of Spades group of three claims, a French company repre- 
sented by M. Gire has a ledge at least fifteen feet wide with neither wall 
shown in two thirty-foot shafts. The ore carries streaks of gray copper 
assaying $60 gold, besides silver, and development is showing a fine body of 
ore. A five-foot ledge containing similar ore shows in a thirty-two foot 
tunnel and a thirty-foot shaft, a small shipment having returned $300 gold, 
4 ounces silver. 

The Golden Rod, which has been sold to the Pyrite Smelting Company, 
shows a large body of pyrites and gray copper ore in an eighty-foot shaft 
and a seventy-foot drift. 

The Cornucopia has a strong iron-capped ledge plainly traceable for 700- 
feet, on which a forty-foot shaft shows a strong body of mineral. 

An evidence of his faith in this camp is the fact that Prof. Fowler has 
bought the Norfolk and No. 9, adjoining the No. 7, for spot cash. 

On the divide between Fisherman and Eholt Creeks, three miles north of 
Greenwood, W. A. Corbett in 1891 discovered two parallel ledges of pyrites 
twelve and fifty feet wide, on which he located the Oro Dinoro and thus 
founded Summit Camp. He sank a shaft fifteen feet and made a cross-cut 
sixty feet, showing large bodies of copper sulphurets which average $10 gold 
and 12 per cent, copper. John M. Burke has bought this claim for $30,000 and 
is sinking on the ledge, showing richer ore with depth. 

On these ledges also the Pyrite Smelting Company owns the Emma, on 
which a shaft is own over 160 feet, with cross-cuts of thirty feet each at the 
fifty and one hundred-foot levels. 

Adjoining the Oro Dinoro, John H. Manly and C. A. Cummings, of Grand 
Forks, and E. W. Johnston, of Seattle, have the Mary L., on which they 
have stripped a forty-foot ledge assaying $12 gold on the surface. On the 
Mountain Rose the Pyrite Smelting Company has a parallel ledge, of which 
the walls did not appear in a thirty-foot cross-cut. 

The R. Bell group of three claims, bought by J. E. Bamberger, of Salt 
Lake, has an eighty-foot shaft showing six feet between walls, with $80 ore 
and increasing value. Cant. Adams, of Montreal, has sunk thirty feet on a 
forty-foot ledge on the Cordick, showing up ore worth $45 gold, besides silver 






EH 



L±J 



E) S 




gn 



fa ^P 




index to Numbered Claims, Map of Boundary Creek. 



Skylark Camp. 

1. Dundee. 

2. Dandy. 

3. Mammoth. 
!- Ni-;l, Ungate. 

5. Alhambra. 

6. Tipton. 

7. Helen. 

S. Capital Prize. 



13. Olympia. 

14. Livingstone. 

15. High Kicker. 

16. Jim Crow. 

17. Vancouver. 

18. Lead King. 

19. Iron Gold. 

20. Glover. 

21. Vera. 

22. Herbert Spencer. 

23. Mt. Elgin. 

24. Independent. 

25. Ruby. 

26. American Boy. 



Central Camp. 

1. Copper Star. 

2. Snow Drop. 

3. Deer Trail. 

4. Cold Dollar. 

5. Stanly. 

6. Mlnto. 

7. Boston. 

8. Stanton. 

9. Mabel. 

10. Souvenir. 

11. New York. 

12. No. 7. 

is. lioh Hoy. 

14. Cornucopia. 

15. Oro. 

10. Faloon. 

17. Cold Rod. 
IS. Puyallup. 
I'J. Si. Lawrence. 
"I. loxcelslor. 

22. Jaoh of Spades. 

23. (Jil,™ of Spade. 
■•• ci, , „i Loinlim. 

26. Cily of Paris. 

27. Lemington. 



!S. Martin 
29. No. 4. 
:m. Lincoln. 



Provid<-n<-<- linn. 

1. Big Window. 

2. Combination. 

3. Texas. 

4. May Scott. 

5. Master Mason, 
it. Twin brothers. 

7. Klk U 

8. Providence. 

9. S. P. 

10. L. B. 

11. Uncle Sam. 

12. San Bernard. 



19. Last Chance. 

20. Old Mexico. 

21. Mountain View. 

22. Silver Cloud. 

23. Premier. 

24. Chancellor. 

25. Hope No. 2. 

26. Silver King. 



31. Santa Anna. 
33. Meadow Lark. 

33. Ottawa. 

34. T. & B. 

35. Climax. 

36 Prince Albert. 

37. Contract. 

38. St. Genevieve. 

39. Holyoke. 



41a. Standard. 

42. Stem-winder. 

43. Idaho. 

44. Phoenix. 

45. Old Ironsides. 

46. Victoria. 

47. Fourth of July. 

48. Nugget. 

40. Knob Hill. 

50. Aetna. 

51. Gold Drop. 
62. Snow Shoe. 
33. Pheasant. 

54. Cray Eagle. 

55. War Eagle. 

56. Monarch. 

57. "Rawhide. 

58. Curlew. 



Dcndvt-ood Camp. 

4. Sunset No. 2. 

5. Monster. 

6. Washington. 

7. White Star. 
s. Christmas. 
9. Kildee. 

1". Kootenay. 

n\ Sentinel. 

13. Lancaster. 

14. Columbia. 

C. Anaconda No. 2. 

16. G. A. R. 

17. Eagle. 

La Marguerite. 
is. Last Chance. 

19. Plutonlon. 

20. Croat Hopes. 
21 Butt.- City 

3? Orrvhound. 
23 G. El B 
24. r>. A. 

\:„, 
"6. Little P.ritsn. 
27. December. 
".<. Big Ledge. 
2Sa. O. B. 

SO CO. n 

II. Mother Lode. 

"2. Crown Sliver. 

S3, Sunset. 

34. Hidden Treasure. 

-■:, Principal. 



39. Gold Bug. 

40. Gem. 

41. Spotted Horse. 



5. Advance. 

6. Minnie Moor. 

7. Brayfogle. 



10. Jumbo. 

11. Mountain Rose. 

12. Idaho Trinket. 

13. Swamp Angel. 

14. Homestake. 

15. Emma. 

16. Aspen. 

17. Silver Plume. 

18. Oro Denoro. 

19. Mattie Davis. 

20. Lancashire! Lass. 

21. Last. 

22. Iron Dollar. 

23. Prens. 

24. Goldfinch. 

25. Topeka. 



26. Gibraltar. 

27. Park. 

28. 35. 

29. Mammoth. 



40. Jennie Dean. 

41. Redcoat. 

42. R. Bell. 

43. Red Mountain. 

44. Piastre. 

45. Stanly. 

46. Boulder. 

47. Mountain View. 

48. Ingersol. 

49. Cumberland. 

50. Alexandria. 

51. Elsie. 

Evans Camp. 

1. Black Tartar. 
3. Ontario Bo>. 



5. Path-Finder. 

6. Era. 

7. Standard. 

s. Wellington. 
9. Lost Horse. 



12. Standard Bxtan 

13. Pumpkin Seeci. 

14. Nellie. 
Green-tvood Can 

1. Uncle Tom. 

2. The Pilmphv. 

3. Mineral Hill 



■J. iia'i a Cash.' 

10. Golden Crown. 

11. Beaver. 

12. Wellington. 

13. Hill-Top. 

14. Hecla. 

15. Winnipeg. 
15a. Calumet. 

16. Davenport. 

17. Iron Clad. 

18. Diorite. 

19. Monday. 

20. Iron Chief. 

21. Rabbit Paw. 

22. Algiers. 

23. Iron Sheet. 
24 McKinney. 
2b. Broken Hill. 

26. Famous. 

27. Krih. 

28. Valley. 

2J. Orphans Home. 
30. Blue Grouse. 
51. Fool Hen. 



2. Columbia. 

3. Little Giant. 

4. Silver Wave. 

ti. Montana. 
7. Keystone. 

5. Ophir. 



11. Jim. 

12. Union. 

'. I S-*:. ■'. 

15. Emma. 

1G. Crown Point. 

North Fork: Camp. 

L Wolford. 

2. Fawn. 

3. Trapper. 

4. Tiptop. 

5. Iron Mountain. 

6. Sunset. 

7. Sti ay Colt. 
S. Pilgrim. 

9. Mt. Monarch. 

10. Belle of Ottawa. 

11. Winchester. 

12. Spokane. 

13. Beetle. 

14. Lee Metford. 

15. Rnuse-et-Noir. 
IS. Butte. 

17. Tacoma. 
IS. Seattle. 
19. Standard No. J. 



23. Montana. 

24. Everett. 

25. Drum.. Lummonrl. 

26. Iron Horse. 

!7. Wellington Sq. 

2v Snow Bird. 

2.0. Morning Star. 

30. Webfoot. 

31. River Elbow. 

32. Granite Mountain 



36. Morning. 

37. Rattler. 

38. Log Cabin. 

39. Free Coinage. 



2. Cumberland. 

3. Amand. 

4. Alice. 

5. Robin. 

6. Lydia. 

7. La Belle. 

8. Mammoth. 

9. La Belle. 

10. Iron Mask. 

11. Magnet. 

12. Queen Bess. 

13. Snow Slide. 

14. Trade Dollar. 
16. Pauper. 

16. C. O. D. 

17. Lion. 

15. Monarch. 

19. Beatrice. 

20. Roderick Dhu. 

21. Uncle. 

22. Lake View. 

23. Rising Sun. 

24. Lady of the Lake. 

25. Agnes. 

26. Electric. 

27. Sah oath Day. 



28. Abner. 

29. Sanson. 

30. Mortin 



34. Gold Dust. 

35. Silent Friend 

36. Fortuna. 

37. Gold Condy. 

38. Maud S. 

■"o. Prospector's D' 

40. Idaho. 

41. Black Prince. 

42. Last Chance. 

43. Boulder. 

44. Fisher. 

45. Lakeside Fract 
46 . chert Emmet. 
47. Idaho. 

4S. Ethiopia. 

'::•. Golden Eagle. 

50. North Star. 

51. Anchor. 

52. Gold Drop. 

53. Enterprise. 

55. Jewel.' 

.21. Or-nero Grand. 

57. Cleopatra. 

5R. Nap. Bonaparte 

59. The Bovs. 

60. Twin Mountain 
H. Great Lacey. 



10 a. Little Maggie. 

10. The Oriental. 

11. Thursday. 

12. Little Gem. 

12 a. Jenny May. 

13. Wolverine. 

14. Bay State. 

15. The Chief. 

16. Hoosler. 

17. Western Star. 

18. Sailor Boy. 

19. Robinson Crusoe. 

20. Echo. 

21. Mary L. 

22. O. K. 

23. Humming Bird. 
34. Black Bear. 

25. Acorn. 

26. Rising Sun. 

27. Gem. 

27 a. North Star. 

28. Netta. 

30i Hilda! 

31. Bertha. 

32. Highland Chief. 

33. Cock Robin. 

34. Black Monday. 
36. Trilby. 

36. Dandy. 

37. Marjorle. 

38. Francis. 

33 a. King Bird. 

39. Diamond Hitch. 
39 a. The 31. 

40. Criterion. 

42. Le Roi. 

43. Summit. 

44. Volcanic. 



1. Alhambra. 

2. St. Charles. 

3. The Copper. 

4. Canyon. 

5. Copper Girl. 

6. Eagle. 

7. May Queen. 

•v Lay Over. 

9. Slocan. 

10. Last Chance. 

11. Bay State. 
Gl .a.; tone. 

13. The E. E. 

14. Yankee Boy. 
16. Yankee Girl. 

16. Blrdina. 

17. Lady Franklin. 

18. Bunch Grass. 

19. Possum. 



Bui 



..-.in, i I ..i ,. . 



1. Yale. 



Grub Stake. 



3. Bunch Grass. 

4. Blue Monday. 

5. Original. 

7. Daisy'. 

8. Strawberry. 

9. Buckeye. 



6. Daisy. 

7. Iron Chief. 

8. Sunny Side. 



15. Iron King. 

16. Lily. 

17. Double. Standard. 

18. Bonanza Lode. 

19. Sovereign. 
2i! Silver Con. 

21. Riverside. 

22. Lincoln. 

23. Stanford. 

24. Celtic. 

25. Grand Forks. 

26. Grey Eagle. 
37, Whalebaek. 
33, Little Bell. 

29. Blue and Gray. 



1. Bro. Jonathan. 

2. Milburn. 

3. The Sydney. 

4. Dinner Bucket. 

6'. Virginia. 

7. Harqua Halo. 

8. Curita. 

9. Lucy. 

10. Calumet. 

11. Jumbo. 

12. Copperopolis. 

13. Honduras. 

14. Yucatan. 

15. Enterprise. 

16. Copper King. 
IV. White Horse. 
13. Copper Mine. 

'!'. K On: PotooMO.. 

20. Oxide. 

21. Last Chance. 

22. Sycamore. 

■ nun. 

24. Copper Queen. 
2.o. Can Sarez. 



, 1. Bank of England. 

2. Paymaster. 

3. Potter Palmer. 

4. Virginia. 

5. Texas. 

6. Boston. 

7. Bovine. 

8. Laldlaw. 

9. Bruce. 

"<• Magnetite. 
' II. Wlll-o-the-Wls#. 
smith'* Qua, 

1. Magnitlte. 

2. Grlztly Bear. 

3. iva Lenore. 

4. Surveyor Gener«l. 
i. Highland Queen. 

6. Great Heeper. 

7. Hecla. 

8. Last Chance. 

9. Gold Bed. 

10. Republic. 

11. Xon-Such. 

12. Midden Treason-. 

13. Tunnel. 

14 Mountain Chl«t. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 155 

and copper. The Swamp Angel, owned by Robert Taylor and Carson Manly, 
has parallel ledges forty and eight feet, on the latter of which a shaft is down 
twenty-five feet, showing up ore carrying $6.95 gold, 5 to 6 per cent, copper, 5 
ounces silver. 

On Ingram Mountain, three miles west of Midway and close to the bound- 
ary, Joseph Wallace in 1894 found copper deposits and created Graham's 
Camp. The ledges are gash veins in metamorphic rocks and catty 
bornfte and chalcocite in bunches, besides being mineralized throughout; On 
the west side of the mountain E. S. Graham has the Potter Palmer group of 
eight claims, on one of which he has opened a small vein with two tunnels 
and has done some prospecting with diamond drills. The ore is very high in 
copper and is worth about $175. On the Bruce claim on the east side of the 
mountain Mr. Wallace has a large deposit of copper pyrites showing good 
ore in several places, which averages 10 per cent, copper and a little gold. 

Since June, 1896, Kimberly Camp has been established sixteen miles above 
the mouth of Boundary Creek, on the ridge between that stream and Long 
Lake, some fine showings of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, carrying $3 to $50 
gold, having been made. A shaft on one of two parallel ledges on the 
Adirondack showed six feet of clean ore and no footwall, while several cross- 
cuts showed each ledge from ten to fourteen feet wide of solid ore. A similar 
showing has been made on the Big Four on the other side of Boundary Creek 
and on other claims, work naving generally been prosecuted throughout the 
winter. 

Another new camp is the Crown Point, on James Creek, seven miles up 
Kettle River from Rock Creek, where the Crown Point was discovered late 
in July, 1896. An ore chute of galena and iron pyrites twenty to fifty-five feet 
wide and traced for 200 feet in length has been discovered, the value ranging 
from 50 to 600 ounces silver and $4 to $7 gold. This claim, with two others 
making similar showings, has been bonded to the Prospecting Syndicate of 
British Columbia, which is about to develop them. 

NORTH KETTLE RIVER. 

On the mountains at each side of the North Kettle River, which flows due 
south to join the main stream at Grand Forks, are a series of ledges of pyritic 
ore which eclipse even those of Greenwood and Deadwool Camps, and which 
cannot be even prospected without the resources of a capitalist. 

This district is reached from Spokane by the Spokane Falls & Northern 
Railroad to Marcus, 102 miles, or Bossburg, 110 miles, and by stage to Grand 
Forks, forty-five miles; or by the Central Washington Railroad to Wilb«r, 
ninety-one miles, and by a wagon road now under construction up the Sans 
Poel River to connect with that already built down Curlew Creek and Kettle 
River to Grand Forks, about eighty-six miles. From the west, it is reached 
by the Canadian Pacific Railroad from Vancouver to Okanogan Landing, 382 
miles, steamer down Okanogan Lake to Penticton, eighty miles, and stage 
to Grand Forks, 110 miles. Trails lead up both banks of the North Kettle 
River almost to the headwaters and the wagon road is now being extended 
over that line. 

The greatest showing in this district is on Volcanic Mountain, twelve 
miles above Grand Forks, a peak jutting out into the valley from the east 
and towering abruptly 1,500 feet above the river. The summit of this peak -is 
a great red iron cap, which makes it a clearly distinguishable landmark for 
miles down the valley. Around the sides, below this cap, the pyrites' crops, 
cut by dikes of blue lime and bounded by walls of trap and porphyry. On 
this peak R. A. Brown, locally known as "Crazy" Brown, has the Volcanic 
and Iron Cap claims. The discovery was made in 1884 by «ames McConnell, 
but five years later the claims came into the possession of Mr. Brown. He 
has made several deals at different times and has continuously worked on a 
long cross-cut tunnel to tap the ore bodies at a depth of 1,300 feet. This had 
penetrated 345 feet when he and R. L. Causton, of Keremeos, B. C, who had 
become interested with him, leased the property in 1896 to Edward Blewett and 
Niels Larsen. They have done a large amount of prospecting on the crop- 
pings and last summer joined with Messrs. Brown and Causton and a number 
of Chicago capitalists in organizing the Olive Mining & Smelting Company to 
develop the property. They have made a number of prospect holes on the 
eroppings all around the mountain and shown up the ore in such quantities 
that they feel justified in erecting a smelter on the ground whenever the 
construction of a railroad makes it practicable. Mr. Larsen says there are 
three great ore chutes runnig through the mountain, one of them 600 feet wide, 
and the value of the ore is about $13 in gold, silver and copper. 

On the other side of the canyon, two and one-half miles to the southwest, 
Mr. Brown has the Wolverine, on which he says one of the Volcanic ledges 
shows up 500 feet wide in places. 

The supposed extension of the Volcanic ledge has been located for three 
miles up Kettle River. The Thirty-one, owned by Robert Burrows, is On a 
(7) 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

spur running from Volcanic Mountain, and has a ledge fifteen to twenty 
fleet wide, which has been stripped. Then come the Dandy Marjorie, Black 
Monday, Cock Robin, Highland Chief, owned by John Fox, showing silicates 
of copper; the Bertha, owned by O. C. Gunderson, Fred Farquhar and 
William Ketchum. 

To the southwest of the Iron Cap about three miles is the Seattle, owned 
by Robert Clark, a former Seattle bricklayer, who has bonded it to a corpora- 
tion organized by Charles A. Cummings and John H. Manly, of Grand Forks. 
It has a surface showing 200 to 300 feet wide, which has been traced for 1,200 
feet. Assays have given all the way from $1.80 copper and a trace of gold up 
to $20 gold and 56 per cent, copper, from two feet below the surface. The 
new company is sinking a shaft on each wall to define the ledge and the 
ore is showing up well. 

Th£ north extension of the Seattle is the Accidental, owned by E. W. 
Johnston, of Seattle, George P. Mims, of Grand Forks, and Mrs. Robert Clark, 
»nd believed to be an extension of the Seattle ledge. A cross-cut is being run 
to' tap the ledge. The same parties also own the Monte Carlo at the head of 
Hardy Creek, on which several prospect holes have shown twelve feet of ore 
carrying iron sulphides throughout and assaying as high as $12 gold and 
copper. 

The Seattle ledge has been traced through a long string of claims, in each 
direction, cropping strongly at frequent intervals. 

Brown's Camp had also been extended west along Pass Creek, on the 
north of which stream Con Cosgrove and Pat Burns have the Mono group of 
three claims. On the Mono are five leads of iron pyrites— forty, fifteen, eight, 
six and three feet wide, respectively, some of which have been traced across 
the claim and on to the adjoining Strawberry claim. A tunnel has been run 
fifteen feet on the fifteen-foot ledge, and the highest assays obtained are $10 
to $38 gold, 7 ounces silver and 6 per cent, copper. On another claim are two 
ledges twenty and fourteen feet wide, which assay about the same as the 
Mono. Two and one-half miles northwest of the Volcanic, on Pass Creek, is 
the Iron Cap No. 1, owned by W. A. Glover, on five parallel ledges, which 
extend over a width of 500 feet and have been traced the full length of the 
daim. The surface ore is iron and copper pyrites. Mr. Glover has also the 
Bunehgrass. one mile further south, on which a ledge has been traced 250 
feet wide and for a length of 300 feet. On the south side of Pass Creek James 
B. Walker has the King Bee, on which there is a blowout ten or twelve feet 
wide, and the Garnet, on which there is one of twenty to thirty feet. 

The Strawberry is owned by Jake Ritter, Thomas Stevenson and Mr. Cody, 
aH of Rossland, and has a twenty-foot ledge of pyrites, assaying $4 tp $7 sold 
and 3 per cent, copper on the surface. A shaft is being sunk on each wall. 

The great showings at Brown's Camp led, in July, 1895, to discoveries three 
miles further up the north fork, where Evans' Camp was established, named 
after Evan Evans, the pioneer, who located the Standard. Thp mineral is of 
tlve same character, the ledges being supposed extensions of those branching 
out from Volcanic Mountain. The Standard has a ledge of iron pyrites 
seventy-five feet wide, which has been traced for 500 feet, and the ore assays 
as high as $13 from the Surface. On the Pathfinder Thomas Parkinson and 
William Pfeifer have stripped the ledge for 500 feet in length, and in one snot 
tor twenty-five feet in width, and it appears to be 100 feet wide. They have 
made a number of cuts, and sunk shafts from ten to twenty feet. They have 
assays of $51 gold and 2V ? per cent, copper, and have had as high as 23 per 
cent, copper. On the Nellie, owned by George T. Crane and F. C. Loring, of 
Spokane, there is an iron ca.p of great size, and the surface ore assays $12 
gold and as high as three ounces silver. On the Ontario Boy. adioining the 
Pathfinder on the north, M. F. Folger has a twenty-foot ledge of quartz traced 
clear across the claim, which assays $11 to $17 gold from a ten foot cut. The 
Hidden Treasure, by Messrs. Parkinson and Pfeifer, adjoins the Standard on 
the south, and has a big ledge which has not yet been defined, though three 
holes have been sunk eight to ten feet on it. 

The same belt has been traced southv/ard to Grand Forks, where it shows 
on Observation Mountain and other peaks overlooking the town. A mile and 
a half northeast of the town D. P. Mitchell, Con Cosgrove and G. Miller have 
the Iron King and the Lily on a forty-foot ledge of copper pyrites. They 
have made several cross-cuts and obtained assays of $9 to $15 gold and 2 to 3 
ounces silver. On another mountain to the east of the town "Cap" Rogers 
has the Lincoln on an eighteen-foot ledge carrying- arsenical iron and ^opner, 
assaying $13 to $45 gold and 12 per cent, copper, and on the same ledge Stephen 
Sanforu has the Sanford. On another ledge only one-fourth of a. mile from 
town Charles Stewart has the Blue and Gray, with six feet of ore assaying $17 
gold and a trace of copper, and Stephen Sanford has the Old Steve, on wnich 
he has not found the walls and which assays $12 gold and silver. The Last 
Chance, an extension of the Blue and Gray and Old Steve, owned by W. W. 
Whitbeck, has been cross-cut seven feet without showing walls and assays 
$28 in gold, silver and copper. The Eagle, owned by James McConnell and 
Frank Riehter. has a ledge forty to fifty feet wide carrying galena, on which 
four shafts assay 88 ounces silver and 72 per cent. lead. The Bonita, on 
Observation Mountain, which is owned by a company of school teachers, has 
shown up solid peacock copper and iron pyrites assaying $30 gold, 11 per cent. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 157 

copper, in a tunnel which is being run 100 feet. On the Empire, which is the 
extension of the Bonita ledge, H. A. Shiel and others are sinking a shaft, 
which is down fifty feet. 

CAMP M'KINNEY. 

In the extension westward of the geological formation characteristic of 
the Boundary Creek district is the mineral belt cut by Rock Creek. The 
country rock is granite cut by dikes of porpryritic slate and in these occur 
ledges of quartz carrying free gold and sulphurets in close proximity to 
others capped with iron and carrying pyritic ores. Camp McKinney, the 
headquarters, is on the headwaters of that creek and is the center of quart* 
mining operations, but placer camps extend all along its banks to its mouth 
on Kettle River. The route from Vancouver is by the Canadian Pacific 
Railroad, 335 miles to Sicamous Junction, and fifty-one miles to Okanogan 
Landing, by steamer on Okanogan Lake to Penticton and by stage thence to 
Camp McKinney, fifty-five miles. Another route from Seattle is by the Oreat 
Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 174 miles, by steamer Ellensburg in summer 
to Johnson's Landing on the Okanogan River, about 120 miles, thence by 
stage, eighty-four nsilrs 

Mining on Rock (nek began in 1861, when the placers at the mouth at- 
tracted nearly 3,000 people and was revived in 1886, when H. White, J. Cooper, 

C. Dietz and P. Diet?, lock about $2,000 from White's bar and next year took 
out $25,000, employing twelve men who averaged $20 a day each. In the 
meantime, F. Goericke, of Conconnully, had made the first discovery of 
quartz on the "Victoria, four miles east of Camp McKinney, on a ledge or free 
milling ore in a talcose schist formation. Associating the late Judge Hainea, 
of Osoyoos, B. C, and C. B. Bash, of Port Townsend, with him, he .sank a 
shaft 110 feet and made a shipment of 1,000 pounds, which returned $167 goW 
and silver, and another of 1,200 pounds, which gave $187, while a third, contain- 
ing tellurides, yielded $480 gold and 50 ounces silver. This property, which 
is crown granted, has recently been sold, with two other claims, to the Rock 
Creek Gold Mines, Limited, which has resumed development. A cross-cut, 
which will be used for a main working tunnel, taps the eight-foot ledge ha 
267 feet at a depth of 150 feet and an upraise is being made from it to connect 
with a seventy-foot inclined shaft, while another cross-cut 150 feet long taps 
the ledge 750 feet distant. The shaft shows eighteen inches of smelting ore 
carrying $85 gold and the remainder of the ledge is milling and concentrating 
ore, which will reduce in the proportion of eight to one into concentrates 
worth $83. 

Adjoining this on the north, Henry Nicholson and Edward James have the 
Old England on a twenty-two foot ledge between walls of porphyritic slate, 
on which they have sunk eighty feet. Southeast of the Victoria, Thomas 
Elliot and Edward James have two ledges on the Snowdon, one four feet 
wide carrying $22 gold, which has been cross-cut at a depth of 120 feet. 

The discovery which brought the camp into permanent life was that of 
the Cariboo and Amelia, in May, 1887, by Al McKinney, Fred Rice, William 
Burnham and Edmund Lefevre. This has a ledge two feet wide in a dike of 
porphyritic slate, the ore carrying free gold and sulphurets. It is owned by 
the Cariboo Mining & Smelting Company, which has erected a ten-stamp mill 
with four Woodbury concentrators and a steam hoist and has developed the 
mine to considerable depth. Beginning with a tunnel at a depth of 100 feet, 
above which the ore was stoped, the company now has a shaft down 200 feet 
with dr— -s every fifty feet, the one at the 200-foot level extending 300 feet each 
way and showing the ledge to have widened to eight feet. The ore carries 
$15 to $25 a ton free gold and produces concentrates worth $90 a ton. The 
monthly product is about $10,000 in bullion and $1,800 concentrates and the 
mine has paid $40,000 in dividends. 

West of the Cariboo are the Alice and Emma, owned by the Alice and 
Emma Consolidated Mining Company. The ledge is shown seven feet wide in 
a sixty-three foot shaft and averages $10 to $12 gold. On the Maple Leaf, 
James Lynch has a forty-five foot shaft showing four or five feet of similar 
ore. Adjoining this is the Eureka, owned by a New York syndicate, on 
which a shaft is down 153 feet, with a seventy-five foot drift at the 100-foot 
level, from which 800 tons of ore are on the dump. The Fontenoy, owned by 

D. A. Cameron, has a shaft down eighty-three feet, showing a six-foot ledge 
which carries galena ore assaying $24 gold and silver. The Anarchist, two 
miles west of the Cariboo, has been bonded by Richard Sidley to Charles R. 
Ballard, of Conconully, and shows a ledge widening from three to six feet 
in a sixty-foot shaft, assays running $9 gold, 5 ounces silver. On the Sailor 
Boy, three miles to the southeast, Charles Pietz has a ledge five or six feet 
wide in a sixty-foot shaft, shown up also by a number of open cuts. It 
carries some free gold, besides sulphurets containing gold, silver and copper 
and assays as high as $60. The Highland Chief, owned by Messrs. Edwards, 
Bennett, Sutter and Smith, shows a four-foot ledge carrying sulphurets on 



158 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

the surface and a cross-cut is in ninety feet towards the ledge. On the Van- 
couver group of two claims Capt. John Irving, of Victoria, sank a shaft In the 
year 1888 and obtained a crown grant, after which he stopped operations. 
William Younkin, James Copeland and George Cook have a forty-foot shaft 
on a, stringer six to twenty-four inches wide carrying galena and assaying 
$7 gold in sulphurets, and are running a cross-cut to tap the main ledge. 

The first discovery of pyritic ore under iron capping was made on the 
Dolphin, west of the Eureka, owned by William Edwards and C. A. R. 
Dambly. The ledge is four or five feet wide on the surface, where it carries 
some free gold and assays $30 to $40, and will be tapped by a cross-cut, which 
Is in sixty feet. In May, 1S96, William Younkin and James Copeland discov- 
ered a big blow-out of the same kind, 150 feet each way, on the ridge between 
the forks of Rock Creek, on which they have the Le Roi and War Eagle. 
Their; first shot brought out ore assaying $26 gold, silver and copper, the pro- 
portion of copper being 9% per cent. 

The placer ground is still being worked at intervals the whole length of 
the creek, where gold is found in the bars, but the bed is virgin soil to the 
miner. Many attempts have been made to reach bed rock, but the miners 
were poor men with only such primitive appliances as wooden pumps and 
wheels, and water and quick sand have always foiled them, though with 
modern appliances they would have reached bottom long ago. 

Extending one and one-half miles above the mouth of the creek is a tract 
Of placer ground on which the Laura Hydraulic Company erected a hydraulic 
plant, two miles of flume and piping, and a sawmill. Some good clean-ups 
were made, but the cost of removing large boulders without proper facilities 
eliminated the profit. The property is now held by Messrs. Monaghan, King 
and McAulay, who have put in a larger plant and are working on an extensive 
scale. 

Seven miles above the mouth James Copeland and William Younkin, 
who have a claim 2,000 feet wide and 1,000 feet along the stream, are running a 
bed-rock drain tunnel under the bed of the south fork to tap the bedrock. 
The great trouble hitherto has been with quicksand and water, and they are 
seeking to overcome this by tunneling at water grade. Their observation is 
that the surface dirt on the benches is secondary wash and carries fine quartz 
gold, the best pay being heavy coarse gold in the old wash, patches of which 
were left behind in crevices when the secondary wash came down, most of it 
being swept into the bed of the stream. They have made 100 feet of open drain 
and 200 feet of tunnel and are now thirty feet below the bed, having passed 
through eleven feet of quicksand and having three feet more to penetrate. 

On the north fork, about eight miles from the mouth, is Dietz's bar, from 
the surface of which from $75,000 to $100,000 has been taken. Donahue & Co. 
are. sluicing down to bedrock at this point and two or three other parties are 
working the benches and some Chinamen are using the cradle and rocker on 
abandoned claims. 

The construction of D. C. Corbin's projected railroad up Kettle River and 
over the range to the Okanogan River would give this district such improved 
transportation facilities as to greatly stimulate development. Hitherto the 
only producing property has been the Cariboo, but this has served to show 
the possibilities which await development. 



FAIRVIEW AND KEREMEOS. 

One of the first camps to feel the effect of the revival of the mining indus- 
try has been Fairview, in the mountains west the Okanagon River, eighteen 
miles north of the boundary. It is a free gold and sulphuret district of great 
promise and its development has only languished on account of the blunders 
of the early investors and the general depression prevalent for several years 
past. The prospectors who made the discoveries have never lost faith in it 
and have continued development on their own resources, making test ship- 
ments and mill-runs which have given ample proof that their confidence is 
not misplaced. 

The most expeditious route to Fairview is by the Canadian Pacific from 
Vancouver to Sicamous Junction, 331 miles and by the Sicamous branch te 
Okanogan Landing, fifty-one miles. A steamer there connects with the train 
and runs down Okanogan Lake, eighty miles, to Penticton, whence a stage 
runs twenty-eight miles to Fairview. From points in central Washington 
the route is from Wenatchee by the steamer City of Ellensburg up the Colum- 
bia River to Brewster's Landing, eighty-five miles, or during high water to 
Johnson Creek, 130 miles, and thence by stage, 108 miles from Brewsters, or 
Sixty-four miles from Johnson Creek. 

The Fairview belt of ledges in in a formation of granite, mica schist and 
quartz schist, through which a small stream flows down Reed's Gulch to the 
Okanogan. The ledges crop on the hills on each side of this gulch for a dis- 
tance of about three miles and strike northwest by >southeast, the belt having 
a known width of about two miles. The ore is free milling quartz, carrying 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 159 

a little silver and showing 1 iron sulphurets, which will probably increase In 
proportion as greater depth is gained. The first discovery, the Stemwinder, 
was made in September, 1889, by George Sheehan and Fred Gwatkins, on 
three parallel ledges six to twelve feet wide, all within sixty feet, known as 
the mother lode of the district, which runs along the hill between the gulch 
and the Okanogan valley. Parallel with it on the northeast, along another 
line of hills is another ledge, traced through locations for three miles, and on 
the opposite, or southwest, side of the gulch is the Smuggler ledge traced 
through four claims, with several claims on supposed parallel ledges. 

The largest investment until recent years was made by the Strathyre 
Mining Company, which bought the Brown Bear group of five claims and built 
a ten-stamp mill and concentrator. This company sank 150 feet on one ledge 
and tunneled 100 feet to tap it. A shaft was sunk sixty feet on the east ledge 
and a tunnel driven 300 feet on it. Some of the ore was milled, but the com- 
pany then began doing a customs business and suspended operations at its 
own mines. 

The best and largest results so far obtained have been from the Morning 
Star by Stephen Mangitt and Daniel McEachern. They sank a perpendicular 
shaft seventy feet, striking the west ledge at a depth of 150 feet and showing 
it to be twelve feet wide, while they made an open cut 200 feet long where 
this ledge crops in a blanket along the gulch, the hanging wall having been 
washed off. They also sank a 140-foot shaft on the east ledge and ran a 100- 
foot drift at the bottom. After having some small lots of ore milled by the 
Strathyre Company, they leased the mill and reduced in all about 3,000 tons of 
ore, which paid them an aggregate of $64,000. They gave up the lease early in 
1895, but have since shipped two carloads of sorted ore to Tacoma, obtaining 
returns of about $100 gold and silver, mostly the former. This claim and an 
adjoining one on a parallel ledge, showing four and one-half feet of ore in a 
thirty-five foot shaft, have been bonded by W. B. Powell, of Vernon, British 
Columbia, who contemplates erecting a stamp mill on them. 

The Stemwinder, the pioneer claim, has been sold for $20,000 to Capt. 
Mitchell, of Victoria, and is being developed. An eighty-foot cross-cut taps 
all three ledges, while a. tunnel is in 150 feet on one of them and a shaft down 
fifty feet on another. This work shows all to be well defined, carrying ore 
which assays $10 to $15 gold and 1 or 2 ounces silver. 

The Silver Crown, on the mother lode, owned by Edward Blewett and E. 
H. Ammidown, has a 300-foot cross-cut tapping all three main ledges. 

Another property on which much development is being done is the Tin 
Horn group of two claims, owned by the Tin Horn Quartz Mining Company, 
which is erecting a twenty-stamp mill. A ninety-foot cross-cut taps the ledge 
two and one-half to four feet wide and a sixty-foot shaft shows it four feet 
wide. Thirty-eight assays show an average value of $112.30. 

The Silver Bow is also being developed, having been acquired by the Silver 
Bow Quartz Mining Company from William Dalrymple, and has a good 
showing. 

The Joe Dandy and Atlas have been purchased by Lord Sudley, having 
proved good value by mint returns. From shafts seventy and sixty feet, 
from which seventy feet of tunnel and cross-cuts run, about 400 tons of ore 
were milled, averaging $25. 

The Gold Hill, on the three mam ledges, has been taken up by the Gold 
Hill Quartz Mining Company and has given assays of $7 on the stirface, $43 to 
$80 at a depth of four feet and $123 at ten feet. 

The Western Hill, owned by William Dalrymple, has an open cut showing 
the mother lode nine feet wide, with pay ore assaying $49 gold,~29 ounces 
silver. From the Susie George A. Guess and J. J. White took eight tons of 
ore whijh netted over $60 at the smelter, their ledge being seven feet wide. 

The Smuggler is the most promising property on the southwest side of 
the gulch, with the possible exception of the Tin Horn. The locater, Thomas 
Elliott, sank 110 feet on it, showing seven feet of quartz with only one wall 
and made a test shipment of thre tons to Tacoma, which returned $175 gross 
per ton. He sold the claim a year ago to Capt. Mitchell, of Victoria, for 
$20,000 and it is now being developed. 

The Mavflower group of three claims owned by the Occidental Mining 
Company has a shaft on one ledge, from which four tons of ore returned $60 
gold. On another claim a thirty-foot shaft shows a five-foot ledge carrying 
free gold and assaying from $30 to $50 on an average. 

The development of this camp has been taken up by Victoria and Van- 
couver people, who have bought up or bonded some forty promising prospects 
and are putting large forces at work on them. 

Free milling ore has also been discovered on Keremeos Creek, eight miles 
west of Fairview and twenty-one miles southwest of Penticton, and though 
the discoveries are too recent to allow time for much work to define the size 
and character of the ledges, development is in progress on several properties. 
The course is generally northeast by southwest and the country formation is 
gray diorite. 

The Sunset, owned by the Gold Belt Mining Company, is on a blanket ledge 
of free milling and concentrating ore sixteen feet wide, showing heavy copper 
stains and carry $7 to $34 gold. 

The Sunrise, which has been bought from C. J. Jordan by a Spokane com- 



160 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

pany, has two feet of free milling ore shown by a thirty-foot tunnel at the 
loot of a mountain and 180 feet above, a shaft is down twenty feet on it, the 
average absajs being about $44 gold. 

The Dominion group consists of one claim on the Sunset and two on the 
Sunrise ledge. The former crops two to six feet wide, carrying copper and 
iron sulphides and carrying 5 per cent, copper on the surface. The other two 
claims have a similar showing to the Sunrise, that ledge being traceable by 
croppings fcr two miles, although undeveloped. 

A party of Montana men has begun sinking on the Buckeus, which they 
have bonded from John Buckeus and which has a ledge of sulphide ore 
covered by an iron can twelve to fifteen feet wide. 

On the Dolphin J. M. Pitman has a sixteen-foot ledge of the same kind 
cropping at three points and assaying $31 gold on the surface, and has sunk 
twenty feet on it. 

+®+©+©+®+@+@+©+©+ 

THE COAST DISTRICT. 

By John R. Wolcott, Seattle. 

The Coast mining region of British Columbia extends in a northwesterly 
direction from Vancouver Harbor (Burrard Inlet) to the Alaskan boundary 
and includes the western slope of the Coast Range Mountains, together with 
the adjacent islands, comprising a territory over 800 miles in length and vary- 
ing from 25 to 130 miles in width. 

The physical features are unlike those of any other known mining district. 
The region may be fairly described as a mining camp set in the ocean; a few 
of its characteristics being a succession of islands ranging from a few 
acres to many square miles in extent, with bold shore lines and usually deep 
water close to shore. The channels are deep and have strong tides, in places 
becoming dangerous at certain stages of the tide. Many of the islands are 
deeply indented by bays or inlets, in some instances almost cutting the island 
in two. The mainland is also indented by inlets and arms, ranging from two 
to sixty-five miles in length and usually having a northerly direction. These 
greatly facilitate the exploration of the country; for cutting so deeply into 
the mountains, and usually across the formation, they offer exceptional op- 
portunities to the prospector. There is practically no level land in the district, 
the entire region, both islands and mainland, being very rugged, the mountains 
rising from the shore at from 20 degrees to vertical. Frequently forty fath- 
oms depth is obtainable within 1C0 feet of shore. The country possesses an 
ample supply of timber for mining purposes and fresh water is abundant. 
There are many fine water powers in the district. Exploration has so far 
been confined to the 140 miles between Vancouver and Loughborough Inlet, and 
has been of the most cursory nature, but little thorough systematic work hav- 
ing been done. Prospecting has been done with canoes and the examination 
confined (with but few exceptions) to the mineral outcropping at the water's 
edge. 

The surface rocks of the district consist chiefly of gray granite and 
granitoid material, some genisses and other schists being occasionally asso- 
ciated, with at times a belt of slate or lime showing. 

On Jervis, Toba and Bute Inlets are places where the underlying rocks 
are exposed, showing slates, diorite and porphyry overlaid with granite; while 
the channels and inlets indicate serious seismic disturbances. The rocks 
show bcth lateral and longitudinal foldings to have occurred, and are as a rule 
more or less base, frequently being so far off their description in geological 
works as to give the prospector ample reason to believe that the maker of 
the rocks and the writers of the books seriously disagreed. 

The district contains large and numerous bodies of quartz containing gold, 
copper and silver. The ores, as far as known, are smelting, many of them 
being concentrating. Copper will unquestionably be produced in large quan- 
tities. Generally, the ores may be classed as low grade, i. e., there are large 
bodies of ore that range from $5 to $20 per ton and will concentrate from three 
to fifteen tons into one. There are other properties sufficiently developed to 
demonstrate that they will produce shipping ore. The Van Anda, Raven, Vic- 
toria and Silver Top properties on Texada Island are producing ore that aver- 
ages over $40 per ton. The Phillips Arm Mines Company has both shipping and 
concentrating ore; the Queen Bee on Valdez Island assays from $20 to $150 
per ton in gold. The big vein back of Estero Basin is both shipping and con- 
centrating. 

It has been known for a number of years that iron and copper existed; also 
that there were strong veins of quartz, but it was not "free milling," and 
base ores were not in demand. The men traversing the district were chiefly 
loggers and were not interested in mining. Surface samples only were brought 
in and the assays were low, and until the establishment of smelters at Tacoma 
and Everett, base ore propositions would not be entertained — hence the few 
men who attempted to interest capital in Coast mining were unsuccessful. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 161 

C. R. Graves, of Vancouver, a Provincial surveyor possessed with a fair 
knowledge of geology, made numerous attempts to interest parties in some of 
the mineral propositions which he had discovered, but without success. C. E. 
Priest, of Nanaimo, also a surveyor, in 1889, succeeded in forming a syndi- 
cate to purchase a tract of land on Texada Island for its deposits of copper, 
but was unable to secure capital for its development. C. R. Miller has per- 
sistently held to the Golden Slipper and other claims on Texada Island for ten 
years past; the expenses of his family, and cost of development on his claims 
being defrayed by the gold he had washed out of the decomposed surface 
vein matter of the Golden Slipper claim. A. Raper held to the Victoria on 
Texada Island over seven years; the Comox syndicate, a party of prospectors 
who pooled interests, have also held on for fully seven years, and are now 
developing one of their claims— the Surprise— into a mine. The late Prof. 
Bredemeyer, of Tacoma, in 1892 and 1893, made an extended examination of 
the deposits on Texada Island and reported favorably thereon ani attempted 
to interest capital. In 1893, J. J. Chambers located the Tilly on Phillips Arm, 
now being developed by the Phillips Arm Mines Company, and also made other 
locations. His enthusiasm regarding the mineral resources of the Coast Dis- 
trict gained him ;the name of "Crazy Chambers"— a title he is far prouder of 
now than in 1893. 

The first development work in the district was during 1896, and as a whole, 
has proven so satisfactory lhat the attention of capital is being strongly di- 
rected to tne district; tins r egion presents the unusual feature of English 
capital taking hold of undeveloped properties in a district in which but a com- 
paratively small amount rf development work has been done. A number of 
English mining engineers, most of them with a South African and Australian 
mining experience, have inspected the district during the past year with the 
result that five or more English companies have acquired holdings and are 
arrangng for development during 1897; some already being at work. 

The indications for paying properties and prosperous camps at a number 
of points are excellent. Several properties are already sufficiently advanced to 
warrant the belief that they will become dividend paying mines. The large 
bodies of ore, much of it capable of being concentrated and situated for econ- 
omical handling, combined with the certainty of low freight rates, all tend 
to make this a most inviting field for capital. Freight rates on ore to Everett 
or Tacoma are $1.25 per ton in fifty-ton lots; freight on camp supplies is mod- 
erate. 

The country is practically unprospected, and to the practical prospector is 
a most inviting field. 

Howe Sound — Twelve miles from Vancouver, is from two to seven miles 
wide and projects into the mainland in a northerly direction over twenty-five 
miles. Near the entrance are Bowen, Gambier and Anvil Islands. On Bowen 
Island there is a group of thirteen claims, the property of a syndicate repre- 
sented by Cowan & Shaw, of Vancouver. Several veins are included in the 
property; the principal one being some ei^ht or nine feet wide, carrying gold 
and silver. The property is now being developed, there being at present a 
forty-foot shaft and sundry open cuts. This is considered to be a valuable 
property. 

A number of other claims have been located on the island, a Tacoma com- 
pany owning a group on which some development work has been done. On 
Gambier Island, Stokes and Hartley own the Geld Standard, which has a four- 
foot vein between slate and granite walls. The ore assays from $50 to $80 per 
ton gold. G. S. Logan, of Seattle, owns the Nulla Secunda; Dr. S. F. Martin 
and John R. Foster, of Seattle, the Wall Street, these being extensions of the 
Gold Standard. Near by Messrs. Stokes, Hartley, Martin and Foster own the 
Vancouver. Thorley, Ecclefechan and Westminster, on a well defined vein 
eight to ten feet wide, of rose quartz, assaying from $8 to $15 gold. The Croe- 
sus, owned by Dr. Martin, of Toronto, is a fine property, surface assays being 
$5 to $8 in gold. 

Near Gibson's Landing, in an iron-capped formation, are the Li Hung and 
Sir John, owned by Messrs. Foster, Logan, Martin and Somes, who are work- 
ing on them. Assays run from $7 to $12, chiefly gold. On the westerly side of 
the Sound opposite Gambier Island, Dr. S. F. Martin and John R. Foster, both 
of Seattle, have three claims on a vein six to eight feet in width in granite 
formation and assaying $S to $13 gold. Near these are the Sanilac, Big Bo- 
nanza, Toronto, Montreal and Seattle, the first four belonging to Dr. Martin, 
John R. Foster, Dr. R. M. Fames and other Seattle gentlemen. Surface assays 
are $4 to $8. from a strong ledge. The Seattle is under the management of G. 
S. Logan, of Seattle, and is owned by a Scotch syndicate who are developing it. 

The syndicate group of .six claims, further up the Sound, has several strong 
well defined veins, assaying $7 to $12 gold, and is owned by Messrs. Martin, 
Foster, Logan, William Chisholm and Dr. Wotherspoon, all of Seattle. 

Stokes and Hartley, of Gibson's Landing, own near the Svndieate group 
the Emma. Silver King and Silver Queen, of which assays are $6 to $12 gold. 

J. C. Griffith, of Seattle, prospected the Howe Sound region in 1895, and then 
interested other Seattle parties in the district. A number of other claims 
have been located in the district, some of which make an pxcellfnt showing. 

Jervis Inlet.— The entrance is fifty-five miles from Vancouver, the inlet 



162 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

being over sixty miles in length. Some seventy claims have been located, 
chiefly in the neighborhood of Prince of Wales Reach, and at the head of the 
inlet. The best known property in the district is a group of five claims known 
as the Fitzsimmons group, and recently incorporated as the Treasure Moun- 
tain Mines. This property is on the east side of Prince of Wales Reach, three 
miles south of Vancouver Bay and seventeen miles from the entrance to the 
inlet. The property is thus described by Col. T. H. Tracy, of Vancouver: 

The vein is a chalcopyrite carrying copper, silver and gold. It runs in a 
northwesterly direction along the face of the hill, the highest point being about 
1,300 feet above sea level; the average distance from the shore is about 2,000 
feet. The ore shows in the bed of a small stream, also in numerous boulders 
which have been broken off and rolled down a short distance, and in other 
places almost continuously for about a mile. In places, the iron capping, 
which resembles that met with in Kootenai, has slipped down, owing to the 
steepness of the hill and to partial decomposition. It is impossible to say what 
the width of the vein is without first doing considerable surface work, but it 
appears to be from ten to twenty feet wide. 

G. F. Monckton, member of the North of England Institute of Mining En- 
gineers, made an examination in January, 1897, and states that he found a very 
large body of rock carrying pyrites and extending over 3,000 feet, at its 
greatest width 100 feet. The ore body lies in a belt of diorite between granite 
and slate. The ore bears a strong resemblance to Rossland ore. Assays have 
ranged from two to sixteen and one-half per cent, copper; 1 to 15 ounces silver, 
and from a trace to 3-pennyweight gold. A crew of seven men has recently 
been started at work on this property and it is expected that development 
work will be actively pushed. 

C. W. Davidson, J. R. Seymour, H. Darling and other Vancouver gentle- 
men, comprise a syndicate owning some fifteen claims in Jervis Inlet. They 
have the Vulcan group of seven near Vancouver Bay in a diorite, slate and 
granite formation. Outcrops indicate an ore quite similar in character to that 
of the Fitzsimmons group. The vein is eight feet or over, well defined though 
no work has been done. On the opposite side of the inlet they have one 
claim, the Wideawake. At Deserted Bay they have three claims on a large 
body of white quartz in granite and slate. 

Opposite Princess Louise Inlet they have three claims on a ten-foot ledge 
of quartz carrying gold and silver. At the head of the inlet they have the 
Victoria, a large body of quartz; some work was done on this property four 
or five years ago by Mr. Davidson, and it is understood to assay high. 

On Nelson Island, near the entrance to Jervis Inlet, twenty-five or thirty 
claims have been located during the past sixty days, several of them showing 
free gold. 

Texada Island lies in the Gulf of Georgia, the southern end being forty 
miles from Vancouver; it is five miles from the mainland and twelve from 
Vancouver Island. It is thirty miles in length by five in breadth, and is ap- 
parently an upheaval. On the southern half the mountains are very steep, 
on the northern half they are more rolling. Commencing at the southern end 
and going northerly along the western side, the formation first shows an 
amygdaloid which changes to an igneous conglomerate; next comes several 
miles of Vancouverite, a sort of trap rock having a greenish color on a fresh 
fracture; next is a belt of black limestone containing large quantities of fos- 
sils; near Gillies Bay there is a small intrusion of the coal measures, both the 
shale and sand-stone appearing. From Gillies Bay to the northern end of 
the island is crystaline limestone with porphyry showing in places and several 
rich mineralized diorite dikes projecting through the limestone. Develop- 
ment work at the Van Anda, Kirk Lake, Silver Tip and Surprise mines indi- 
cates that the limestone is a surface rock overlying diorite and porphyry in 
place. 

The known mineral belt occupies the extreme northerly end of the island, 
embracing about twenty-five square miles of territory. The steamers land 
at the Van Anda mine, as the principal work so far done is easily accessible 
from this point. 

Commencing at the steamer landing at the Van Anda mine, the land rises 
at the rate of about twenty degrees, attaining an elevation of sixteen to 
eighteen hundred feet. Near the water on the easterly side, the formation is 
very much out of place on the surface. On the westerly sioe the rise from 
the water to the highest elevation is very sharp, the full elevation on this side 
being attained within a mile from the shore. 

There are no developed mines on the island, the largest amount of work 
having been done at the Van Anda. This property embraces fifteen or sixteen 
claims, and has several known veins; work, however, having been done on 
only one and the work to date having been largely of an exploring nature. A 
shaft has been sunk 125 feet, partly on the vein and partly through the adja- 
cent lime, ore having been developed to a depth of sixty feet. It is expected 
the shaft will again strike the vein in about thirty feet. The ore taken from 
this vein has ranged in value from $2 to $3 at the surface to over $1,000 assays 
on picked samples. A recent shipment of forty tons to the Everett smelter 
gave returns of: Copper, 18% per cent; gold, $18.60; silver, 11 ounces. 

At the date of my visit, January 18, 1897, there were about thirty tons of 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 163 

**lf °^ the dum P that would average fully 25 per cent, copper. Edward Blew- 
ett, the manager, informed me it would run much better in gold than the 
shipment above alluded to. While I was at the mine, between four and five 
tons of ore were hoisted that would average fully 40 per cent, copper (being 
largely bornite). The vein, as far as developed, has shown from one to four 
teet ot shipping ore, commencing about twenty feet below the surface and the 
ore increasing in value and depth, as well as in quantity. A drift has been 
run 180 1 feet at the sixty-foot level, and the bornite ore above alluded to came 
rrom this drift. Preparations are being made for pushing the work actively 
ana in a systematic manner— it being the opinion of Mr. Blewett that they 
will be m permanent formation by the time the 200 foot level is reached. 
it is the intention to make regular shipments once in two weeks for the pres- 
ent; one shipment being made of 550 sacks, March 3 and one of 330 sacks March 
+ 4.1. • 25 foot level the cross-cut fortyfive feet struck the ore body and 

at the time Mr. Blewett left on March 19 there was three and one-half feet of 
ore in the face of the cross-cut with the drills still working in ore. 

The Raven group of five claims lies southerly from the Van Anda one and 
a half miles. A shaft is contracted and work commenced by the Raven Min- 
ing Company. A tunnel has been run over 100 feet cutting the vein about 
seventy feet below the surface. The ore from this property is quite similar 
in general appearance to that from the Van Anda. 

Situated about one and one-half miles westerly from the Van Anda is the 
property of the Texada Kirk Lake Gold Mines, consisting of over 200 acres, 
with the Kirk Lake water power, estimated at 500 horsepower. A number of 
promising veins show on the property. A shaft has been sunk on a fine vein 
that shows free gold and assays from $40 to $200. Paralleling this vein and 
within a distance of 200 feet, are numerous veins, so many and of such a 
character that the general impression is that the entire 200 feet will pay to 
work. Development will be pushed this season. 

F. W. McRady, who has supervision of the development of this property, 
also manages a group about a mile distant controlled by W. L. Challoner, of 
Victoria, also property in the Kootenay country owned by the syndicate 
controlling the Kirk Lake mines. 

The Nut Cracker corners on the Kirk Lake Company's group to the 
southeast. A well denned vein shows running north of west. Work consists 
of a fourteen-foot shaft which has developed a vein of about four feet. The 
same vein is found in the Yellow Jacket, where about the same amount of 
work has been done, showing a similar class of ore. 

The Lorindale adjoins the Nut Cracker and has a well defined vein. Work 
has been done on this property, which, had it been done in a legitimate man- 
ner, would have meant at least a 150-foot shaft. The property, however, has 
been badly "gophered," every effort, evidently, having been directed to an 
attempt to obtain samples of free gold, with apparently no intention towards 
the systematic development of the property. The property merits very differ- 
ent treatment from what it has received. 

The Surprise presents some peculiar featues. The shaft is down seventy- 
two feet and a drift run sixty-five feet. The vein is well mineralized its full 
width, five feet, and has both walls well defined. This property is owned by a 
party of men from Comox, who are developing it on the co-operative plan. 
The result of their work shows what men of limimted means, but with a dis- 
position to develop their property, can do. 

The Golden Slipper is on the westerly side of the island and 'about a mile 
northerly from the iron mines and is now controlled by C. S. Douglas, of Van-, 
couver. Mr. Miller has done a good deal of general prospecting work on this 
property and has uncovered the vein at several points. At one place he has 
a shaft about fifteen feet deep, showing the vein to be a strong one nine feet 
in width. This property lies on a steep hillside and in a position to be 
developed economically, and there is every indication that with development it 
will prove most valuable. Mr. Miller has taken free gold from the surface for 
years. 

The Tip Top adjoins the Golden Slipper on the northerly side, the Golden 
Slipper vein extending through it and being readily traceable the length of the 
claim. There are two other veins on the property nearly parallel to it, and a 
cross-vein extends across this and also across the Copper King and Nigger 
Baby. 

The Copper King adjoins the Tip Top on the northeast. There are two 
strong, well defined veins bearing northwesterly, and the one referred to as 
cross-cutting this and other property, which bears southwesterly. A shaft 
fifteen feet deep on this vein has developed nearly five feet of good looking 
ore. 

The Silver Tip adjoins the Surprise on the northwest and is crossed by 
two veins. On one a shaft has been sunk sixty-four feet with between four 
and five feet of ore in the bottom, worth about $40. This ore is most peculiar, 
as it looks as though it was rapidly changing to gray copper, but numerous 
assays show the value to be chiefly gold. The ore has steadily improved with 
depth. The Silver Tip has recently been taken over by the Texada Proprietary 
Gold Mines, Limited. This company is arranging to push development work 



164 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

energetically, and is acquiring other properties on the island, and proposes to 
develop its holdings into paying mines. 

A St. John's, New Brunswick, syndicate, managed by J. C. Keith, of Van- 
couver, is operating in the Coast District and more particularly on Texada 
Island. The syndicate is operating on lines of great advantage to a mining; 
camp, viz: It bonds promising looking prospects, puts on the development 
work necessary to show the property, and then sells the claim to parties who- 
will continue the work. It took hold of the Silver Tip; sank a sixty-four foot 
shaft, and did other exploring work— then sold the property to the Texada 
Proprietary Company. The syndicate controls some fifteen claims on the 
island and is just closing contracts for development work on the Summit, Rino 
and Marguerite claims. 

The Tip Top, Copper King, Volunteer group of six claims and several ad- 
jacent properties, have recently passed under control of Thomas H. Fraser, 
Mining Engineer of London, and arrangements are being made for active 
development. 

A large number of claims have been located in this mineral belt on which 
little or no work has been done. It can safely be said that there is not a 
claim on the island that has been fairly prospected and it is doubtful if the 
number of veins actually existing in any of the claims is known to the owners. 
The formation is of such a nature that, if situated near the famous Cripple 
Creek, Colorado, camp, there would be a rush on the part of capitalists to get 
men and machinery on the ground for a thorough exploitation of the territory. 
It is not a poor man's camp, but one that requires capital to put properties on 
a paying basis. 

While the formation is readily traceable through a claim and from one 
claim to another, well defined walls are rarely encountered until some depth 
is reached. One can travel along a vein and can dig through the decomposed 
vein matter, which is usually three to five feet, and can take the material so 
excavated and wash out from a. few colors to a dollar or more of gold. This 
is true of various claims and at almost any point on the vein where oxidation 
has occurred to any extent. 

The camp presents an inviting field for capital and indications are such as 
to warrant a liberal expenditure in exploration and development, but the work 
should be under the direction of mining men backed with capital sufficient to 
properly develop a property. 

During the past summer considerable prospecting was done along the 
Coast and the various inlets between Jervis Inlet and the Phillips Arm Dis- 
trict; while a number of claims were staked, some with very promising surface 
showings, but little work has been done on them. 

Monckton and Colquhoon, Mining Engineers of Vancouver, are developing 
a property on the southern end of Redonda Island that is making an excellent 
showing, having a three-foot vein, assaying from $25 to $134 in silver, with 
some lead and copper. On the same claim they have a fine looking copper 
ledge. A claim owned by D. Carmichel and situated near the above, assayed 
$13.90 in silver and gold surface outcrops. 

A number of claims have been located on Redonda Islands, Cortes, Reed 
and in the vicinity of the "Hole-in-the-Wall" on Valdez Island. 

Bute Inlet, 110 miles northwest from Vancouver, is two to three miles wide 
and sixty-five miles long, the general direction being northeasterly. It cuts 
the Coast Range at nearly a right angle, is very mountainous, some of the 
peaks rising to a height of 8,000 feet; extremely precipitous and cut by deep 
ravines and gullies filled with slide matter from the heights above. These in- 
tersect the line of direction of the inlet, generally having an easterly and 
westerly direction. Volcanic disruption is evident in many places. 

At the entrance to the inlet on the northwestern shore, at Arran Rapids, Is 
a small belt of broken slate with several small veins of quartz containing iron 
pyrites and some sulphides of copper. This belt crosses to Stewart Island, 
which lies across the entrance to the inlet and is cut by a well defined vein 
running in a nortneast and southwest direction through about the center of the 
island. This vein carries a large per cent, of copper, and assays in gold and 
silver. 

On the first ledge are several claims owned by Charles and Fred Thulin 
of Lund, and the Gulf of Georgia Prospecting Company. On the island are 
four claims located by Fred Buker, J. A. Robertson, O. W. Rafuse and C. R. 
Graves, of Vancouver. The Buker property has recently been purchased by 
John Cobeldick. of London, who has. during the last few months, acquired 
extensive holdings in the Coast district for English parties. Assays on the 
four claims rnn^e from $12 to $20 in copper and gold. 

Passing north along the inlet, the formation is granitic, cut In all direc- 
tions by slate dikes for some four miles, when the formation becomes more 
regular and more defined pranite, in which are within the next two miles two 
ledges of gneiss highly mineralized, and showing strong copper stains. Ahout 
three miles further on there is a nanow strip of low land separating Bute 
Inlet from the Esrero Basin, formed by slide matter, and it is evident that at 
one time Bute Inlet and Frederic Arm were connected by what Is now 
known as Estero Basin, a body of water some two miles wide by five In 
length. For a miie and three-quarters from this point the formatiin is 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 165 

gray granite; then it is cut by a belt of fine slate having- an easterly and 
westerly direction across the inlet, and is about a quarter of a mile in width. 
This belt is traceable through to the other inlets, both to the north and south, 
and contains several strong, well mineralized veins of quartz traceable for a 
mile on either side of the inlet, through claims controlled by C. R. Graves, of 
Vancouver. Next to the slate lies a belt of porphyry thirty to forty feet 
wide and about half a mile long, in contact with a volcanic conglomerate, with 
which is found some lava. Next to this is a small belt of silicious rock; 
then diorite and granite, which extend seven miles up the inlet and contain 
several unprospected veins; above this is an unbroken stretch of gray slab 
slate for nearly seven miles, then the character of the slate changes to a finely 
laminated green slate, containing numerous large pockets of quartz; then 
gradually changes to an almost black slate containing a larsre quantity of 
iron and looks like a mass of iron rust clear to the summit. There are three 
claims on this owned by S. Harlon. Next comes porphyry considerably min- 
eralized. In this is a vein of dark bluish gray quartz about six feet wide, well 
denned and traceable for a considerable distance, which contains iron and 
copper sulphides. About 100 feet farther on the south side is a strong vein 
some twenty feet wide, of pale bluish quartz, showing much iron on the sur- 
face. There are four claims on this vein owned by C. R. Graves and others. 
About a mile farther up the inlet E. D. Blanchfield, C. R. Graves and others 
have four claims containing a three-foot vein carrying galena and gray 
copper, which runs into a mountain 6,000 feet in height. Just north of this the 
formation changes to granite, which continues to the head of the inlet. Two 
large rivers enter the head of the inlet through valleys that extend back to the 
Chileotin country, a region from which Indians have brought out specimens 
of coarse placer gold; also quartz containing free gold. Btit little prospecting 
has been done on Bute Inlet, the claims herein referred to having been located 
within the past few months. 

The Phillips Arm District extends from Bute Inlet northwesterly to Lough- 
borough Inlet thirty miles and includes Valdez, Thurlow and other islands 
and the adjacent mainland. Between this district and Vancouver Island ia 
Johnstone's Strait, the route of the Seattle-Alaska steamers; while between 
the islands and the mainland is Cardero Channel, with sundry channels con- 
necting it with Johnstone's Strait: while the mainland is intersected by Phil- 
lips Arm and Frederic Arm. each four or five miles long. The district affords 
exceptional facilities for the economical handling of ore. 

The mountains rise sharply from the waters' edge, attaining elevation of 
2,500 to 6.500 feet, with navigable water close to shore. Surface rocks are 
chiefly granite and syenite, with occasionally some diorite. Two slate belts 
are prominent, also a body of limestone. More prospecting and exploration 
work has been done in this district than in any other portion of the coast 
region. 

The chief prospecting to date has been by canoe, the quartz showing at 
the water's edge, and to a large extent the veins are capped over, the quartz 
breaking through in places. The veins are strong, well defined and readily 
traceable; the more the country is explored, the more thoroughly it is found 
to be mineralized. The character of the ore varies with the locality, the 
westerly side of the belt being quartz, heavily charged with sulphurets carry- 
ing gold, silver and usually a little copper— the latter increasing with depth, 
while the easterly or mainland part of the district shows more copper at the 
surface. Iron is present in all ore so far found. 

In June, 1S93, J. J. Chambers located the Tilly, now known as the Alexan- 
dria, on the mainland on the west side of Phillips Arm; during 1894 and 1895, 
more particularly in the fall of 1895, Dan Leahey, Dan McCallum, P. J. Smith, 
George Howard. Mr. Archibald, Mr. McNerheny, Walter Moore, Tom O'Brien, 
A. J. Smith and a few other pioneers in the district made a number of loca- 
tions, chiefly on Valdez Island, abutting Cardero Channel, on what is locally 
termed the "black slate:" this is located for over five miles, but the claims 
have never been carefully prospected. Within a few months assessment work 
has been done on a number, in some instances developing promising working 
leads. In the fall of 1S95 J. C. Griffith, of Seattle, made a number of locations 
In the district anu interested G. W. Willis, of Vancouver, in them. The Channe 
Mining Company, of Vancouver, B. C, was formed, acquiring the Griffith and 
some other properties and the company did, during 1896, a large amount of 
development work. 

The Alexandria and adjoining claims, extending over a mile on the vein, 
having passed under control of H. Rhodes, of Vancouver, development was 
started about January 1, 1896. and has continued steadily, except for an inter- 
ruption in the spring: of 1896. the Philbps Arm Mines Company being formed 
in January. 1897. This was the first property in the district on which develop- 
ment work was done. The mineralized formation shows at the water a width 
of sixty-eiKht feet. A tunnel has been run on the pay streak over 200 feet 
straight bao*k from tide water, the pay streak ranging from fifteen inches to 
over four feet in width. At 100 fe^t from the surface a cross-cut was run 
across the formation. Fully 50 per cent, of the entire sixty-eight feet would 
undoubtedly pay to concentrate. The pay streak is shipping ore. averaging 
about $30 per ton. This property has shipped about 100 tons, and is making 



166 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

small regular shipments. An air compressor plant will be established early 
in the spring and the development of the property pushed actively. 

The Channe Mining Company was the next to commence operations and 
has done more development work than any other company in the district, hav- 
ing at one time owned some twenty claims. On the Bobby Burns group, on. 
Valdez Island, the development to date is: 

Bobby Burns— Tunnel 80 feet, open cross-cut 36 feet, open cut 40 feet. Tun- 
nel 12 feet, open cut 33 feet. 

Hetty Green— Tunnel 50 feet, shaft 30 feet; tunnel on second level 38 feet. 

Daniel Webster— Shaft 32 feet. 

The Poodle Dog, owned by this company and situated on Channe Island, 
has an eighty-foot tunnel. The Ingersoll, also owned by the same company 
and situated on the easterly side of Phillips Arm. shows a good body of 
chalcopyrite ore carrying gold. Development work is being pushed, there 
being several open cuts and over 100 feet of tunnel work. 

The British Columbia Development Company, in which Lord Sudley is a 
large shareholder, has acquired holdings on which it has run about 150 feet of 
tunnel. 

In September last Ernest Grant-Govan, of London, visited the district and 
arranged the purchase of a number of properties from the Channe Mining 
Company, by the Gold Fields of British Columbia Company. Mr. Grant- 
Govan is managing director of this company and is understood to be en route 
from London, the head office of the company, and upon his arrival a thorough 
system of development of the company's holdings will be inaugurated. 

J. Cobeldick, of London, representing parties whose investments in mines 
in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand amount to several million pounds 
sterling, has purchased several properties in the district, the most important 
being the Mountain Sheep and Portage on the copepr belt back of Estero 
Basin. The ore body shows on the Portage over 100 feet wide, and in the can- 
yon is exposed over 200 feet high. This vein was discovered by Fred Buker, 
of Thurlow, B. C, late last fall, and snow fell before there was time for a 
thorough examination. Mr. Cobeldick, however, has had five or six men on 
the Portage for the past six weeks and, although having bad weather to over- 
come, they have made a very thorough examination of the ore in the canyon. 
This ore body consists of two veins. Next to the diorite foot wall is a quartz 
vein twenty to twenty-five feet wide, assaying $4.50 to $10 per ton, and concen- 
trating more than twelve to one; then about fifty feet of granite; then ninety- 
six feet of copper ore, a few feet of this being a handsome chalco-pyrite and a 
shipping ore. The balance is lower grade and will concentrate from eight to 
fourteen into one, according to tests made. Mr. Cobeldick has started a tun- 
nel to cross-cut the vein matter about 200 feet below the outcrop. He leaves 
soon for England to confer with his associates as to method of developing 
this property, which he says is the largest body of ore he ever saw. He 
also considers that to work it to the best advantage requires systematic open- 
ing of the property and erection of an extensive plant, it being the purpose 
to treat the ore on the ground. 

R. C. Forsyth, of Chicago, has two claims on the same vein and is preparing 
to open them. North of the Cobeldick property C. S. Douglas, of Vancouver, 
controls two claims; next to these are three claims owned by P. J. Smith and 
Dan McCallum, of Thurlow, B. C, considered to be fully equal to the Cobel- 
dick property. 

The formation, as shown in the canyon on the Portage, is a footwall of 
diorite, slate hanging wall and back of the slate, granite; on the surface the 
granite overlies the vein matter and accompanying rock. Ore only shows 
occasionally on the surface, except in gulches or other places where erosion 
has occurred. 

The copper properties located on Jervis Inlet, Toba Inlet, Estero Basin 
and Loughborough Inlet are practically in a line, although covering a distance 
of over seventy miles. Before the close of 1897 it is probable that the Estero 
Basin property will be sufficiently developed to give an idea of its great value. 

On Valdez Island, near the Bobby Burns group, the Bully Boy and Queen 
Bee, both very promising properties, are being developed by Costello & Mc- 
Morran, the cannerymen, associated with whom are Mr. Crean, Dr. Carroll and 
G. B. Harris, prominent Vancouver capitalists. 

There is a fifty-foot shaft on the Queen Bee; the vein is a strong one 
three and one-half feet wide and assays from $15 to $150 in gold. 

The Channe Mining Company is opening the White Pine on Thurlow 
Island. A tunnel has been rim 140 feet, cross-cutting a thirty-eight inch vein, 
and is expected to soon reach a second vein of six feet. 

The Northern Belle Mining Company, of Seattle, owns the Electric and 
Union claims on Thurlow Island. A twenty-foot shaft has been sunk on the 
Electric in an eight-foot vein of quartz that three or four feet from the sur- 
face assayed over $27. 

The Beaver Mining Company is opening the All Up and has driven a tun- 
nel over 100 feet. 

Considerable work has been done on the Coon near Fanny Bay, the Coon 
group of six or seven claims being the property of the Fanny Bay Mining 
Company, of Vancouver. This company owns a number of other claims in 
the district, on which more or less development work has been done. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 167 

A number of claims were located on Loughborough Inlet late in the fall, 
but no work has been done. Very fine samples of copper were brought hi 
from some of these claims. 

Work will be done on a large number of claims throughout this district 
during 1897, in some instances on an extensive scale. 

There is a steamer service from Vancouver to Phillips Arm twice a week, S. 
S. Comox of tne Union Steamship Company, of Vancouver, leaving Van- 
couver Tuesdays and Fridays. 

The entire Coast District affords an excellent field for the prospector, 
while to the capitalist seeking a safe investment in mining, it offers the in- 
ducement of large bodies of low grade ores that will pay a good profit and 
situated where transportation charges are so light as to be merely nominal. 
With development, the district is showing that, in addition to its low grade 
ores, it also possesses high grade ore in quantity and that, while the assay 
value as a rule is low on the surface, the ores increase in value as depth is 
attained. On Texada Island, where a half dozen shafts are down sixty feet 
or over, the "run of the vein" is over $40 per ton. 



HARRISON LAKE. 

This beautiful body of water, which empties into the Fraser through 
Harrison River near Agassiz Station on the Canadian Pacific Railroad, has 
until recently been known only as a pleasure and health resort, the mineral 
springs near its south end being the chief attraction. But during the last 
summer gold and silver-bearing ore was found on the steep mountains rising 
from its shores and it is now attracting many prospectors. It is quite ac- 
cessible, for the Canadian Pacific will take one from Vancouver to Agassiz, 
seventy-one miles, and a daily stage runs thence to the Hot Springs, five 
miles. From Seattle the route is by the Seattle & International and Canadian 
Pacific Railroads to Agassiz, 163 miles, and thence by stage. The lake is 
navigable for steamers and during high water steamers can run down Harri- 
son River into Fraser River and thence to the ocean, so that water transpor- 
tation can be used to the smelters at Everett and Tacoma. 

The discoveries were only made last summer, but already development is 
In progress with a view to shipping this summer from one property. This is 
the Providence and Silver Bell, on the west shore of the lake, twenty-three 
miles from Hot Springs. An accidental discovery of silver in a piece of float 
by James Trethewey led his father, Joseph O. Trethewey, to have it assayed 
and it was found to carry $1^4.74 gold and silver. Prospecting caused tne 
discovery of a ledge of gray quartzite, traced up the mountain through three 
claims. A carload of surface ore was shipped last fall to the Everett smelter 
and returned $28 gold and silver, being found particularly acceptable, as It 
contained considerable lime. The two claims named are now owned by the 
Providence Mining & Developing Company, which proposes to sink fifty feet 
on the ledge and drift 300 feet into the mountain, thus gaining 150 feet in depth. 
Much higher assays have been obtained a few feet below the surface and • 
parallel ledge twenty feet wide has been discovered, assaying from a few 
dollars to $155, chiefly in gold. 

The Star, on the extension up the mountain, has been acquired by the 
Harrison Lake Star Mining Company and will also be developed this year. 

THE SMELTERS. 

The distance of the Pacific Northwest from the smelting centers and the 
comparatively low grade of the bulk of the ores have combined to induce the 
erection of smelters in this section, within easy distance of the mines. The 
smelters at Pilot Bay and Nelson, British Columbia, were erected more 
particularly to treat the ores produced from the mines of the companies 
which own them, although they also do some amount of customs business. 
These smelters have been briefly described in connection with the mines of 
which they are an adjunct. There are also three large smelters, which do a 
mainly customs business, at Everett and Tacoma, Wash., and Trail, B. C. 

The Everett smelter was erected by the Puget Sound Reduction Company 
at a cost of nearly $250,000, and stands on the south bank of the Snohomish 
River near the point at Everett. In addition to the usual crushing and 
sampling mill, it has two roasting furnaces of a combined capacity of eighty 
tons in twenty-four hours, and a third is under construction, of seventy-five 
tons daily capacity. Ore is also roasted in heaps in the ooen air, when 
necessity requires. The smelting is done in three forty-two inch water- jacket 
blast furnaces, to which the blast is furnished by No. 7 Root blowers. Only 
two furnaces are now in operation, for lack of sufficient roasting capacity 
and the amount of crude ore treated daily is slightly under 200 tons. Thli 



168 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

would be greater if more oxidized ores could be procured and will be increased 
to H«»0 tons as soon as the completion of the new roaster permits the third 
furnace to be blown in. The two sampling mills have a combined daily 
capacity of 400 tons, so that they can supply a much larger roasting and 
furnace plant. The smelter is now treating- sulphide ore from the Le Roi 
mine in Trail Creek, galena ore from the Slocan district, concentrates from 
Monte Cristo and low grade silver ore from the Broken H\\\ mine in Australia, 
besides miscellaneous shipments from various parts of Washington, British 
Columbia and Alaska. 

The Tacoma smelting works, owned by the Tacoma Smelting & Refining 
Company, are on the water front between Tacoma and Point Defiance park. 
It has a large crushing and sampling works, a roasting furnace for treating 
sulphide ores and two furnaces with a capacity of IfiO tons a day, while the 
building has capacity for three more stacks. The product ofthis plant, like 
thi>t of the Everett works, is lead bullion and copper matte, in which gold and 
silver are carried by. the baser metals. 

The smelter of the British Columbia Smelting & Refining Company is 
situ. tied on a bluff overlooking the Columbia River at the mouth of Trail 
Creek. It has a sampling mill of 150 to 200 tons daily capacity, an automatic 
calcining furnace of fifty tons daily capacity and six circular calciners, a 
dust chamber ISO feet long, four reverberatory furnaces with a capacity of 
forty tons each in twenty-four hours, a circular water-jacket furnace of 
forty-five to fifty-five tons capacity, and a 200-ton rectangular blast furnace. 
Two engines of sixty-rive and forty horse-power operate the machinery. 
Additions made recently and now under construction will increase the ca- 
pacity to 3T»0 to 400 tons a day and a refinery is also being erected. 

All these three smelters have both rail and water transportation. The 
Everett smelter is on deep water near Puget Sound and is reached by the 
Great Northern and Everett & Monte Cristo Railroads, the latter connecting 
with the Northern Pacific and Canadian Pacific through the Seattle & Inter- 
national. The Tacoma smelter is on deep water on Puget Sound and the 
Northern Pacific tracks enter the plant. The Trail smelter is entered by the 
Columbia & "Western narrow gauge railroad from Rossland, and has the 
navigable Columbia River at its front, with the Nelson & Fort Sheppard Rail- 
road on the opposite bank, by which connection is obtained wijth the Northern 
Pacific. Great Northern and Union Pacific Railroads. The Columbia River 
steamers give connection with the Canadian Pacific system. 

The erection of smelters at Northport, Wash., and Vancouver, B. C, la 
also projected, the former being designed to treat both silver-lead and pyritlc 
are. Construction is delayed however, pending the action of Congress on the 
duty on silver-lead ores, of whir>h the chief supply, for the present at least, 
would come from the Slocan district. 



♦•♦•♦•+•+•+•+•+•+ 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 169 



DIGEST OF THE MINING LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, 

WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

By Melvin G. TVinstock, Attorney, Seattle. Wash. 
Whenever a doubt arises concerning any questions relative to an interest 
consult a responsible attorney. If his advice is worth having, he will charge 
you a fee, but in the end this will prove an economy. Don't attempt to 
draw your own legal contracts. Many a fortune has been lost In the attempt 
of the mining man to be his own lawyer. 

Definitions. 

Ore.— Certain minerals in their natural condition. 

Mineral. — That which is secured from a mine, from working in the ground, 
and legally it includes salt, coal and similar substances. 

Lode or Vein.— A flattened mass of metallic or earthy matter, a fissure in 
the earth's crust filled with mineral matter. 

A Mine.— A way or passage under ground. 

Vein or Tunnel. — The first working vein found in the tunnel. 

Location. — The act of appropriating a parcel of land according to eertato 
established rules. A mining claim may contain one or more locations. 

>#+ ® > ©+©+©♦©+©+©+ 

LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Who May Locate. 

Mineral lands are open to exploration and purchase by all citizens of tin 
United States without regard to sex and those who have declared their in- 
tention to embrace citizenship. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, and none others, are citizens. 

What Lands May Be Located. 

The right to mine can be given only in public lands, and said lands must 
contain valuable mineral deposits. 

Extent of Ground Open to Location. 

No claim located shall exceed 1,500 feet along the vein nor shall it exceed 
300 feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface. 

It is not necessary that the locator should be present on the ground. 
One may locate as agent for another. 

Description. 

The location must be along the vein or lode, it must be distinctly marked 
on the ground so that its boundaries can be correctly traced, that the record 
contain reference to some natural object or permanent monument to identify 
the claim and that all the lines shall be parallel. Remaining details are 
governed by rules and regulations established by the miners of each district 
not inconsistent with national or state laws. 

Extent of Work Necessary. 
One hundred dollars' worth of labor shall be performed on Improvement 
made each year. Where there are several owners and one or more fails t© 
do his share, he must be served with a personal notice or by publication in a 
newspaper published nearest the claim, once a week for ninety aays. If at 
the expiration of such time said delinquent shall fail to do or perform hto 
share, then his interest becomes the property of such of his co-owners as 
have performed the amount of work required by law. 

How to Obtain a Patent. 

Applicant must file in the proper Land Office an application for a patent 
under oath, showing a compliance with the law. He must rile also a plat 
and field notes of the claim or claims in common, made by or under the direc- 
tion of the Surveyor General, showing accurately the boundaries, which shall 
be distinctly marked by monuments on the ground, and shall post a copy of 
such plat, together with a notice of such application for a patent, in m 
conspicuous place on the land or claim in question. This posting must be 
done prior to the riling of the application for a patent. He must also filev 
When he applies for his patent, the affidavit of at least two persons that sucb 
notice has heen duly posted together with an exact copy of such notice. 

The Register of the Land Office then causes to be published in a new»- 



170 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

paper, by him designated as the nearest to the claim, for sixty days, a notice 
that such application for a patent has been made. He must for the same 
period also post such notice in his office. 

At the time of filing his application, or within sixty days, claimant must 
file with the register a certificate of the surveyor general that $500 worth of 
labor has been expended on improvements made upon the claim by himself 
or. grantors, that the plat is correct and shall give such other description as 
is necessary for identification, to be incorporated in the patent. At the 
end of sixty days claimant must file his affidavit showing that plat and notice 
have been posted in a conspicuous place on claim during the period of publi- 
cation. If no adverse claim is filed within said sixty days, the law assumes 
the applicant to be entitled to his patent upon payment to the proper officer 
of $5 per acre, for the land embraced within the claim. 

How to Make an Adverse Claim. 

When an adverse claim is made during the sixty days period of publica- 
tion, it must be under oath of the person or persons making the same and 
Shall show the nature, boundaries and extent of such adverse claim and all 
proceedings, except publication of notice and filing affidavits thereof, are 
Stayed until the controversy is settled by a court of competent jurisdiction or 
the adverse claim is waived. Within thirty days after filing adverse claim, 
contesting party shall begin proceedings to determine the question of right 
of possession and shall prosecute the same with reasonable diligence to final 
judgment. Failure so to do operates as a waiver. After such judgment, the 
party entitled to possession may file with the register a certified copy of the 
judgment roll, together with a certificate from the surveyor general that 
the requisite amount of labor has been done on the claim and the description 
required in other cases, shall pay to the register $5 per acre of such claim, 
whereupon the whole proceedings and judgment roll shall be certified by the 
register to the general land commissioner and the patent issues. 

Before Whom Oaths May Be Taken. 

All affidavits required under the mining laws of the United States may be 
made before any officer authorized to administer oaths within the land dis- 
trict where the claim may be situated, and all proofs may be taken before 
any such officer. 

Miscellaneous. 

The owner of a quartz mill or reduction works not owning a mine in 
connection therewith may also receive a patent for his mill site, at $5 per 
acre. 

No one individual can enter or locate upon more than 160 acres nor can an 
association enter upon more than 320 acres. 

The government before patent issues requires payment for mining land 
at. the rate of $10 per acre where claim is situated more than fifteen miles 
from a railroad, and $20 per acre where such claim is located less than fifteen 
miles from such railroad. 



WASHINGTON" MINING LAWS. 

In the State of Washington there is a mining board consisting of the 
governor, lieutenant governor and the state treasurer, the object of which is 
to collect information concerning the production of all precious and useful 
minerals of the state, and to perform such otner duties as will advance the 
mineral interests. 

Mining Claim Governed by Law in Force at Time of Location. 

All mining claims upon veins or lodes of quartz or other rock in place, 
bearing gold, silver or other valuable mineral deposits heretofore located, 
shall be governed as to length along the vein or lode by the customs, regula- 
tions and laws in force at the date of such location. 

Form and Extent of Mining Claim Limited. 

A mining claim located upon any vein or lode of quartz or other rock in 
glace, bearing gold, silver or other valuable mineral deposits, after the 
approval of this act by the governor, whether located by one or more per- 
sons, may equal, but shall not exceed, 1,500 feet in length along the vein or 
lode; but no location of a mining claim shall be made until the discovery of 
the vein or lode within the limits of the claims located. No claim shall ex- 
tend more than 300 feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, 
nor shall any claim be limited by any mining regulation to less than fifty feet 
of surface on each side of the middle of such vein or lode, at the surface, 
excepting where adverse rights, existing at the date of the approval of this 
act, shall make such limitation necessary. The end lines of such claim shaR 
be parallel to each other. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 171 

Right of Possession of Mining Claims. 

The locators of all mining locations heretofore made, or hereafter made 
Tinder the provisions of this chapter, on any mineral vein, lode, or ledge on 
•the public domain, and their heirs and assigns, so long as they comply with 
the laws of the United States and the state and local laws relating thereto, 
shall have the exclusive right to the possession and enjoyment of all surface 
included within the lines of their location, and of all veins, lodes and ledges 
throughout their entire depth and the top or apex of which lies within the 
surface lines of such location, extending downward vertically, although 
such veins, lodes or ledges may so far depart from the perpendicular in their 
course downward as to extend outside of the vertical side line of said surface 
location. 

Work Required on Mining Claims — Local Regulations. 

The miners of each mining district may make any rules and regulations 
governing this (the) location and amount of work necessary to hold posses- 
sion of a mining claim, not in conflict with the laws of the United States or 
of this state; but on each claim it shall be necessary to do at least $100 worth 
of work each year and the first year shall date from the date of location of 
such claim. A failure to comply with this requirement shall work a forfeit- 
ure of the claimant's right to such claim, and the same shall become subject 
to relocation. 

Recorder of Mining Districts — Records of. 

The miners of each mining district may elect a recorder of the said 
district. When so elected, such recorder shall provide books of record, in 
which it shall be his duty to record all notices of locations or transfers, 
bonds, conveyances or assignments of mining claims within his district when 
the same shall be presented to him for record. Such records are public rec- 
ords, open to inspection, and shall have the same force and effect, so far as 
notice is concerned, as the record of deeds and mortgages. 

Election, Powers and Duties of Recorder. 

When a recorder shall be elected, he shall hold his office for a term of one 
year from the date of his election, and until his successor is elected and quali- 
fied. He shall, immediately after his election, file with the county auditor of 
the county in which his district is situated, an oath to the effect that he will 
faithfully discharge the duties of his office. He shall be a certifying officer, 
and certified copies of his records shall have the same force and effect as 
similar papers certified by other officers of this state. His fees shall be the 
eame as those of the county auditor for similar work, and should the office of 
recorder of any mining district at any time become vacant, it shall be the 
duty of the person last holding said office, and of any person into whose 
possession the same may come, to forthwith transmit all records, papers and 
files of said office to the auditor of the county in which said district is located, 
.and such auditor shall thereafter keep the same as part of the records and 
files of his office. 

Location Notices, Etc., to Be Recorded by County Auditor. 
All location notices, bonds, assignments and transfers of mining claims 
shall be recorded in the office of the county auditor of the county where the 
same is situated, within thirty days after the execution thereof; provided, 
that all records of mining claims and of assignments, deeds, bonds and 
transfers heretofore made (that is prior to 1888) by any recorder of any 
mining district, or by any county auditor, are valid. 

Aliens. 
Aliens are not prohibited from acquiring mineral lands. 

Water for Mining. 
The use of the waters of this state for irrigation, mining, and manufac- 
turing purposes is deemed a public use. 

Boring for Salt, Oil, Coal. 

Boring for salt, oil and coal may be done by the county commissioners 
by special tax levy, on presentment of proper petition and after election in 
favor of the same. 

Taxation of Mines and Mining Property. 

Quarries and fossils in and under the same, are subject to taxation. 

Improvements on land the fee of which is in the state or in the United 
States are subject to taxation. 

Mineral lands are included in the tax list. 

Mining ground, quarries, etc., and the Improvements thereon shall be 
assessed at the price at which the same would sell at a fair voluntary sale 
^for cash. 



172 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Miner's Lien. 

All persons doing work upon or furnishing materials for mines or mining 
claims have a lien upon the same for the work done or materials furnished. 

Contractors and builders are deemed agents of owners. 

The claim of lien must be filed with the county auditor within ninety days 
from the time of last work done or last materials furnished. 

A lien binds property for eight months unless proceedings be commenced 
or time be extended. 

Evidence. 

Certified copies of recorded instruments are received in evidence the same 
as the originals. 

Mining recorders and county auditors may certify copies of instruments 
of record concerning mines and the same may be used in evidence. 

Crimes. 

The fraudulent sale of mines, or salting or misrepresenting to accomplish 
the sale, is a felony. 

Fraudulently changing samples or assays with intent to defraud, is 
felony. 

Making or giving a false assay or sample with intent to defraud is felony. 

Robbing a vein, sluice-box, quartz-mill, etc., or trespassing upon a mining 
claim with intent to commit a felony, is felony. 

Deed of Mining Claim, United States. 

THIS INDENTURE. Made the day of 

In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety 

BETWEEN 



.the part of the first part, and 



the part of the second part, WITNESSETH: That the said part.... of 

the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 

DOLLARS of the United 

States of America, to in hand paid by the said part of the 

second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, ha granted, 

bargained, sold, remised, released and forever quit claimed, and by these 

presents do grant, bargain, sell, remise, release and forever quit-claim 

unto the said part of the second part, and heirs and assigns, 



TOGETHER with all the dips, spurs and angles, and also all the metals, 
ores, gold and silver-bearing quartz, rock and earth therein; and all the 
rights, privileges and franchises thereto incident, appendant and appur- 
tenant, or therewith usually had and enjoyed; and. also, all and singular the 
tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in any- 
wise appertaining, and the rents, issues and profits thereof; and, also, all 
the estate, right, title, interest, property, possession, claim and demand 

Whatsoever, as well in law as in equity, of the said part of the first 

part, of, in or to the said premises, and every part and parcel thereof, with 
the appurtenances. 



TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular, the said premises, together 
With the appurtenances and privileges thereunto incident, unto the said 
part of the second part heirs and assigns forever. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said part of the first part ha.... 

hereunto set '.'.'.'. ........ .. " hand V.V.* 'and "seal. ".."." the day and year first above 

written. 

Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the Presence of 



CSeal.) 
(Seal.) 
(Seal.) 
(Seal.) 
.(SeaD 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 178 

Location Certificate — Lode Claim. 

Know all men by these presents, that I 

of the county of , State of , claim by right of dis- 
covery and location feet, linear and horizontal measurement, on 

the lode, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, variations and 

angles; together with feet in width on each side of the middle of 

said vein at the surface, and all veins, lodes, ledges, deposits and surface 

ground within the lines of said claim; feet on .said lode running 

from the center of the discovery shaft, and feet running 

from said center of discovery shaft. 

Said claim is situated in the of ,. in mining 

district, county of , State of , and is bounded and 

described as follows : 

Date of discovery , 189.. Staked and located 189.. Date 

of certificate 189.. 

Attest: 

As a part of this form, and in addition to the data therein given, the 
claimant is required to state the names of adjoining claims, and if none ad- 
Join, the relative positions of those nearest, or show by affidavit or otherwise 
why this is not done. This is an essential requirement. 

This notice must be recorded in the office of the mining recorder and in 
the office of the auditor of the county in which claim is situate. 

Location Certificate — Placer Claim. 
Know all men by these presents, that I, 

the undersigned citizen of the United States, resident of the county of 
, and State of having complied with the provi- 
sions of chapter 6, title 32 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and 
with local customs, laws and regulations, claim by right of discovery and 
location, as a placer claim, the following premises situate, lying and being in 

mining district (or county), county of , and State of 

to wit: (Description.) 

To be known as : (Name.) 

Located , 189... Date of Certificate , 189... 

Contract to Sell and to Buy. 

I, vendor, hereby agree to sell to , 

and I , purchaser, agree to buy of the said , 

the lode mining claim, situate, etc 

The agreed consideration of said sale is % cash in hand paid, the re- 
ceipt whereof is hereby acknowledged; % to be paid within days 

from the date hereof, and $ within days from such date, making 

a total consideration of $ 

Said vendor, within days from date, will deliver to purchaser or 

his attorney an abstract of title duly certified by the clerk and recorder of 
said county, or by some reputable abstract office together with all the original 
title papers which are in his possession or within his power to produce. 

And within said time will place in escrow in a good and sufficient 

warranty deed conveying to said or such person as he shall 

nominate, the said premises, clear of encumbrances, to be by such 

held in escrow until final payment be made under this contract, or default is 

made under the same. Deposit with said to the credit of vendor 

shall be equivalent to payment of any said Installment. 

Time is the essence of this contract as to each and every installment, and 
tf any installment or installments be not paid within the time or times hereby 
limited therefor, all previous Installments shall be and remain the property 
of said vendor, the deed in escrow shall be returned to him for cancellation, 
and the property shall remain his own, unaffected and unencumbered by this 
contract. But if he fall to deliver abstract witnin said period, or to deposit 
said deed in escrow, or tf his title prove encumbered or otherwise not market- 
able, vendee may recover any and all Installments paid, or may sue for spe- 
cific performance and for a perfect title, or for damages, or otherwise as he 
may be advised. 

Witness the hands and seals of said parties this day of , 

A. D 

(Seal.) 

(Seal.) 

Bond and Agreement for Sale. 

This agreement made and entered lmo this day of 189.., 

by and between , of the county of State of 

part of the first part, and of the county of , 

Stale of , part of the second part: 

Witnesseth, that the said part — of the first part hereby apree.. that if 

the said part of the second part shall, on or hpfnre the expiration of 

from the date hereof, pay or cause to be paid to the said part of 

the first part the sum of ($ — ) dollars In gold coin, he will, upon 

Buch payment being made, make, execute and deliver to said part.... of the 



174 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

second part the title to all of th.. certain lot, piece or parcel of land situate, 

lying and being in the county of State of bounded and 

particularly described as follows, to wit: 

The said part., of the first part further agree., that the said part of 

the second part agents, employes or assigns may at any time during 

said period of enter upon said premises and work, mine and prospect 

the same in such manner as may deem best, and mill any ore that 

may be taken therefrom (provided all work done thereon shall be done in a 

good, workmanlike manner), and may place thereon (and remove at 

pleasure) such machinery and fixtures as may be necessary for the convenient 
working thereof. 

The said part of the second part hereby agree., that in the working, 

mining or prospecting of said premises will not suffer or permit any 

lien to attach thereto for or in consequence of any indebtedness may 

incur for labor, materials or improvements may employ, purchase or 

place upon said premises during the said period of ; and that in case 

they shall fail to pay or cause to be paid to said part of the first 

part the said sum of $ within said period of will, at the 

expiration of said period of time, quit and surrender to said part of the 

first part the said premises, and will within days thereafter remove 

any machinery and fixtures that may have placed thereon. 

It is mutually understood and agreed that the stipulations and agreements 
herein contained shall apply to and bind the heirs, executors, administrators 
and assigns of the respective parties hereto. 

In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands and 
seals the day and year first above written. 

(Seal.) 

(Seal.) 

(Seal.) 

How to Incorporate a Company. 

Under the laws of me State of Washington any two or more persons may 
make and subscribe written articles of incorporation in triplicate, and 
acknowledge the same before any officer authorized to take acknowledgement 
of deeds. One copy must be filed in the office of the secretary of state, one in 
the office of the auditor of the county in which the principal place of business 
of the corporation is to be located, the other remaining in the possession of 
the corporation. Said articles shall state the corporate name of the company, 
the object for which the same shall be formed, the amount of its capital 
stock, the time of its existence, not to exceed fifty years, the number of 
shares of which the capital stock shall consist, the number of trustees and 
their names, who shall manage the concerns of the company for such length 
of time (not less than two nor more than six months) as may be designated in 
such certificate, and the name of the city, town or locality and county In 
which the principal place of business of the company is to be located. No 
corporation shall commence business or institute proceedings to condemn 
land for corporate purposes until the whole amount of its capital stock shall 
have been subscribed for. Stock of corporations is deemed personal prop- 
erty. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

The greatest particularity is required under the mining laws of British 
Columbia. The act concerning mines at present in force through British 
Columbia was passed April 17, 1896. 

Interpretation of Terms. 
The following is the interpretation of terms used in the construction of 
the mineral act: 

"Mine" shall mean any land in which any vein or lode, or rock in place, 
shall be mined for gold or other minerals, precious or base, except coal. 

"Mineral" shall mean all valuable deposits of gold, silver, platinum. 
Iridium, or any of the platinum group of metals, mercury, lead, copper, iron, 
tin, zinc, nickel, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, bro- 
mine, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iodine, magnesum, manganese, molybde- 
num, phosphorus, plumbago, potassium, sodium, strontrium, sulphur or any 
combination of the aforementioned elements with themselves or with any 
Other elements, asbestos, emery, mica and mineral pigments. 

"Limestone, marble, clay or any bunding stone, when mined for building 
purposes," shall not be considered as mineral within the meaning of the act. 
"Rock in place" shall mean all rock in place bearing valuable deposits of 
mineral within the meaning of the act. 

"Vein" or "lode"— Whenever either of these terms is used in the act, "rock 
In place" shall be deemed to be included. 

"Mineral claim" shall mean the personal right of property or interest in 
any mine. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 17& 

"Mining property" shall include every mineral claim, ditch, mill-site or 
water right used for mining purposes, and all other things belonging to a 
mine or used in the working thereof. 

"Legal post" shall mean a stake standing not less than four feet above 
the ground, and square or faced on four sides for at least one foot from the 
top, and each side so squared or faced shall measure at least four inches on 
its face so far as squared or faced, and any stump or tree cut off and squared 
or faced to the above height and size. 

"Mill site" shall mean a plat of ground located as denned by the act for 
the purpose of erecting thereon any machinery or other works for trans- 
porting, crushing, reducing or sampling ores, or for the transmission of 
power for working mines. 

"Streams" shall include all natural water courses, whether usually con- 
taining water or not, and all rivers, creeks and gulches. 

"Ditch" shall include a flume, pipe or race, or other artificial means for 
conducting water by its own weight, to be used for mining purposes. 

"Ditch-head" shall mean the point in a natural water course, or lake or 
other source, where water is first taken into a ditch. 

"Free miner" shall mean a person, or joint stock company, or foreign 
company named in, and lawfully possessed of, a valid existing free miner's 
certificate, and no other. 

"Record," register" and "registration" shall have the same meaning, and 
shall mean an entry in some official book kept for that purpose. 

"Full interest" shall mean any mineral claim of the full size, or one of 
several shares into which a mineral claim shall be equally divided. 

"Cause" shall include any suit or action. 

"Judgment" shall include "order" or "decree." 

"Real estate" shall mean any mineral land in fee simple under any act 
relating to gold mines or to minerals other than coal. 

"Joint stock company" shall mean any company duly incorporated for 
mining purposes under the "Companies Act," "Companies Act, 1890," and any 
company duly incorporated in British Columbia for mining purposes under 
the "Companies Act, 1862," (Imperial), and shall include all companies, 
whether foreign or local, registered or incorporated under the "Companies 
Act," 1894, C. 32, S. 2. 

Free Miners and T^heir Privileges. 

Every person over 18 years of age and every joint stock company may 
become a free miner by taking out a miner's certificate, the cost of which is, 
$5 per annum. 

Minors who take the benefit of this act are regarded as of full age in all 
mining transactions. 

Miner's certificate to a joint stock company must be issued in its corpor- 
ate name. Such a certificate may be issued for one or more years and can- 
not be transferred. 

A fine of $25 is provided as a penalty for such as work at mining without 
first obtaining .the necessary certificate. 

Every owner of a mine or contractor for the performance of work upon 
a mine must take out a license certificate for each and every employee or 
upon conviction pay a penalty of one hundred dollars, in addition to the 
unpaid license fees. 

A free miner may kill game for his own use. 

A free miner may obtain a new certificate for one lost on paying $1. 

Should co-owner fail to pay for his free miner's certificate, his interest 
goes to his co-owners pro rata according to their former interests. 

A shareholder in a joint stock company need not be a free holder. 

A free miner may claim 1,500 by 1,500 feet. But all angles must be right 
angles and all measurements must be horizontally. 

A free miner may cut timber on Crown lands. 

A free miner may obtain a five-acre mill-site upon Crown lands In the 
form of a square. 

A claim may be held from year to year by work being done to the value 
of one hundred dollars. 

Two claims in each mining division, not on the same vein or lode, may be 
held, and more than one on the same vein, if held by a purchaser. 

A claim must be marked by two legal posts, each four inches square and 
not less than four feet above the ground. They must be numbered 1 and 2. 

A legal post marked "Discovery Post" must also be placed on the lode 
where it was discovered. 

On No. 1 post must be written: (1) Initial Post. (2) The name of the 
claim. (3) The name of the locator. (4) The date of location. (5) Approxi- 
mate bearing of No. 2 post. (6) Length and breadth of the claim. (7) The 
number of feet to the right and the number of feet to the left of the location 
line. 

On No. 2 post must be written: (1) The name of the claim. (2) The name 
Of the locator. (3) The date of location. 

The line from No. 1 to No. 2 must be distinctly marked by blazing trees or 
planting posts. 



176 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Locations made on Sunday or public holidays are not for that reason 
invalid. 

Lodes discovered in tunnel may be held if recorded in fifteen days. 

A free miner may, on the payment of $500 in lieu of expenditure on claim, 
obtain a Crown grant. 

Any miner may, at the discretion of the gold commissioner, obtain a 
water. right for a term of twenty years. 

No transfer of any mineral claim or interest shall be enforcable unless 
in writing, signed and recorded. 

No miner shall suffer from any act of omission or commission, or delays 
on the. part of government officials. 

No claim shall be open to location during the last illness of the holder, 
nor within twelve months after his death, unless by permission of the gold 
commissioner. 

A mineral claim must be recorded within fifteen days after location, if 
within ten miles of office of the mining recorder. One additional day is al- 
lowed for every additional ten miles or fraction thereof. 

Partnerships, unless otherwise specified, will be deemed to be annual. The 
business shall pertain to mining and to mining only. Partnerships can lo- 
cate and record one claim for each partner. 

If any partner should fail to keep up his free miner's certificate, his prop- 
erty in the partnership shall revert to his partners pro rata according to 
their former interests. A partner owning any part of a share is entitled to a 
vote, but the result of the vote shall be determined by the full interests voted 
upon. A majority can make assessments. Assessments must be paid within 
thirty days. Any partner failing to pay assessment will be permanently 
liable to the partnership and his interest may be sold to satisfy the assess- 
ment. But a partner may, by proper notice to the foreman or manager, 
abandon his interest, after which he will not be liable for assessments. 

Limited partnerships may be entered into; but "Limited" must become a 
part of the partnership name. 

Necessary Labor to Be Done. 

Work on each mining claim to the value of one hundred dollars must be 
done every year from the dale of record of the mineral claim. An affidavit 
made by the holder, or his agent, .setting out a detailed statement of the 
work done must be filed with the gold commissioner or mining recorder, and 
a certificate of the work obtained and recorded before the expiration of each 
year from the date of record of said claim. A free miner holding adjoining 
claims may, subject to filing notice of his intention with the gold commis- 
sioner or mining recorder, perform on any one 01 more of such claims, all the 
work required to entitle him to a certificate of work for each claim. The 
same provision applies to two or more free miners holding adjoining claims in 
partnership. In lieu of the above work the miner must pay one hundred 
dollars and get a receipt and record the same. 

Law Concerning: Placer Mines. 

Placer claims shall be divided into creek diggings, bar diggings, dry dig- 
gings, bench diggings and hill diggings. 

Every free miner shall be entitled to locate and record a placer claim 
on each separate creek, ravine or hill, but not more than two claims in the 
same locality, only one of which shall be a creek claim. He shall be allowed 
to hold any number of placer claims by purchase. 

A "creek claim" shall be 100 feet long, measuring the direction of the 
general course of the stream, and shall extend in width from base to base 
of the hill or bench on each side, but when the hills or benches are less than 
100 feet apart the claim shall be 100 feet square. 

Tn "bar diggings" a claim shall be a strip of land 100 feet long at high 
water mark, and In width extending from high water mark in the river to its 
lowest water level. Dry diggings, 100 feet square. 

In "bench diggings" a claim shall be 100 feet square: provided, that the 
gold commissioner has authority, where a bench is narrow, to extend the 
limits of a claim beyond the limits of the bench, but not to exceed 100 feet 
square. 

In "hill diggings" a claim shall have a base line or frontage of 100 feet, 
drawn parallel to the main dl7ert1on of the stream or ravine on which it 
fronts. Parallel lines drawn from each end to the line at right angles there- 
to, and running to the summit of the hill, shall constitute the side lines 
thereof. Legal posts shall be placed 100 feet apart on both the base line and 
the side lines, and no claim shall extend beyond the posts so placed. 

If any free miner, or party of free miners, discover a new mine, placer 
claims of the following sizes. In dry, bar, bench, ereek or hill diggings shall 
he allowed, viz: to one discoverer, one claim 300 feet In length: to a party of 
two discoverers, two rlalms. amounting tog-ether to 600 feet In length; to a 
party of tbree discoverers, three claims, amounting to WlO feet In length: to 
a party of four discoverers, four claims, amounting together to 1.000 feet la 
length: and to each member of a party beyond four In number, a claim of the 
ordinary size only. A creek discovery claim shall extend on each side of the 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 17T 

center of the creek as far as the summit of the hill, but aot exceeding 1,000- 
feet. 

A new stratum of auriferous earth, gravel, or cement, situated in a local- 
ity where all placer claims are abandoned, shall be deemed a new mine. 

In defining the size of placer claims, they shall be measured horizontally, 
Irrespective of inequalities on the surface of the ground. 

Any location made on Sunday or any public holiday shall not for that 
reason be invalid, any law or statute to the contrary notwithstanding. 

How to Locate Placer Claims. 

A placer claim must be as nearly as possible rectangular, and marked by 
four legal posts at the corners. The posts must be at least four inches 
square. One post must be marked "Initial Post," and on that post a written 
notice must be placed stating: The name of the claim, the length of the 
claim in feet, its general direction; the date of notice and name of locator. 
If any side line extends 100 feet in length, legal posts must be placed on such 
line not exceeding 100 feet apart. 

What Must Be Recorded. 

Placer claims must be recorded within three days after location, if within 
ten miles of the mining recorder's office, and one additional day is allowed for 
each additional ten miles or fraction thereof. 

Placer claims may be recorded for one or more years on payment of fees 
—$2.50 for each year. 

Transfers must be in writing signed by the transferer and recorded in the 
mining recorder's office, and within the time required for recording placer 
claims. 

The holder of a placer claim has no right to any vein or lode within its 
limits, except by location and record under the mining act. 

Taxes on Mines. 

An annual tax of 25 cents for every acre and fractional part of an acre 
of land conveyed by the crown must be paid on the 30th day of June and said 
tax becomes a charge upon the claim and in default of payment said claim 
may be sold. Such taxes are remitted if the owner proves to have done $200- 
worth of work on the claim for the year during which said taxes are assessed. 

Legal Forms. 

Under the law of British Columbia the government has prescribed cer- 
tain forms and these must be followed absolutely: Such as Location Notice, 
Record of Mineral Claim, Record of Partnership Mineral Claim, Application 
for Certificate of Work. Certificate of Work, Certificate of Improvements, 
Application for Certificate of Improvements, Certificate of Improvements, 
Mining Recorder's Certificate, Mill Site (notice), Mill Site (affidavit of appli- 
cant prior to lease), Lease of Mill Site, Mill Site (affidavit of applicant prior 
to Crown grant), Mill Site (certificate of improvements), Tunnel or Drain 
License, Mill Site (application for Crown Grant). Water Notice, Water (grant 
of water right), For a Full Claim. For a Fractional Claim. These may be 
found in the act relating to gold and other minerals excepting coal. Passed 
April 17, 1S96. 

Scale of Fees to Be Charged. 

For every free miners' certificate (for each year) $5.00 

Every substituted certificate 1.00 

Recording any claim 2.60 

Recording every certificate of work 2.50 

Recording any "lay over" or every other record required to be made in 

the "Record Book" 2.50 

Recording every abandonment, including the memorandum to be written 

on the record 2.50 

For any other record made in the "Record of Abandonments" 2.50 

For recording every affidavit, where the same does not exceed three folios 

of 100 words 2.50 

For every folio over three, per folio 30 

The above rate shall be charged for all records made in the "Record of 
Affidavits." 
For all records made in the "Record of Conveyances," where the same do 

not exceed three folios 2.50 

For every folio, over three, a further charge of 30 cents per folio. 
For all copies or extractn from any record In any of the above-named 
books, where such a copy or extract shall not exceed three folios, per 

copy 2.50 

"Where such copies or extracts exceed three folios, 30 cents per folio for 
every folio over three. 

For fillnK any document 2S 

For a Crown grant 5.00 



178 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

MINERAL OFFICERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

Minister of Mines— Hon. Col. James Baker. 
Provincial Mineralogist — W. A. Carlyle. 
Public Assayer— H. Carmichael. 

Mining Recorders. 

Nanaimo— M. Bray, Nanaimo. 

New Westminster— D. Robson, New Westminster. 

East Kootenay— J. Stirret, Donald; F. C. Lang, Golden; G. Goldie, Win- 
dermere; C. M. Edwards. Fort Steele; M. Phillips, Tobacco Plains. 

West Kootenay— J. H. Graham, Revelstoke; Corry Minhennick, Lardeau; 
A. Sproat, New Denver; John Keen, Kaslo; W. J. Goepel, Nelson; J. Kirkup, 
Rossland; J. C. Rykert, Rykert's; T. Taylor, Trout Lake; R. J. Scott, Ille- 
eillewaet. * 

Cariboo— W. Stephenson, Quesnelle Forks; J. Bowren, Barkerville. 

Yale— W. Dodd, Yale; L. Norris, Vernon; C. A. R. Lambly, Osoyoos; W. 
McMynn, Midway; H. Hunter, Granite Creek; G. C. Tunstall, Kamloops. 

Lillooet— C. A. Phair, Lillooet; F. Soues, Clinton. 

Cassiar— Ezra Evans, Manson Creek Omineca; Jas. Porter, Laketon. 

Alberni— Thos. Fletcher, Alberni. 

Victoria— W. S. Gore, Victoria. 

Gold Commissioners. 
For the Province— W. S. Gore. 
Alberni— Thos. Fletcher, Alberni. 
Cariboo— John Bowren, Richfield. 
Cassiar District— James Porter, Laketon, Cassiar. 
Lillooet District— Frederick Soues, Clinton. 
East Kootenay District— J. F. Armstrong, Donald. 

West Kootenay District— N. Fitzstubbs, Nelson; J. D. Graham, Revel- 
stoke. 

Yale District— Charles Lambly, Osoyoos; G. C. Tunstall, Kamloops. 

Assayers. 

Public Assayer, H. Carmichael, Victoria; W. Pellew Harvey, Vancouver; 
J. A. MacFarlane, Vancouver; Robbins & Long, Rossland. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 175 



THE REDUCTION OF ORES. 

By C. E. Bogardus, of Seattle. 

In treating this subject, it is undertaken with some misgivings, as the 
scope is broad to place in a short article; to give a clear idea of the proper 
items. No doubt some readers will miss what to them are important points, 
but when we stop to consider the vastness of the field and that large volumes 
are written upon one single process the indulgent reader is asked to overlook 
the lacking features. 

The use of the metals by man dates into ancient history, and necessarily 
the separation from tbe ores has, since their first use, always been a problem. 
At first it was how to get the metal, now it is how to cheapen the process; 
either by modification of the present systems or by entering new paths 
of research. 

In the commercial world the metals are divided into precious and base. 
There are only three of the precious metals, gold, silver and platinum, while 
the list of base metals includes the balance, lead, iron, copper, zinc, anti- 
mony, etc. 

Space will permit only a synopsis as to how gold and silver are separated 
from the ores. In connection with them lead and copper are of necessity 
joined. With the copper also come nickel and cobalt. 

Gold and silver occur in nature free and combined. The free metal 
or native is when it is in the form as used in commerce, the metallic state, as 
placer gold or as pieces of "the real stuff" in quartz. In combination, they 
are united chemically with some other element and must undergo a treat- 
ment. Gold and silver ores are in general treated alike, as they occur in 
the same ore and consequently both must be extracted together, although 
there are some gold ores and some silver ores each having special processes 
to obtain the value. 

Platinum is so extremely rare in ores, the most being obtained from 
placers and then usually in connection with gold, that its metallurgy will not 
be dealt with here. 

Silver occurs to a limited degree native, but usually in chemical combina- 
tion, the most common being chloride, bromide, sulphide, telluride, anti- 
monial sulphide (ruby silver and brittle silver), argentiferous galenas and 
argentiferous gray coppers, all of which must be separated by one of the 
many processes. 

Gold is found as native and in chemical combination with tellurium, called 
tellurides, which are extremely rich. It is also associated with sulphurets, 
known as iron pyrite, pyrites, sulphurets and iron sulphurets, being a chem- 
ical combination of iron and sulphur. The gold in this case is not chemic- 
ally combined but mechanically held. 

Free gold or free silver ores are treated by a variety of mills, each work- 
ing with the same end in view, to separate the gold or silver from the rock 
by amalgamating them with mercury. There is a long list of them, but I 
shall put them into two divisions. First, stamp mills, which work by a large 
weight, 500 to 1,000 pounds, called the stamp, dropping rapidly into an in- 
closed mortar. The pulp, when about the size to pass through a forty-mesh 
screen, splashes through the screen onto a cooper plate, the plate having 
first been coated with mercury. The gold and silver are held by the mercury, 
while the balance of the material washes on off the plates. There are grav- 
ity stamps, spring stamps and steam stamps. The second division of mills 
includes all the balance, Huntington. Crawford, Merrill, etc., each differing 
from the other in the manner of pulverizing the ore, some accomplishing it by 
large wheels, some by centrifugal revolving weights, others by revolving 
balls, each having its merits and being adapted for special ores, while the 
gravity stamps are the most successful with general ores and are usually 
preferred. The mercury on the plates, when it contains considerable gold, 
is scraped off and placed in a chamois or buckskin sack and squeezed dry, 
the excess of mercury passing through the chamois. The residue, dry amal- 
gam, consisting of the gold and some mercury, is put in an iron retort, from 
which the mercury can all be distilled at a low red heat, caught in water 
and used again, wnile the retort contains the gold. This is melted in a black 
lead or clay crucible, run into bricks, and is ready for market. 

At this point it might be added that there is quite a mistaken idea of 
what a mill test is. A mill test is a test made on a sample of ore to see how 
much free gold it contains and the percentage that can be saved by amal- 
gamating with mercury. A large sample. 100 to 1,000 pounds, is often shipped 
to a smelter for a mill test. No smelter will smelt a single shipment by itself. 
The ore is sampled and an assay made, all shipments being treated alike in 
that respect. The smelters do not test for free gold nor make mill tests, 
excepting the same as any competent assayer can do in his laboratory. 

Few ores occur in which the total value is free gold; part is as a rule asso- 
ciated with the sulphurets. This gold is not caught by the mercury, but is 



180 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

carried off of the plates. In a free gold ore the sulphurelj are usually a 
small percentage of the ore, running from 2 to 30 per cent. When less than 
2 per cent., it does not as a rule pay to save them unless quite rich. When 
above 30 per cent, the sulphurets interfere with the amalgamation and there 
is too great a chance of loss in concentration besides. 

To save this value the pulp is carried over concentrators, which are ma- 
chines arranged for separating, by gravity, the use of water and a shaking 
motion, the heavy mineral from the light gangue, which is worthless, the 
quartz, porphyry, etc. In handling an ore carrying about 10 per cent, sul- 
phurets, for every ten tons of ore crushed and run over the concentrators, 
there will be one ton of concentrates carrying the value. There is always 
some loss, varying with the nature of the ore; in future treatment there is 
the cost of working only one ton in place of ten. The concentrates from a 
fold ore will yield their value by the following methods, pan amalgama- 
tion, cyanide, chiorination, bromination, smelting or some of the new pro- 
cesses, the means used to be determined by two points, cost of treatment 
and percentage of value saved. Some ores take one. others another. 

For pan amalgamation the concentrates are thoroughly roasted, then 
placed in large pans, with mercury, stirred and ground until the gold is 
amalgamated; steam heat is often used, while occasionally salt and blue- 
stone are added, especially when silver is present. The pulp is washed away 
and the mercury handled the same as when taken from the plates of the 
stamp mill. 

I would state here that no one process, except smelting, will treat all 
ores and any process needs some modification for each ore treated. They 
often treat one ore to perfection and are worthless for another. Ores are indi- 
vidual in character, no two alike. 

Chiorination depends upon the fact that gold is soluble in chlorine gas, 
forming a chloride of gold, acting when the ore is roasted perfectly, but inert 
-on the raw pyrites; roasting is burning off the sulphur, changing the iron 
from a bisulphide to a sesquioxide. whereby the gold is freed. The roasted 
pulp is placed in a perfectly airtight chiorination barrel or false bottom vat, 
moistened and a current of chlorine, generated by using salt, sulphuric acid 
and dioxide of manganese, passed through it. When the action is complete, 
the gold chloride, being soluble in water, is leached out of the pulp, and 
precipitated with ferrous sulphate. After being allowed to settle, the liquor 
is drawn off, the gold collected, usually by the filter press, melted and cast 
into bars. 

Bromination is on the same principle, forming bromide of gold instead 
of the chloride. It is used by a few companies, the claim being that it is 
cheaper and simpler than chiorination. 

Smelting will be taken up in connection with general ores. 

Cyanide process, by which concentrates are often treated, is given in full 
in another chapter in this book. 

When an ore carries no free metal, the ore as a whole is considered and 
the best means will depend upon its nature. 

The gold and silver in Washington are usually associated together, and 
the ore must be treated to save both metals. When there is no silver of 
value, the ore is handled the same as the concentrates from the stamp mill. 
It is concentrated when it will permit. In such cases the ore is pulverized by 
the stamps or Cornish rolls; rolls seem to be preferred as the product is in 
a more even and better condition for concentration. 

We now come to the treatment of the general ores carrying gold and sil- 
ver mixed with iron sulphurets, copper sulphurets or galena. 

Smelting or matting will handle all ores. But by this means the 
object in view is only half accomplished; the precious metals do not come out 
•of the furnace pure and ready for use, but are associated with some base 
metal as carrier, from which they must be separated. The aim in smelting 
is to make the gangue melt and be thin enough for the valuable metals to 
-collect and settle to the bottom. The ore will not melt by itself without such 
extreme heat as to endanger loss of value by volatilization, so the proper 
ingredients are added to obtain a fusion at a moderate temperature; this 
is called fluxing, the materials added being called fluxes. 

Smelting is classified according to the carrier used to collect the gold and 
silver, being lead smelting, copper matting and iron matting or pyritic. Lead 
.and copper smelting methods merge into each other, for now at many places 
they are both accomplished in the same furnace at the same time, while on 
the other hand copper and pyritic smelting pass imperceptibly from one 
into the other. 

. Lead smelting or the use of lead as a carrier is the old reliable and today 
is in most general use. It is the one place where all ores are taken ex- 
cepting possibly some high grade copper oxide or carbonates, and they can 
be handled by other means, although they can be used in small quantities at 
,a time at the lead smelter. It was not manj r years ago when the lead fur- 
nace superintendent would refuse a great many so-called base ores. This 
term has a different meaning when used in the various branches of mining. 
A free gold man, in speaking of a base ore, means one from which he cannot 
extract the gold by mercury. To the smelter foreman it is the ore containing 
metals which interfere with his saving value. Zinc and antimony are base 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 181 

ores for the lead furnace. Ores which were refused a few years ago are 
today readily taken. Before long the term base ores will not be in use. 
There is now a company in the field claiming that by the use of their furnace 
zinc is an aid instead of a detriment. 

We will now start with an ore at the mine and carry it through the lead 
smelter. 

At the mine the owner has three grades of ore, shipping, concentrating 
and refuse. His shipping ore is either the pay streak, which breaks down 
clean without any poor material being mixed with it, or is separated by sort- 
ing, which is selecting the high grade for shipping, using the hammer for 
breaking when necessary, placing the balance with the second grade or 
throwing it over the dump down the ravine as refuse. 

This seemingly simple point is in fact one of the important ones about 
a mine. A well-trained man is necessary for the position. He must have a 
quick perception and be one who studies his ores. Every variety of ore should 
be tested for him. He should not only know that a certain appearing piece 
carries value, but how that value is there, whether as ruby silver, in the gray 
copper, with the lead, carried with one of the sulphurets or some of the- 
dozen more combinations possible. Many a mine has had thousands of dol- 
lars thrown down the ravine from careless sorting by men who "knew ore." 

While at the mine, the second grade had better be treated, if low grade, 
but with a small percentage of mineral, it can be concentrated the same as 
the sulphurets of a gold ore as mentioned. In concentrating, the ore must 
be thoroughly understood as to where the value lies to know what to save 
and how to crush. Some minerals of high value are brittle, pulverizing eas- 
ily and if not correctly handled the value will be lost. An ore high in sul- 
phurets but of low value can only be treated by some of the cheap processes 
of the future; it cannot be concentrated by mechanical means. Ore that 
cannot be put three or more into one is not worth doing anything with, as 
the loss and cost equal the gain. Galena, iron and copper sulphurets handle 
nicely. 

The concentrates are sacked and shipped with the regular ore to the 
smelter. Upon arrival, it is weighed and the ore shoveled into an ore 
breaker. Coming from this, it is shoveled into cars or conveyors, every tenth 
shovelful being thrown aside as a sample. If the concentrates are a large 
shipment, every tenth sack is set aside as a sample. The ore sample is 
crushed again and taken to a sampling floor, thoroughly mixed and cut into 
quarters, the two diagonal quarters taken, the other two thrown away. The 
part saved is remixed and quartered again and this process is continued until 
there is about 100 pounds, when it is quartered and the two halves sacked. 
One half is labeled and put away for future reference in case of a dispute. 
The balance is taken to the sampling room, crushed finer and quartered 
down to between one and two pounds, when it is dried, pulverized to pass an 
eighty-mesh screen and sent on to the assay room, where, after thorough 
mixing, it is divided into three samples, one for the smelter, one for the seller 
and the third to be sent to a reliable assayer as umpire in case of a dis- 
agreement. The assays usually check (agree) but sometimes a shipment will 
have to be resampled and it occasionally takes a year to settle satisfactorily 
to both parties. 

All samples are tested by the smelter for gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, 
lime, zinc, silica and antimony when present. The ore is not put in the 
furnace and the seller paid for the ounces of gold and silver extracted, but he 
is paid entirely upon the assay of sample taken. Part of a shipment may not 
be smelted for two or three months after receipt and then never smelted in 
the furnace alone. As stated, each ore must be fluxed. In lead smelting this- 
is the proper combination of silica, iron and lime. To the superintendent the 
ore has four parts, precious metals, valuable base metals, worthless base 
metals and the gangue. Saving the highest percentage of value at the least 
cost is his aim. Ores are bought which can be mixed and the proper com- 
bination of silica, iron and lime obtained if possible, for by so doing so much 
ore is being melted instead of the same amount of dead flux, which must be 
added in case of a deficiency; iron ore for the lack of iron, limestone for the 
lime, and quartz for silica. In most cases there is an excess of silica, which- 
necessitates the purchase of iron and lime. The smelting charges are made 
accordingly. A fixed rate is made on a neutral basis; when the silica equals 
the iron and lime. When the silica is in excess a charge of 15 cents per each 
unit in excess is made, but 15 cents is paid for each unit the iron and lime 
are in excess of the silica. In regard to the detrimental metals, zinc and 
ir.timony, a limit is established, in the amount allowed in an ore (at preset 
in Washington this limit is 10 per cent.). Below this limit the ore is treated 
without extra cost, but above that an additional charge of 50 cents for each 
per cent, in excess— a 12 per cent, zinc ore would cost $1 extra. 

In making up his mix, the metallurgist adds a certain per cent, of galena^ 
for a carrier to save the gold and silver. About 12 per cent, is used now. 

Most of the iron occurs in the ores as sulphurets. The sulphur in a lead 
smelter is out of place and must be eliminated by roasting. In roasting, 
what it takes nature years to do man accomplishes in a few hours. When.-, 
she finishes, there is left the red streak of iron stain on the mountain side, by 
which the prospector spots his ledge. 



182 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

All parts of the charge, ore, flux and fuel, which is usually coke, are 
weighed and fed in regularly at the top of the furnace, a force draft being 
used to keep up the combustion. The process is continuous, the slag being 
drawn off from one point at regular intervals, while the lead is taken out at 
-a lower point when necessary. From January to January, it stops not ex- 
cept for an accident, which, if it stops the furnace, is quite expensive. The 
lead bullion is now ready for the refinery, where the gold, silver and lead are 
separated. 

When there is copper in an ore that goes to a lead smelter, sufficient sul- 
phur is left in the charge to form a copper sulphide or matte and the copper 
saved in the same form as in copper smelting. As all lead smelters buy ores 
carrying more or less copper, they save it in this way, putting them in with 
the regular ores, but ores without copper are preferred. This matte is 
drawn out with the slag, from which it separates on standing, for, being 
heavier, it settles to the bottom, and when cold it is broken off and saved. 

In smelting there is a small loss, in the slag, from volatilization and in 
the dust. The last is mostly regained when good dust chambers are used, 
but the first and second, especially the first, it is the object of the superin- 
tendent to make as low as possible. They vary with the fluxing and the 
manipulation of the furnace. 

One method of refining the lead bullion will be given. The bullion is 
melted in a large iron kettle with a certain percentage of zinc, the zinc 
having a greater affinity for the gold and silver than the lead. They liquate 
on cooling. The zinc with the gold and silver is taken off, and the lead again 
treated. When the lead has given up all the precious metal, it will contain 
some zinc, from which it is freed in a cupel furnace, and is then ready for 
market. The zinc is separated from the gold and silver in the cupel furnace 
by distillation and oxidation. The precious metals are placed in a sulphuric 
acid bath and heated, the silver passes into solution as silver sulphate, while 
the gold remains undissolved. 

The silver solution is decanted, the gold washed, dried, melted and cast 
into bars. Pure copper sheets are suspended in the silver sulphate and by 
metathesis we obtain metallic silver and copper sulphate. When all of the 
silver is deposited it is washed, dried and melted and run into bars. The sul- 
phate of copper solution is evaporated and crystallized. This is a large 
source of the blue vitriol of commerce. 

The other forms of smelting are copper smelting and pyritic, alike in their 
products, both being mattes, a sulphide product having the precious metals 
dissolved in them. In consequence they need more of a subsequent treat- 
ment to yield a finished product. They verge into each other, varying from 
a matte high in copper with but little iron, to one mostly iron and a small 
amount of copper. A strictly iron matte can be made and is made at 
Deadwood, North Dakota, but as a rule a small amount of copper is de- 
sirable. 

Pyritic smelting is designed to concentrate the value of pyritic or sulphide 
ores, by heat, using the sulphur as a part, if not all, of the fuel, fluxing away 
the gangue and the metals of no value. Part of the iron forms a sulphide, 
making with the copper sulphide the matte carrying the gold and silver with 
them. The process is in successful operation at a number of places, but it 
is not an easy plant to conduct. In fluxing, the range is greater than in lead 
smelting and theoretically it is quite simple, but practically it takes an expe- 
rienced man to obtain good results. No preliminary roasting is needed, as 
the sulphur is used for the fuel. 

The matte product will yield its value by three different treatments. A 
straight iron matte can be roasted and pan amalgamated the same as gold 
sulphurets are often treated. When there is sufficient copper to pay to save 
it is shipped to a lead smelter, roasted and treated the same as a sulphuret 
ore, the iron acting as a flux. The copper forms a copper matte, while the 
gold and silver are taken up by the lead. The arsenic and antimony are 
made use of in pyritic smelting, whereas in lead and copper furnaces they 
are obnoxious. They pass into the iron matte, forming arsenides, anti- 
monides, sulpharsenides and sulphantimonides with the iron taking place 
of so much sulphur which may be used for fuel. 

As the copper increases, we pass into copper smelting, which, though it 
in turn verges into lead smelting, the iron on one side and the lead on the 
other, still has its own necessities and is distinct. 

Copper smelting is used to treat all copper ores and is simply one step in 
the concentration process which is taken, step by step, until metallic copper 
is obtained. 

Copper occurs as native in a few places. This ore is treated quite simply, 
being crushed, concentrated, melted and cast into ingots. This copper 
ranked higher than that from other ores until electricity was introduced for 
refining. 

Copper smelting, or matting, as it is usually called, because the product 
in most cases is a matte, has within the last few years made a great advance, 
the Americans being far in the lead. 

The sulphuret ore must be roasted, as the extra sulphur is not used as 
fuel, but a small amount is necessary to unite with the copper and iron to 
make the matte. Roasting is conducted in a variety of ways, from tne 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 183 

cheap crude method of heap roast, known from antiquity, to the modern 
automatic reverberatory furnace. 

The heap roast is made by properly piling the ore in heaps 24x46x6 upon a 
bed of fuel with correctly arranged draft holes and chimneys. Only sufficient 
fuel is used to get it under way, when the burning sulphur keeps it going. 
From sixty to seventy-five days are needed to burn a heap of this size. The 
product is an oxide of iron, oxide of copper, some copper sulphate with a 
small amount of unroasted material. When cool enough to handle, the mix- 
ture goes direct to the furnace. In the reverberatory furnace of today, the 
ore is pulverized and fed at one end, where a flame plays over it. The 
sulphur immediately begins to burn, and the material is now slowly moved 
along the furnace, getting hotter and hotter as it approaches the fire. Unless 
the melting is done in this furnace, it is withdrawn in the form of a pow- 
der, the sulphur all gone and the metals in the form of oxides. The most 
improved furnaces now have automatic stirrers and automatic dischargers. 

In copper smelting it is not the object to get as high grade matte as 
possible, for two reasons— subsequent treatment can be conducted better and 
the precious metal saved closer. About a 40 per cent, matte is the first prod- 
uct. The fluxing is different from lead smelting in having a wider range as 
to slag, not being bound down to a fixed limit. The aim is to have a slag 
fluid enough for the matte to settle through and not too thin, or the matting 
will not be perfect. 

The furnaces used are water jacket shells of copper, cast or wrought iron. 
Some brick ones are in use, but they are losing ground. The charge is fed 
continuously at the top and like the lead smelter there is not a stop except 
for accidents. During fusion the copper unites with the sulphur, making 
copper sulphide, the balance of the sulphur combines with iron and the two 
sulphides form the matte. The percentage of iron sulphide determines the 
grade of the matte and that is fixed by the amount of sulphur. When an 
excess of sulphur is allowed, it takes too much iron into the matte and 
robs the slag of necessary iron; if sulphur is deficient, the grade of the matte 
Is too high and the slag gets the iron, making it too thin. 

In the old style furnace the matte was allowed to settle to the bottom and 
was drawn off at intervals, as was also the slag, the matte being then re- 
fined by roasting and resmelting, slowly raising the grade by eliminating the 
sulphur and the iron until pig copper was obtained. 

Today at the most advanced works the separating of the slag and matte 
is done in another furnace, a reverberatory hearth, where they are allowed to 
run in a molten state and kept so. The slag is tapped off and the matte 
maintained in a fluid state. As needed, it is conveyed to the large Bessemer 
converters, where the purification into metallic copper is accomplished in 
one operation, by burning out the impurities, the iron being carried into the 
slag. The copper is cast into large plates ready for electrolytic treatment 
for separating the gold, silver and the small traces of other metals. These 
large plates are suspended in a sulphuric acid bath as the anode, and a thin 
sheet of pure copper is the cathode. As the current is turned on the impure 
anode dissolves and perfectly pure copper deposits at the cathode. The gold, 
silver and impurities drop to the bottom of the tank. 

In treating oxide and carbonate ores the product is black copper instead 
of matte. At times the raw sulphuret ores are smelted without roasting 
owing to certain conditions, but roasting is the rule. Nickel and cobalt, when 
in an ore, are saved in the copper matte. 

Coming back to silver, there are two processes for treating exclusively 
silver ores which deserve mention. One, known as the Russell process, is 
used when the silver is as a chloride or bromide, soluble in a hypotyposulphite 
of soda solution. The silver is precipitated as a sulphide, which is washed, 
dried, melted and run into bricks. Some of the ores, such as sulphides, etc., 
can be converted into a chloride by roasting with salt or salt and copper 
sulphate. Then there is the old Mexican or Patio method of amalgamation. 
for the ores that are chlorides or can be converted into chlorides by roasting, 
as in the Russell process. The ground pulp in the form of a mud is placed in 
a Patio with mercury. In America a large amalgamating pan or barrel is 
used. The mixture is stirred knd ground until the amalgamation is com- 
plete. The silver chloride is changed to metallic silver, which amalgamates. 
This silver amalgam is treated the same as gold amalgam. As worked in 
Mexico the process is crude, but it is used with great success there. 

As to the new methods, it might be added, they are becoming as numerous 
as patent car couplers. Hundreds of mining and smelter men, electricians 
and inventors are working to solve the problem of a cheap means or extrac- 
tion of the value from ores. Some are branching onto new lines, others 
trying to improve the old, bringing to their aid electricity;- chlorine, bromine, 
cyanide and other chemical solvents together with new ideas in furnaces 
ahd heat producers, combining different methods with various results. The 
goal is a means by which a small plant can be placed, on the property, in 
the mountains, treat the ore there and treat it cheap. This would solve the 
problem for camps which today are at a standstill — ore, where lack of trans- 
portation facilities prohibits development; another having the railroad, but 
where the freight rate takes all the profit on the low grade ores. It would 
do away with trying to concentrate low grade material, where value is lost. 

Only a very small amount Of microcosmic salt is needed, not more than 



184 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

and also treat ores of low value, but too high in sulphurets to be concen- 
trated. 

There are now in the "West, to my knowledge, about a dozen of the revo- 
lutionizing processes, most of them claiming to extract the value for $1.50 a 
ton at the mine. Many of the same pass into history each year. Some one 
will solve the problem and for the man who does it there is an unlimited 
fortune awaiting him locked up in a stronger vault than any bank. Who 
will find the magic key? 

At this writing no one has proven that he has such a process. Before this 
is with the reader, some one may achieve this end. If so. it will be a boon te- 
the mining man of small means. It means wonders for Washington. 

+#+•+«♦•♦• + •♦(»♦•♦ 

CYANIDE TREATMENT OF ORES. 

By S. G. Dewsnap, Methow, Wash. 

In the onward march of science and art, there is no branch which has 
made greater advancement within the past quarter of a century than the 
reduction of ores. This advance has been made in the improvement of old 
processes and the finding and adoption of new ones. 

In the old processes the advance has been in machinery which rendered 
the processes more efficient in extracting a greater percentage of the value 
and in reducing the cost of treatment. 

Among the new processes the treatment of ore by cyanide has made most 
rapid progress. 

The cyanide process is based on the fact that gold and silver are soluble 
In a solution of cyanide of potassium or sodium in water. 

"The discovery of this fact has been attributed to Hagen in 1806. Dr. 
Wright, of Birmingham, England, used cyanide of gold solution for electro- 
plating in 1840."— Dr. Scheidel. 

Since that time numerous experiments have been carried on with the 
Idea of extracting gold and silver from ores by the use of cyanides, With other 
chemicals, electricity, etc., but it remained for John S. McArthur and Robert 
W. Forest to complete the process and adapt it to successful metallurgical 
operation. For this they received patents in the United States in 1889 and 
about the same time patents were taken out in nearly all other countries. 

The scope of the process is a broad one, but by no means universal. Its 
application is limited to ores (by ores is meant native rock, bearing precious 
metais, whether in their natural state or as concentrates or tailings from 
other processes) which either have no decomposing action on the cyanide 
solution or can by a preliminary treatment be rendered inactive to the cyanide 
solution. Gold and silver exist in ores in many different forms and combina- 
tions. From some of these combinations cyanide solution will dissolve the 
gold and silver and from others it will not. There are in some cases mechani- 
cal difficulties in the way of treatment of an ore by this process, as a tendency 
to slime, rendering it almost impossible to pass the liquid solution through 
the ore mass. This renders the operation so slow as to require the plant to 
be of such large proportions that it would become unprofitable, even when a 
very high percentage of the value is extractable by the solutions. 

However, ores that are adapted to the process can be treated by it at a 
much less cost than by any other known process. Ores in which gold exists 
as metalics, but in such a state of division that it is impossible to amalgamate 
it, yield excellent results from cyanide treatment. Many sulphide and arsen- 
ide ores give up their gold and silver to cyanide solution without changing the 
sulphides in any way. 

The principal chemical reaction upon which the process rests is the 
formation of double cyanides of gold or silver and the alkaline metal. These 
double salts are soluble in water and when formed can be washed out of the 
ore. The following formulae represent the reactions in their simplest forms: 

2Au -f 4KCN + O -f H 2 = 2AuK(CN) 2 + 2KOH 

Gold Potassium Oxygen "Water Cyanide of gold Caustic 

cyanide and potassium Potash 

2Ag + ' 4 K C N -f O + H 2 = 2AgK(CN) 2 -f 2KOH 

Silver Potassium Oxygen Water Cyanide of silver Caustic 

cyanide and potassium Potash 

While these reactions are taking place, there are many more reactions 
going on with the other metals and minerals of the ore, which complicate the 
result. According to this equation, 15.12 parts of gold should be dissolved for 
each ten parts of cyanide decomposed, while in the best works by actual test 
from forty to forty-five parts of cyanide are decomposed for one part of gold 
extracted. This difference is to be accounted for by many reactions which 
take place between the cyanide solution and the ingredients of the ore, the 
water and the air. Some salts of iron, alumina, manganese, magnesium and 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 185 

copper, which are found in all precious metal ores to a greater or less extent, 
have some decomposing 1 action on the cyanide solution. 

The solution of cyanide in passing from a very dilute to a strong solution 
passes a point at which it has its maximum power to dissolve gold. This is 
probably due to the fact that a strong solution has no power to dissolve 
oxygen gas from the air, which is essential to the reaction between the 
cyanide and the gold. The strength found most efficient differs with different 
ores from one-tenth to six-tenths of 1 per cent., i. e., from one pound to six 
pounds of cyanide of potassium to 1,000 pounds of water. When the value 
of the ore is in silver, the solution has to be stronger than when the ore value 
is in gold. 

The solutions are separated from the ore by percolation or nitration, and 
the precious metals recovered from the solutions by precipitation by metallic 
sine or alumina. The following formula will illustrate the chemical reaction: 



2 Au K (C N) 2 


+ 


Zu 


zz 


Zn K 2 (C N) 4 


+ 


2 Au 


Cyanide of gold 




Zinc 




Cyanide of zinc 




Gold 


and potassium 








and potassium 







According to this formula, one ounce of zinc should precipitate about 
six ounces of gold, but in practice it requires six to twelve ounces of zinc to 
precipitate one ounce of gold. This solution of zinc is due to the caustic 
potash generated in the solution, as indicated by previous reaction, and also 
# by other reaction due to other ore ingredients. The gold precipitated is neyer 
pure, but contains impurities carried into the solution by the cyanide and by 
the caustic potash and which are precipitated along with the gold and silver. 
When zinc is used as a precipitant, some of this always remains with the 
gold, as well as some slimes which are mechanically carried along with 
current of solution. The precipitated gold is treated with acid to remove zinc 
or other soluble impurities; is dried, roasted and smelted with the proper 
fluxes, and cast into bars. 

As no two ores are treated in exactly the same way to yield best results, 
so the methods of procedure differ at different works. In general, the ore 
must be in a sufficient state of division for the solution to come in contact 
with the gold. The coarser the ore can be ground and attain this end the 
better, because the easier it can be percolated. Ores differ greatly in the 
grinding necessary; the proper fineness can only be determined by careful 
laboratory experiment. 

The ground ore is treated either by agitation or by percolation. 

In the agitation process, the ore is placed with the necessary solution, 
either in a vat with a power stirring apparatus, or in a revolving cylinder or 
movable box, and kept in motion for some hours until the cyanide solution 
has dissolved all the precious metal that the ore will yield to it. The charge 
is then transferred to a filter and filtered and washed, first with a weaker 
solution of cyanide and lastly with water. The nitrate and first washings 
are passed through the zinc boxes for the precipitation of the gold and silver 
they contain, and then passed to the storage tanks to be renewed by adding 
enough fresh cyanide to bring them to the proper strength. The quantities 
of ore operated on are small and the time required much shorter than with 
the percolation process. Agitation is adapted to the treatment of high grade 
concentrates and rich slimes. 

In the percolation process the pulverized ore or tailings is charged into 
Tats with filtering bottoms, care being taken to distribute the ore as uniformly 
as possible. The cyanide solution is run on in sufficient quantity to cover the 
ore and it slowly filters through the charge and passes to the precipitation 
boxes and the storage tank to be renewed and again passed through the 
charge. It is usual to use comparatively strong solution for the first percola- 
tion and to follow by weaker solutions until they are finally washed once or 
twice with water to remove any of the solutions remaining in the ore. Much 
time is needed for the slow passage of these solutions, so that economy re- 
quires that the vats be large. The rapidity with which a solution will pene- 
trate depends entirely on the character and condition of the ore. If the ore be 
coarse ground and free from slimes, thirty to fifty hours will suffice to work 
off a vat of ore, but ordinarily the time required will be from three days to 
two weeks. The size of the vats depends on the amount of ore to be treated 
and the time required for the treatment of any given ore. In many instances 
the ore has to undergo a previous treatment to remove substances which have 
a decomposing influence on cyanide. Ordinarily tailings which have been 
exposed to the weather are acid, due to the action of the oxygen of the air on 
the sulphur of the ore. This is removed by a washing with water or treatment 
with lime or soda. An excess of alkali added invariably causes a loss of zinc 
in the precipitation boxes. 

The size of vats used in different parts of the world varies from 30 to 600 
tons capacity and they are constructed of wood, brick, stone and cement or 
concrete. They are charged with ore from the top. ordinarily from cars 
dumping from overhead tracks. The vats are emptied either from a side or 
bottom opening, the tailings being shoveled into cars on a track below or 
where water is available, the tailings are sluiced or hydraulicked out. At the 
larger plants at the Rand (Witwatersrand) in South Africa, the tailings are 
handled by steam shovels or machine cranes and loaded into railway cars to 



186 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

be discharged some distance from the mills. In this district over forty cyanide- 
plants are at work on the tailings from the stamp mills, from which, during: 
the first six months of 1894 317,950 ounces of gold, worth $4,769,250, was realized. 
Further, only about 60 per cent, of the tailings are treated by the cyanide 
process; the balance is slimes, which, owing to the" difficulty of percolation, are 
allowed to run to waste. 

The number of plants for the treatment of ore by this process is increasing 
in the United States and will increase more rapidly as more is known of the 
process. Many different devices have been tried for the recovery of the gold 
from the solution, but the greater part of it is now recovered by the use of 
zinc. The metallic zinc is shaved into very thin, loose shavings and these are 
placed on a perforated iron plate, two or three inches from the bottom of a 
box, which is twelve or fourteen inches square and about the same depth, 
and a series of twenty or more of these boxes are so arranged that the solution 
flows upward through each of them, i. e., the solution passes from the top off 
one box to the bottom of the next. The zinc is renewed as fast as dissolved by 
passing forward and putting new zinc in the last box. The precious metal 
comes down as a brown or black slimy precipitate. This precipitate is 
removed from time to time by changing the flow of the solution to another 
set of boxes, while the one set is cleaned up, and the precipitated bullion 
washed, dried, refined and melted into bars. These boxes are usually made 
of wood, but sometimes of iron. 

The refining is done by placing the dried precipitate on the smooth hearth 
of a small reverberatory furnace and giving it a thorough roasting. It is then 
charged with a mixture of borax, soda and nitre into black lead crucibles, 
where it melts down and the base metals are oxidized and removed by the 
slag. By proper treatment bullion from 850 to 950 fine is obtained. Ordinarily 
the bullion is about 780 fine. 

The causes of loss of gold in treatment by this process are many and too- 
careful management of the plant cannot be had. These losses occur by 
leakage of solution, by imperfect washing of the tailings, loss of cyanide by 
decomposing action of the ore or the water, loss of zinc by alkaline solutions, 
loss of fine particles of the precipitated gold by being carried away by air 
currents during the process of drying, refining and smelting. 

The cost of the process is variable within certain limits. For ore in which 
the value is principally gold, treated at American works, it ranges from $1 to 
$5 per ton. The average of twenty-three lots of ore handled by different works 
gives the cost as $2.30y 2 per ton. 

The cost of a plant is given by Dr. A. Scheidel, in Bulletin No. 5, published 
by the California State Mining Bureau, as: "For a plant of fifty tons per day 
capacity, $25,000; a 100-ton plant, about $40,000. At Johannesburg, South Africa, 
at $6.25 for each ton of ore it is intended to treat per month." 

"The general arrangement of the plant may be of different kinds. The 
most convenient method is to have solution vats, leaching vats, extractors, and* 
dumps in four tiers, so that each series may be completely drained into that 
next below it. By this means sufficient solution can be stored in the solution, 
vats, and sufficient room left in the dumps to enable work to proceed for from 
twelve to twenty-four hours without pumping. Many plants, however, have 
the solution vats and dumps on the same level as the leaching vats. In this- 
case the solution issuing from the leaching vats is passed through the precipi- 
tation boxes into a small tank and is continually pumped back as required." 
See "Notes on Gold Extraction by Means of Cyanide of Potassium, as Carried 
Out on the Witwatersrand Gold Fields," by W. R. Feldmann. 

Laboratory Work.— The most important part, viz., the determination of 
the fitness of an ore for cyanide treatment, is left till last, while in actual 
practice it is the beginning. The reasons why some ores will give up their 
precious metals to cyanide solutions while others will not have never been 
satisfactorily learned. The fact remains that under favorable circumstances 
some ores will give up all their gold and silver to the cyanide solution, others 
a part and others again none at all. The only way to determine whether they 
will yield their metal or not is to make careful laboratory tests on well selected 
samples. The writer first makes a preliminary test to determine if the ore is 
acted on by cyanide solution; if no solution of precious metal takes place, it is 
useless to go farther. If such solution takes place, then a number of experi- 
ments are made to determine if there are substances in the ore which decom- 
pose the cyanide solution, and, if so, the cheapest method of getting rid of 
them— washing them out or neutralizing them. Then follows the determination 
of the proper strength of solution to give most economic results as related to 
time required and to the fineness of crushing necessary. 

The treatment of cyanide is a chemical process and to undertake the 
process without chemical knowledge of it is sure of failure. In the operation 
of a cyanide plant there is constant employment for a good chemist. Careful 
analysis should be constantly made to insure uniform good results. There is 
no other process in which so great an advancement is likely to result from 
patient investigation. 

That a very considerable number of the ores of Washington can be treated* 
by this process to advantage the near future will demonstrate. Many ores 
which cannot how be treated by this process will yield their metal when the 
conditions which operate in the treatment and the reactions which take place 
are better understood. 



I uX "'" MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 187 



BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS. 

By Charles H. Bebb, of Seattle. ' 

The ever-increasing- development of the mineral resources of the state of 
Washington and adjacent territory has naturally attracted a number of oiea 
who are daily exploring unknown ground in search of the precious metals. 
Many of them are old prospectors, but many more are enterprising adven- 
turers to whom the prizes to be won in the gold fields are always an at- 
traction. 

It is for the latter class that this article is primarily intended, . and Its 
scope does not pretend to be more than enough to enable a man of average 
intelligence, with the fewest and simplest of appliances, to determine ttfe 
presence or absence in a sample of ore under examination of gold, silver, 
copper or lead. He should also be able to determine, by comparing the result 
of his assays with the whole amount tested, the comparative richness of the 
©re. He should remember, however, that for anything like exact quantitative 
work with the blow-pipe months of study and laboratory work are necessary. 

The common blowpipe is a curved conical tube -of metal, usually brass, 
terminating in an orifice as large as a fine needle; simple as it is, if well made, 
it will be found to answer fairly well, as far as the purposes of this article 
are concerned. 

The ordinary form of blowpipe is shown in figure 1, although the danger 
of moisture collecting in the tube and being- thence blown ir-to the' name is 
materially lessened by cutting the pipe in twQ at the point marked (a), fitting 
H perforated cork Over the small end and inserting it firmly in,the»wider as 
shown in (b) figure 1. , . 

The chemical blowpipe is similar to the common blowpipe in brindple, 
except that it has a chamber near the end which collects the condensed mois- 
ture. This chamber, is shown at A in .figure 2. It also has movable jets, 
shown in figure B, that fit on the arm at/C,» which can readily be taken off 
and cleaned. if i - > 

Where possible, one should have the: chemical blowpipe, but Where it 
cannot be obtained, or becomes injured in; any manner, a contrivance similar 
to that shown in figure 1 affords a fair substitute. / g 

After obtaining a blowpipe, the beginner must spend' a few 'hours in 
learning the proper method of blowing.,!. His object will be to maintain .a 
steady or uninterrupted stream of air from the! jet for several minjutes at a 
time. This is not so difficult as would aPPearjat first. Pistend the cheeks 
and breathe slowly through the. nose foi some ;time, keeping the eheeks in- 
flated and the mouth shut. When onfe can accomplish this readily, the 
mouth piece may be applied to the lips, and the operation repeated, without 
attempting to blow, or do more than keep the.mcn.ith full of air. As the air 
flows out through the blowpipe, the cheeks fall together and must:' be again 
distended without interrupting the flow of air through the 'tube. Uo accom- 
plish this, shut the communication between the^mouth and lungs by the 
palate and inhale through the nose. No energy should be wasted in harcl 
blowing, for the beginner will soon see that/the stream of iair may ;be main- 
tained with scarcely more force than is. supplied by the, natural ' tendency 
©f the inflated cheeks to collapse. ( > I 

Where obtainable, gas is the most convenient combustible for the .blowpipe 
flame, but rape seed oil in a lamp (figure 3) 'is the best for general use. as it 
can be packed in small compass and weighs but little. Candles may also be 
used when no better material is at hand, and of these high grade stearine axe 
the best, for paraffine candles, although giving a higher! heat, aifS apt to 
soften in warm weather. In some instances even tallow candles will answer, 
but they require constant snuffing. j 

In an ordinary flame, as from a lamp or candle, the combustion only 
takes place on the outer rim of the flame. When a stream of .airi is blown 
into it from a blowpipe, however, the combustion-takes place in the interior, 
is more complete, and an intense heat is produced. When the beginner can 
maintain a steady stream of air for several j minutes he should seat himself 
at a table with his arm resting on the edge, and the lamp lighted and 
trimmed, so as to produce a full, steady, but not a smoky, flame, slightly to 
the left of his face. He should then hold the blowpipe lightly beflween the 
thumb and first and second finders of his right hand, and direct the jet ^or 
small end to the edge of the flame just above the wick. By reguljating the 
blowing a steady flame should be produced which will be regular and conical 
if the jet be well shaped. • , , 

When the lamp burns, the oil is sucked up by the wick and vaporized. 
These vapors unite with the oxygen in the air and burn on the outer edge 
of the flame, forming a hot coat— a, b, c in figure 4. »■• 

As the oxygen does not penetrate inside this coat, the vapors Within" are 
fiigbly heated out of contact with the air. and any metallic oxide placed 
(8) 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 189 

■within it will, when hot, tend to part with its oxygen to the carbon and hydro- 
carbons of the flame. This flame is known in blowpipe analysis a.s the 
"reducing name," abbreviated to "R. F." Figure 5 shows how it is pro- 
duced with the blowpipe, the whole flame being deflected by a gentle blast 
so regulated that it maintains its yellow color and is luminous. As shown 
in figure 5, the jet is outside of the flame. No soot should be deposiied on 
the assay and only the extremity of the luminous part should enve.lnn it. 

The other flame used in blowpipe analysis is known as the oxidizing flame 
abbreviated to "O. F.," and the manner of producing it with the uiuw^ipe 
is shown in figure 6. As is there shown, the jet is thrust somewhat into 
the name, the blast made a little stronger, and the carbon more completely 
consumed. The inner blue cone of the flame is sharply defined and is sur- 
rounded by a nearly colorless envelope, corresponding to the coating a, b, c, 
in figure 4, at the extremity of which metals may be intensely heated in 
contact with the air, and rapidly oxidized. No luminous streaks should be 
allowed to appear in the flame, and assay should be kept as far from the blue 
point of the flame as is consistent with a temperature high enough for rapid 
oxidation. 

Before passing from the subject of the flame, it must be remembered that 
the heat is most intense at the tip of the blue cone just referred to and tnia 
is used to test the fusibility of substances without regard to chemical action. 

For the purposes of this article but five methods of supporting the assay, 
or "supports," as they are technically termed, may be considered— charcoal, 
platinum, wire and forceps and open and closed glass tubes. Charcoal 
should be made from hasswood, pine or willow and should be of even texture 
and cut into rectangular blocks from one to three inches in width, the same 
in thickness and not to exceed six inches in length. The assay should be 
placed either on a flat surface, or in a cavity prepared for it at right angles 
to the rings of growth. 

When an excavation is made for the reception of the assay, it should be 
cup-shaped, shallow, smooth and regular. This may be effected by picking 
a hole in the charcoal with a knife, and revolving in it the rounded enu uf 
the agate pestle. 

Platinum wire is used for supporting beads made from, fluxes. The size 
known as No. 27 Jewellers' hole 12% is best. It should be cut in pieces three 
inches long and a loop made in one end similar to that- shown in figure 7. 
Care should be taken that the loop is no larger than the actual size shown in 
the figure when an oil lamp is used, although it should be not more tnaa 
half the size when a candle is employed. After using, the looped ends 
should be thrust in a bottle of sulphuric acid, and before use they should be 
rinsed with water and thoroughly cleansed. 

Platinum forceps of a shape shown in figure 8 can be readily made by any 
jeweller from elastic brass wire, the tips being made of platinum wire ham- 
mered, or soldered, or riveted on for holding splinters of- substances in the 
flame to ascertain their fusibility and the color imparted to the flame. 

Open Tubes.— A piece of straight glass tubing not exceeding one-quarter 
of an inch in diameter and slightly bent as shown in figure 9, about one inch 
from the end. This slight angle helps to prevent the assay from falling out. 

Closed Tubes.— A closed tube may be readily made by heating an open 
tube (six inches long) in the middle and drawing it out. Thus two closed 
tubes three inches in length are formed. The ordinary shape is shown in 
figure 13. 

In addition to the above-named articles a certain amount of accessory 
apparatus is necessary, including: 

An agate pestle and mortar, to be used for reducing ores to a fine powder, 
but it should be "sed for grinding only, never for pounding hard bodies. Its 
shape is given in figure 11. 

A four-ounce hammer. .• 

A small retangular block of hardened steel to be used as an anvil. On 
this, after first wrapping them in stout paper, the harder ores may be 
pounded into pieces of suitable size for grinding in the agate mortar. 

A dozen test tubes of hard glass of standard size. 

Substances used to produce chemical changes in bodies by which they 
are recognized are known as blowpipe re-agents or fluxes. Rut small quanti- 
ties are needed and it is best to purchase them from responsible druggists so 
as to be sure of their purity. Those most commonly employed and the only 
ones necessary to be mentioned in this article are sodium carbonate, hereafter 
spoken of as soda, biborate of soda, or borax and phosphate of soda, and 
ammonia or microcosmic salt. 

Two ounces of soda will be ample to have on hand at a time and it should 
be kept in a glass-stoppered bottle, so as not to absorb moisture from the 
air. 

The same quantity of ordinary commercial borax is sufficient and is 
ordinarilj^ pure enough, but it is always best to heat a loop of platinum wire, 
dip it in the borax and fuse it to a bead in R. F. and then heat it in O. F„, 
examine the bead when hot and when cold, after heating in each flame, 
and if the bead remains perfectly colorless and transparent, the borax is 
pure. 



190 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

half as ounce, and it, like soda and borax, should be kept in a tightly stop- 
pered bettle and labelled. 

Pure or "test lead" must also be purchased. Eight ounces will be suffi- 
cient. 

Finely pulverized bone ash for making cupels, as will be hereafter ex- 
plained, must be bought; eight ounces will be sufficient. 

The beginner's list of apparatus may be concluded with a two-ounce glass 
stoppered bottle of fuming hydrochloric acid, one of concentrated sulphuric 
acid and one of pure nitric acid. 

Let us suppose that the beginner has procured the articles already enum- 
erated, and has obtained a measure of proficiency in ttie use of the blowpipe. 
He has found, or there has been "given him, a piece of rock which by its 
weight or by the appearance of minerals with metallic lustre contained in it, 
ne suspects to be rich in valuable metals. How shall he proceed to deter- 
mine whether it contains gold, silver, copper or lead, or all, or none of these 
tements? Also which ones, if any, are present in sufficient quantities to con- 
itute rich ore. Where possible, a sample of ore weighing at least two 
pounds should be taken and cracked into fragments the size of a hickory 
nut. Three of these should be taken at random, and further crushed into 
particles the size of an apple seed. Half of this should be taken, wrapped 
in clean paper, labelled and laid aside. The remaining half should be 
wrapped in stout paper and further crushed on the steel anvil, after which 
it should be finely pulverized in the agate mortar, and also wrapped, label- 
led, and laid aside. 

Suppose; for example, that it is desired to test the fragment under 
examination for gold and silver. A piece of charcoal is slightly bored, as 
described before, and' a small portion of the pulverized mineral is placed 
in the bottom of the cavity. The lamp and stand are placed in front of the 
•perator slightly to the left. The lamp is inclined downward to the left so 
that the O. F. envelopes the assay, which is held below and to the left of 
the lamp. 

The assay, after roasting, as described hereafter, should be kept in the 
O, F. for several minutes, when if none but volatile metals are. associated 
with the gold, the former will be driven off, and on examination with a mag- 
nifying glass a minute malleable gold colored globule will be found at the 
bottom of the cavity. While being heated, the gold assumes a peculiar 
greenish hue resembling melted copper. It is a good plan to add a small 
portion of borax and continue the flame for a few minutes to remove traces 
of. oxidizing metals and brighten the globule. A little soda may also be 
added, as it hastens the elimination of sulphur and arsenic, if present in 
small quantities. * 

When gold is present, but associated with reducible metals, such as silver 
or copper, the gold must be reduced by a process known as cupellation. 

Prepare a piece of charcoal as before described, except that the cavity 
should be slightly deeper. Place a small portion of the assay in the bot- 
tom of the cavity together with six or seven parts of test lead, and one 
to two parts of powdered borax glass (in proportion to the amount of the 
assay). Raise the wick of the lamp so that the flame smokes slightly, and 
turm upon the assay a moderate R. F. As soon as the globules of lead 
begin to run together, the whole assay should be covered with a hot R. F. 
The object of the operation is to collect the gold and silver, if any be pres- 
ent,, together with all the reducible metals, into one globule with the lead, 
and volatilize or slag off any others. It is readily seen that the top of the 
assay may be easily heated, but in order to properly heat the bottom the 
assay must be turned over. This cannot be done if any lead is oxidized and 
dissolved in the melted body, for the latter will then stick to the charcoal. 
It is thus apparent that great care must be exercised, particularly in the 
'beginning of the process, to keep the assay always under R. F. After about 
two. minutes in the reducing flame, the gold and reducible metals are collected 
into a "button" with .the lead, and the flame is then changed to a pointed 
<X F. and directed upon the button. The latter bubbles and boils actively 
under the flame for another two minutes, during which time all sulphur, anti- 
mony or arsenic present in the original ore is removed. The lead button is 
then poured out on the anvil, freed from slag, if any adheres, and is ready for 
cupellation. 

For cupelling, a smooth cavity is bored in the charcoal a quarter of an inch 
in depth and five-eighths of an inch in diameter at the top, gradually decreas- 
ing towards the bottom so as to render it cup-shaped. A small amount of 
bore ash is then mixed into a paste with water and pressed into the cavity 
with the broad end of the agate pestle, so as to leave the bone-ash surface 
slightly concave and nearly even with the coal. The bone ash is then heated 
slowly to redness in the O. F. to remove any trace of moisture, and the lead 
button is placed in the cupel so formed, the O. F. directed upon it. When the 
lead button has become fused, the coal cavity is brought nearly vertical, 
and the O. F. is directed on the bone ash, just in front of the button, rather 
than on the button itself, so that the ash may be hot enough to absorb the 
fused litharge, none of which must remain on the surface 01 the cupel. By a 
proper direction of the flame and turning of the charcoal, the button is slowly 
driven about until a considerable amount of silver is- shown by a play of colors 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 191 

■due to the film of litharge. In the course of the next few seconds the lead 
button, previously red hot but not very lustrous, becomes bright and fixed 
in the cupel. This fixing should occur on a portion of the cupel on which the 
button has not previously rested, and the brightening is more effectual if at 
the last moment the button is almost touched with the tip of the R. F. to 
remove any trace of litharge. After it becomes bright, the button is slowly 
removed from the flame and examined with the magnifying glass to detect 
any film of litharge which would give the silver-white lustrous button a 
yellowish tinge. Gold, if present in sufficient quantity, would give a yellowish 
hue to the button. This should not be confounded, however, with the yellow 
due to the film of oxide of lead, which latter is at once removed by treating the 
assay for a few seconds in the R. F. If on the contrary the color is due to 
gold, it will remain unchanged in the R. F. A large button should not be 
cooled rapidly, as it is apt to "sprout" or throw out branch-like projections, 
thus losing silver. If heated too strongly after brightening, the button loses 
silver by a combination with lead oxide, forming a rose-colored coating on the 
cupel. This latter, however, must not be mistaken for the bright orange red 
coating frequently formed by the litharge alone near the rim of the cupel. 
Should the button have a pure deep gold color it may, for the purposes of this 
article, be considered pure gold, as 2 per cent, of silver will give gold a brass 
yellow color, and a comparatively white globule may contain as large a per- 
centage of gold, as 40 per cent. It is therefore necessary to separate the silver 
from the gold. 

When gold is present in an amount not to exceed the proportion of one part 
of gold to two and one-half parts of silver, it is separated by a process known 
as "parting." The globule is heated with moderately strong nitric acid, and 
all the silver is dissolved, leaving the gold a dark residue. Even if the button, 
-after fixing and brightening, is silver-white and lustrous, it may still contain 
4 per cent, of gold, and therefore all globules obtained from cupel action should 
be parted, and in order to be on the safe side an amount of pure silver should 
be added and fused with borax glass on charcoal alons: with thf» elohnle, 
varying from two and one-half times the weight of the button in cases of a 
brass-yellow globule to half the weight in that of a silver-white globule. 
In this fusion a moderate R. F. should be used and directed upon the glass 
until the metals are well fused and thoroughly mixed. 

The resulting globule should be gently heated in a test tube with diluted 
(three-quarter strength) nitric acid and the silver dissolved out, leaving the 
^old in a dark brown or black spongy mass or in separate particles. 

The cessation of bubbles indicates that the silver has been dissolved and 
'the acid should then be boiled a short time, the solution poured off and the 
proportion of gold present estimated from the amount left in the test tube in 
•comparison with the whole amount tested. 

After a portion of the ore under examination has been tested as described 
in the preceding sections for gold and silver, take in the platinum forceps a 
small part of the rock that has been put aside and labeled, moisten it with 
hydrochloric acid, and heat it in the flame. The latter should be colored a 
beautiful blue if copper be present. 

If this reaction is not obtained, a small amount of the powder should be 
used to saturate a bead of microcosmic salt on platinum wire and adding 
chloride of sodium (salt), when the blue flame should result if copper be 
present in appreciable quantities. 

When the presence of copper is ascertained, a small portion of the fine 
powder is mixed with three times its volume of soda and a little water into a 
•stiff paste. A moderately deep cavity is then made in a piece of charcoal 
and the bottom covered with this paste. After two or three minutes treat- 
ment with a strong R. F., if the substance is not readily fused the assay 
may be cooled and powdered and a little more soda added. On a second 
treatment one or more metallic buttons should have been collected, which 
can be separated by a knife-blade from any slag or fused soda that has not 
sunk into the coal. 

The metallic globules so reduced are either pure copper or an alloy with 
•other reducible metals. 

Where the globule is pure copper, the surface is often darkened, but may 
be brightened and a copper color obtained. If rubbing fails to show the true 
'Color of copper or one of its alloys, the globule should be heated for a minute 
or two in the inner edge of the O. F. and, when cooled, hammered out and 
•rubbed. 

If then the true color is not obtained, but the globule is still dark, add a 
small portion of borax and treat it again in the O. F. to brighten and remove 
traces of sulphur. Too short a treatment of soda in the beginning is often a 
cause of failure to beginners in this test. 

Although copper and most of its compounds are easily reducible by the 
above process, if the presence of copper is ascertained by coloration of the 
flame in the platinum forceps, or with microcosmic salt, but cannot be reduced 
•to a metallic globule, the ore is probably a sulphide, arsenide, or selenide of 
^copper and should be first roasted. To roast the powder, make a wide, 
-shallow cavity in a piece of charcoal and spread over it a layer of the pow- 
dered substance, pressing it down gently with the end of the agate pestle. 



ite 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



Heat gently at first with the O. F. to avoid fusing and then bring it to a low 
red heat until the garlic fumes of arsenic or sulphur fumes are no longer 
perceptible. Then treat alternately in the O. F. and R. F. until no fumes 
escape. The powder will then usually form a crust, which should be carefully 
turned with a knife-blade and the bottom treated in the same manner. 

After portions of the ore under examination have been tested for silver, 
gold and copper, as before described, a small portion of the powder is placed 
in a shallow cavity on charcoal and the lamp turned downward, so that the 
flame can be directed downward upon it. In the O. F. lead is volatile and 
in the R. F. is is also volatile and colors the flame an azure blue. 

Near the assay a dark yellow lemon coat is left on the charcoal, while at a 
distance the coating is sulphur yellow. Lead fuses easily, and when sulphide 
or chloride are heated before the blowpipe on charcoal, they fuse and deposit 
a while coating outside of the yellow coat above described. The white coat 
is volatile in R. F. and tinges it blue. 

Lead in metallic globules may be readily obtained from its oxides and 
most of its salts by the reduction tests before described. The globule is a 
light bluish gray in color, malleable and soft. The characteristic reactions 
are the coatings it gives the coal and the azure blue tinge it imparts to the 
R. F. Lead is easily volatilized and very fusible, yielding a metallic globule 
very readily, so that care must be taken to continue the heating no longer 
than necessary to obtain the metal. When lead is reduced on charcoal, it may 
safely be said that the first globule to appear is lead, and the assay may be 
cooled and the globule or slobules may be detached from the slag and unfused 
j itinins with the knife blade. Their weight compared to that of the assay 
will determine the proportion of lead in the ore. 



LIST OF APPARATUS. 

1 common blowpipe (brass). - 

1 blowpipe lamp and stand. 

1 pint rape seed oil. 

V 2 dozen wicks to fit lamp. 

1 mortar and pestle. 

1 dozen standard .size blowpipe char- 
coal. 

3 pieces platinum wire 3 inches long, 
jewelers' No. 12y 2 hole. 

1 pair brass wire forceps, platinum 
tips. 

1 4 ounce hammer. 

1 piece lVkxVkx3-inch hardened steel. 

1 dozen Sk test tubes, 6 inches long, 
of hardened glass. 

1 magnifying glass, double lens. 

1 roll stout wrapping paper (5 yds). 



CHEMICALS. 
2 ounces biborate soda. 
2 ounces bicarbonate soda. 

1 ounce microsmic salts. 

2 ounces concentrated sulphuric acid. 
2 ounces concentrated nitric acid. 

2 ounces concentrated hydrochloric 

acid. 

(All in glass-stoppered bottles.) 
8 ounces pure test lead. 
2 ounces pure silver. 
8 ounces finely powdered bone aslu 



[THE END.] 



MINING- IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. xvii 

In submitting for your conside radon the plan of The Co-operative Min- 
ing Syndicate, I desire to call your attention to its economical, safe and 
popular nie L nods of accumulating money for the development of mining 
.property, and tne equitaDie division of tne profits derived from its successful 
investment. 

"Vvhen men of small means found out that a business enterprise which 
no one of tnem could conauct alone, was possible for them by uniting tneir 
labor and tneir capual, they discovered tne secret of eo-operauon." 

The plan is nei'tnei new nor untried, and is based upon tne sounuest busi- 
ness principles. No mining company can be safer or sounuer. ino obliga- 
tions art* assumed beyond such a& can be absolutely met. Tne Syndicate is 
purely co-operative, and each mem oer is interested in all the assets in pro- 
portion to tne number of snares of stock he hoias. 

OBJECT.— The Co-operative Mining Synuicate is organized with the 
object in view: 

First — To furnish a convenient and economical method of accumulating, 
and a sate, scientific and prontable method of investing the funus intrusted 
to it, in tne development of the woucterfuiiy rich mining resouices of tne 
state of Wasnington and British Columbia. 

Second — To arrange its plan of opeiauon so that the golden opportunity 
to realize handsome profits is within tne reach of all, the poor ana tne rich 
alike. 

Third— To keep the wealth of our mines at home rather than see it go to 
foreign countries. 

Fourth — To ouy and develop as many mines as ?an be economically 
worked, and thus entirely eliminate the uncertainty attendant on the 
development of one mine. In other words, by scattering our investments 
we are certain to secure one or more ricn mines. 

Fif in— To get the values out of the ground, instead of from fluctuations 
of stock, Dy which unwise plan Feier is so often robbed to pay Faul. 

Sixth— To divide the prohts among the people wno furnisn the money 
and the labor ior the work, instead of giving the lion's share to so-caned 
piomoters. 

PLAN OF OPERATION.— Members are all stockholders i.»The Syndicate, 
on an equitauie basis, and uay ior tneir stock by installments in small sums 
each moLtn. Thus the capital is gathered together for investment. Each 
share of stock has a par value of $o0. When The Syndicate nas received 
from installments, and the pro rata share of prohts due a snare, a sufficient 
amount to equal its par value, the share is fully paid, and thereafter non- 
assessable, and entitled to its full pro rata share of the prohts in cash. 

All the investments of The Syndicate are made cniy after a tnorough 
inspection b^ reliable experts, and the work of development done under tne 
supervision of and by experienced miners. To do mining successfully re- 
quires experience. The mere finding of a piece of mineral-bearing rock 
does not prove that you have a mine, even if it dees assay well. Without 
the knowledge and experience, the finder's own money and the money of his 
friends may be squandered withou t results, and his falsely raised hopes 
vanish. 

EXPENSES.— The expenses of this Syndicate are paid out of the profits. 
No portion of the payments of the members can be used to pay office rent, 
or office expenses, or salaries to the officers or employes of The Syndicate, 
either directly or indirectly. Every cent must go to pay for property 
bought or to the employes engaged in developing that property, and tneir 
supplies. The officers are conservative and economical in the management 
of the affairs of the Syndicate. Large expenses mean small pronts; but low 
expenses mean increased profits and satisfied members. 

QUARTERLY EXAMINATION OF THE BOOKS OF THE SYNDICATE. 
— It is th^ duty of the advisory board to meet in January, April, July and 
October each > car. They shall at each meeting appoint an auditing commit- 
tee of three to examine the investments, books and accounts of the Syndi- 
cate and make a full sworn report of their investigation to all tne members. 
This advisory board consists of twenty members, none of whom can be 
trus'ees. The board also will advise with the trustees as to purchase or 
saie of all properties. 

WHO MAY BECOME MEMBERS.— Any person, upon subscribing for or 
•in any way becoming tne owner of a fraction of a share, or one or more 
sha:«es of the .tock of this Syndicate, shall become a member tnereof, and 
as such shall be entitled to all the benefits and profits as prescribed by the 
articles of incorporation and by-laws. Provided that minors or corporations 
may become members and hold stock in the name of a trustee. Each stock- 
holder or trustee, on receiving his certificate of stock, shall be considered as 
binding himself, in all respects, to comply with the articles of incorporation 
and by-laws, and all regulations adopted under them. Applications for stock 
must be made on a blank form furnished by The Syndicate. 

■ -> .? or STOtK. — The stojk of The Co-operative Mining Syndicate 
is divided into shares of $50 each, payable in installments. Wnen the install- 
ments paid and profits credited amount to $50, tne share is fully paid. No 
more installments will be required, and the share will receive its dividends 
.thereafter in cash. The installments are: 

Either $25.00 per share a year; or $12.50 per share every six months; or 
$6.25 per share every three months; or $2.00 per share every month. 



xviii MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

The profits are credited on contributing stock only. The non-contrib- 
uting- stock is held in trust by three trustees for the benefit of all fully paid* 
and contributing members. The terms of the trust agreement are such that 
the trustees shall divide all the profits accruing from premiums derived* 
from the sale of this stock and all the dividends apportioned to this stock,. 
share and share alike, among the members. Thus the unsold stock is pooled 
not for the benefit of all the promoters, but for the benefit of all the mem- 
bers who get air the dividends that accrue to it, as well as its advance in 
value. 

All shares^earn pro-rata dividends or profits, and all dividends are divided 
share and share alike. — ■ ■ 

PAYMENTS ON CONTRACTS NON-FORFEITABLE. 

The payments made on a contract to purchase stock in the Co-operative 
Mining Syndicate cannot be forfeited. 

The smallest amount received $2, buys a full paid, non-assessable cer- 
tificate of stock for 1-25 of a share, or a like proportion, no matter if the pur- 
chaser is paying on one share or more 

TRANSFERS. — The regular fee of twenty-five cents is charged for each 
certificate of stock transferred. No transfer is valid unless made on the 
books of The Syndicate. 

METHOD OF INVESTING MONEY.— First— It is an iron-clad rule of 
our Board of Trustees to never purchase a "prospect" for cash; and it is our 
plan to always arrange for a certain portion of development work as a first: 
payment on any property we bond, demanding in the "bond" ample time t<* 
discover values before making a payment of any material sum. 

Second— The expenditures are limited to development work only, until a. 
property shall show up. sufficient "pay ore" to guarantee the investment in 
machinery for operating it. Each property is handled on its own merit and 
expense stopped as soon as we have reason to doubt its value. 

Third— A number of our best miners carry stock, and are interested in 
making a dollar go as far as possible. Knowing that we are continually 
opening properties, they do not hesitate to recommend the stoppage of work 
on any given property, if they have reason to do so, as they are sure of 
employment. 

EXPENSES OF INVESTMENT.— Our expenses are limited to inspections* 
of new properties, and the superintendence of tho ( se under development. 
Each property is inspected semi-monthly by our experts, and every care is 
taken to avoid wasting a dollar. Situated as we are, in close contact to the 
properties we are operating, we have ready access to them, as a Board of 
Trustees and Officers, and by our personal attention can have perfect knowl- 
edge of all the details, in which we have great advantages over many syndi- 
cates and corporations who conduct such matters through agents, often 
thousands of miles distant. 

HOW MONEY IS HANDLED.— Every protection possible has been given 
to the funds of The Syndicate. All officers who handle money are placed 
under ample bonds or furnish Fidelity Insurance in some reliable company. 
The receipts collected by the Treasurer and his agents are deposited daily to- 
the credit of The Syndicate in the Scandinavian-American Bank. The Treas- 
urer can not check them out. This money can only be paid out on checks- 
signed by both the Secretary and President of The Syndicate. Money is not. 
allowed to accumulate in banks, but is invested as rapidly as it can safely 
be, after careful examination justifies its investment. 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND ADVISORY BOARD.— The Syndicate has 
a Board of seven Trustees and an Advisory Board of twenty, all of whom 
must be members of The Syndicate. They are elected at the annual meeting 
of the stockholders, on the second Tuesday in February of each year. 

Members who have one paid-up share or more have one vote. Members 
who are not able to be present at the annual meeting may vote by proxy. 
No prescribed form of proxy shall be necessary, but any written authority 
signed by a member, substantially delegating his authority to vote, shall be 
sufficient. The officers will take pleasure in explaining everything connected 
with their methods of doing business to shareholders or others desiring to- 
become members. The Board of Trustees is made up of business men, whose 
records all who intend becoming members are invited to investigate. 

BRANCH SYNDICATES.— Branches of THE CO-OPERATIVE' MINING 
SYNDICATE may be established in towns where sufficient business is done 
to warrant it, by five or more shareholders associating themselves together*" 
and electing a president, vice president, secretary, treasurer and not more 
than seven trustees. These officers shall be deemed the agents of such 
members, and not of The Syndicate. Syndicates from their nature cannot 
be successful in small towns; accumulations are too slow. This chief ob- 
jection is removed by a large and general business. The officers of these 
branches should consider themselves, in some sense, representative of the 
interests of the members in the locality, and should correspond freely 
with the central office of The Syndicate, and examine the* books, papers- 
and records. The Syndicate looks to its branches for great assistance in- 
the sale of stock, and their services will be fully appreciated. 

THE CO-OPERATIVE MINING SYNDICATE, 112 Columbia Street, Se- 
attle. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. xtx 

The Canadian Gold 

Fields Syndicate, Ltd. 

INCeKP©2ATE» UNDER THE IMPERIAL ACT, 1862. 



l Exploration and Mining? Syndicate Neiw Operatingf the Stina 
Group on Dew Park Mountain at Rossland, and tne Jennie, 
Silver Property in tne SI o can. 



Capitalization of 10,000,000 Shares of tho 
Par Valu© of 10 Cents Each. 



Stock sold only at par. Absolutely non-assessable and no personal liability. 
No promoters' shares, all the stock being- in the treasury for the purpose* of 
the company. 

It Is only intended to sell two million shares of the stock at present, thai 
being sufficient to pay for the properties now under bond, equip them with 
machinery and provide ample working capital. The remaining shares in the 
treasury do not participate in the profits, but can be sold at any time the 
Syndicate desires to acquire other first-class properties. 

Purchasers of Syndicate shares at par, ten cents, participate in the profit* 
of every transaetlon ef the eompany. 



THE SUNSET GROUP 



On Deer Park Mountain, adjoining Rossland, Is now being actively developed 
by the Canadian Geld Fields Syndicate, Limited. 

The shaft on the Sunset No. 2 is now down 70 feet, and the whole shaft la 
In pay ere. 

Five assays made from fair samples clear across the shaft *ive the toU 
lowing results in gold: No. 1. $44.00; No. 2, $42.00; No. 3, $50.40; 7<o. 4, $4S.Mj 
No. 5. $fcfi.M. 

Is there another shaft In the oamp that will give superior resultaT 

Plans fer a compute steam hoist, air compressor and four-drill plant are 
\mder way, and as soon as equipped the extraction and shipment of pay ore 
In quantity will be commenced. 

Assays and sample* of ore can be seen at the office of The "Walters Co. 
Intending purchasers ef stock are cordially Invited to call at the company's 
Office, when they will be taken to examine the mine. 

Subscriptions are now Invited for the fully paid, non-assessable share* of 
the Canadian Gold Fields Syndicate. Limited at 10 cents per share. 

No order rilled for less than five hundred shares. Send orders and remit- 
tances direct or through any bank. 



THE WALTERS CO., LTD. LY. 

GENERAL MINE BROKERS, 
ROSSLAND. 

Agents Wanted. 

Cable— "Walters" Rossland. Ua« Clough'e, Lleber'a, Moreing & NeaTs 
and Bedford-McNeill's Code*. 



xx MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Assayer and Chemist . . 

C. E. BOGARDUS, 
CITY CH EMIST. 

Hi ni cii Teas. * 



Analyzer of Coal, Waters, Paints, Oils, Poisons, Milk, Etc. Chem- 
ical work of all kinds done. 



GO COLUMBIA STREET, BETWEEN WESTERN AND FIRST AVE- 
NUES, SEATTLE, WASH. 



Central Washington Railroad. 

C. P. CHAMBERUN. - • Receiver. 



The cheapest and only direct route between Spokane, Wash., and the Deer 
Trail and Cedar Canyon Mines, the Colville Reservation, Methow, Goat Creek, 
Okanogan Country and Watervnle. Close connections maae with stage 
lines at Davenport, Wilbur and Coulee City. 

Trairs leave Snokane at 7:45 a. m., and arrive at Coulee City at 2:15 p. m. 
daily, except Sunday. For further information call on or address Agent! 
Central Washington Railroad. 

F. R. HANKE, General Passenger Agent. 

Telephone 694. Open All Night. 

Cafe Alladio 

^B^ Successor to SBIFFERT BROS. 

The Leading Cafe and Bar in the City. 

All Brands of Imported Wines, Liquors and Cigars. 

P. mi. Proprietor. no ond 1 12 1. Howard si., scoKane, w. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

PREFACE 3 

INTRODUCTORY 5 

MONTE CRISTO 11 

GOAT LAKE 15 

SILVERTON 17 

SULTAN 23 

SILVER CREEK 26 

INDEX 33 

MILLER RIVER 36 

MONEY CREEK 39 

SNOQUALMIE 40 

BUENA VISTA 43 

SUMMIT 43 

CEDAR RIVER 46 

ST. HELENS 48 

WHITE HORSE 50 

THE SKAGIT COPPER BELT 52 

THE CASCADE 54 

SLATE CREEK 56 

THUNDER CREEK 58 

RUTH CREEK ' 59 

THE CHICO TIN MINES 60 

GOLD CREEK 60 

CLE-ELUM 61 

THE ICICLE 66 

THE SWAUK 66 

WENATCHEE 70 

PESHASTIN AND NEGRO CREEKS 71 

LEAVENWORTH 78 

LAKE CHELAN 80 

STEHEKIN DISTRICT 82 

THE METHOW 85 

THE TWISP 90 

SALMON RIVER 92 

OKANOGAN LAKE 94 

PALMER" MOUNTAIN 97 

THE COLVILLE RESERVATION 105 

NORTHPORT - 110 

COLVILLE Ill 

CEDAR CANYON 113 

MINERAL CREEK 116 

TRAIL CREEK 117 

SLOCAN , 130 

AINSWORTH ... 143 

NELSON 145 

BOUNDARY CREEK ; 14* 

NORTH KETTLE RIVER 155 

CAMP McKlNNEY .' 157 

FAIRVIEW AND KEREMEOS 158 

THE COAST DISTRICT 160 

HARRISON LAKE 167 

THE SMELTERS 167 

DIGEST OP MINING LAWS 169 

THE REDUCTION OF ORES 179 

CYANIDE TREATMENT OF ORES 183 

BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS 187 



xx ii MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.- * 

votTHEvw*- 

Douglas Ninlnip investment 

and Brokerage Co., Ltd., 

Vancouver, B. C, 139 Cordova St. 



C. S. DOUGLAS, - - - Managing Director 



Mining Properties Bm§U and So'd in 
All the Mining Districts of 
British Columbia. 



We have mining properties in the following camps that are worth the 
attention of investors: Texada Island, Shoal Bay and Harrison Lake, where 
cost of mining and transportation is very low, owing to water transportation 
the year around to coast smelters; Lillooet, Big Bend of the Columbia (free- 
milling gold propositions), Boundary Creek (free milling gold proposition), 
Slocan and Trout Lake. 

Quotations given on mining shares in^all companies operating in British 
Columbia. 

Prospectors having mineral claims which they want to sell, or have de- 
veloped, are invited to correspond with us. 

Correspondence with investors invited. 

Agents for the following companies: 

Big Bend Gold Fields, Ltd., owning six mineral claims, or 318 acres of 
mineral ground, traversed by numerous quartz ledges carrying free gold. 
Situated on the headwaters of the famous McCullough Creek (whose placers 
have yielded over half a million dollars in gold), in the Big Bend of the 
Columbia, Kootenay. Capital, $2,000,000, in 2,000,000 shares of $1 each, fully 
paid up and non-assessable. One million shares set aside for development. 

Htgina Mining Company of Slocan, Ltd. Capital, $200,000, in 400.000 shares 
of 60 ocius each; 100,000 shares in treasury. Mine on Two Friends Mountain, 
on Springer Creek, Slocan District, Kootenay. Ore runs 201 ounces silver 
and $25 gold. 

Alberhi Mountain Rose, a free milling gold proposition, in the wonderfully 
rich Alberni District, Vancouver Island. Capital, $250,000, in 250,000 $1 shares; 
100.000 shares set aside for developing property, which is being done as rapidly 
as possible. 

Tlie Harrison Lake Star Mining Company. Capital, $500,000, in 500,000 
Shares of $1 each; 260,000 shares in the treasury. 

Cliff Cold Mining Company. Capital, $500,000, in 500,000 shares of $1 each; 
260.000 shares in the treasury. Four mineral claims on east side Harrison 
Lake. Free milling gold proposition. 

Prospectuses of above companies and price of shares sent to any address 
on application. 

Favorable terms will be made with responsible brokers in United States 
and Canada for handling blocks of stocks in any of the above companies. 

Registered Cable Address: "Stanford." 

Codes: ABC, 4th edition, and Moreins & NeaL 



INDEX TO MAPS. 



^WASHINGTON AND SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA... .Opp. title page 

MONTE CRISTO AND GOAT LAKE Opp. p. 8 

SILVERTON Opp. p. 16 

u SULTAN Opp. p. 23 

v/ SILVER CREEK Opp. p. 32 

^ INDEX Opp. p. 34 

MILLER RIVER, MONEY CREEK AND BUENA VISTA Opp. p. 36 

SNOQUALMIE Opp. p. 40 

SUMMIT Opp. p. "42 

CEDAR RIVER ;... Opp. p. » 

ST. HELENS Opp. p. « 

WHITE HORSE Opp. p. ^0 

^CASCADE, THUNDER AND STEHEKIN DISTRICTS Opp. p. 54 

£^ SLATE, RUBY AND CANYON CREEKS Opp. p. 56 

' GOLD CREEK Opp. p. 60 

CLE-ELUM Opp. p. "62 

^ SWAUK Opp. p. 68 

NEGRO AND PESHASTIN CREEKS Opp. p. "ffi 

/LEAVENWORTH Opp. p. "28 

LAKE CHELAN ..Opp. p. 80 

V THE METHOW f ..Opp. p. 83 

\/THE TWISP Opp. p. 92 

^PALMER MOUNTAIN Opp. p. 96 

^'RESERVATION Opp. p. 1<J8 

CEDAR CANYON Opp. p. 114 

TRAIL CREEK Opp. p. 122 

SLOCAN Opp. p. 138 

^BOUNDARY CREEK Opp. p. 154 



+•+©+•+•+■+•+•+•+•+ 



xxiv 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



I HI 1(8 



IN 




ssland 



WE HANDLE MINES. STOCKS AND REAL ESTATE AND ARB 
AGENTS FOR ORIGINAL TOWNSITE OF ROSSLAND AND THE RAH*- 
WAY ADDITION TO ROSSLAND. LET US 

Invest Your Money. 

WE ARE TTTE LEADING INVESTMENT BROKERS. REFER TO TUB 
BANKS OF ROSSLAND OR ANY MERCANTILE FIRM. WE HAVES 
MADE THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR OUR CLIENTS IN ROSSLAND 
SECURITIES. LET US MAKE YOU SOME. INDICATE YOUR PREF- 
ERENCE—MINES. STOCKS OR REAL ESTATE, AND WHETHER YOU 
PREFER LONG OR SHORT TIME INVESTMENTS. WRITE US. WB 
WILL GLADLY ANSWER ALL QUERIES. 



The Redd in- Jackson Co., 

LIMITED LIABILITY 

1G8 Columbia Av., Rosslatid, B. C. 

P. O. BOX 397. CABLE ADDRESS "REDDIN.* 

USE CLOUGH'S. ABC AND LIEBER'S CODES. 
C. O'BRIEN REDDIN, President. C. F. JACKSON, Sec'y-Treaak 



INDEX TO MLMXG CL4IMS. 



Abbreviations: gr., group; cr., creek; r., river; mt., mount; mtn., 
mountain; 1., lake; C, camp; pi., placer; ext., extension. 

A. Page. 

Abe Lincoln, Trail cr 1"9 

Aberdeen, Okanogan 1 96 

Aces Up. Miller r 38 

Accidental, North Kettle lo6 

Acme, Tiail cr 129 

Adams gr. Slocan 135 

Adirondack, Kimberly C, Bound- 
ary 155 

Admiral gr., Reservation 109 

Ajax, Slocan 136 

Alameda, Slate cr 58 

Alamo gr., Slocan 134 

Alaska. Leavenworth 79 

Alert gr., Reservation 107 

Alexandria, Coast 165 

Alexandria, Slocan 140 

Alice & Emma, C. McKinney 157 

Alice May, Northport Ill 

Alki, Trail cr 125 

Allison gr., Palmer mtn 102 

Alpha gr., Index 35 

Alpine gr., Slocan 141 

All Up, Coast 166 

Amazon gr., Slocan 144 

American Boy, Smith's C, Bound- 
ary 150 

American Boy, Slocan 136 

American Eagle. Cle-elum 62 

Anaconda, Providence C, Bound- 
ary 150 

Anaconda, Silver cr 33 

Anaconda gr., Index 35 

Anaconda, Salmon r 93 

Anacortes gr., Silverton 18 

Anacortes gr., Slate cr 57 

Anarchist. C McKinney 157 

Anchor, Long Lake C, Boundary.153 

Andruss. Reservation 110 

Anna, Silver cr 27 

Annie, Methow 89 

Annie, Trail cr 124 

Annie gr., Snoqualmie 42 

Annie Laurie. Monte Cristo 14 

Antoine gr.. Slocan 137 

Apex gr., Money cr 39 

Argo gr., Slocan : 133 

Argonaut, Monte Cristo 14 

Arizona & Washington, Buena 
Vista 43 

Arlington. Salmon r 92 

Arlington. Silverton 21 

Arlington gr.. Slocan 140 

Asbestos gr.. Silverton 21 

Athabasca gr., Nelson 147 

Athens gr.. St. FMens 50 

Aurora gr., Cle-elum 61 



Babel gr., Okanogan 1 96 

iBaby Lode. Silverton 22 

Badger, Methow 88 

Bagley, Wenatchee 71 



Bald Eagle, Icicle 66 

Bald Eagle gr., Reservation .156 

Bald Eagle, Reservation. 108 

Bald Mountain, Silverton.- 22 

Ballard *pl., Salmon r 94 

Baltimore, Goat 1 I* 

Baltimore gr., Palmer mtn 101 

Barney Barnato* Okanogan 1 56 

Battle Ax, Cle-elum 66 

Beatiice & Sunset, Silver cr 33 

Beaver, Cle-elum 64 

Beck gr., Slate cr 57 

Belcher, Salmon r 94 

Believue gr., Palmer mtn 100 

Bell & Crown gr., Silverton 13 

Belle of Tennessee gr., Buena 

Vista fi 

Belle, Miller r 38 

Ben Butler gr., Palmer mtn 101 

Ben Butler, Silver cr .32 

Ben Lummon, Twisp 91 

Ben Lummon gr., Methow 88 

Bertha, North Kettle r 155 

Bertha. Swauk 79 

Best, Slocan 137 

Big Bear gr., Silverton 22 

Big Bear, Swauk JO 

Big Bonanza, Coast 161 

Big Bug, Cle-elum 63 

Big Copper. Sultan 24 

Big Eight gr., Twisp 91 

Big Elephant gr., Leavenworth... 79 
Big Four, Kimberly C, Boundary. 155 

Big Four gr., Silverton JO 

Big Fraction. Methow 88 

Big Hole, Reservation .....11J) 

Big Iron, Reservation 168 

Bigney pi., Swauk <B 

Big Raymond. Silver cr "29 

Billy Lee, Silver cr 33 

Birton gr., Reservation lfB 

Bismarck gr., Chelan & 

Bismarck gr., Slate cr 58 

Black Bear, Palmer mtn 98 

Black Bess, Providence C, Bound- 
ary 15D 

Black Canyon. Cascade 38 

Black Crystal. Leavenworth 79 

Black Diamond, Ainsworth 144 

Black Diamond, Leavenworth 73 

Black Falls, St. Helens 50 

Black Hawk gr., Index 34 

Black Hawk gr., Summit 48 

Black Jack, Goat 1 18 

Black Jack, Methow. 89 

Black Jack, Peshastin 73 

Black Man. Leavenworth 79 

Flack Monday. North Kettle r 15«J 

Black pi., Swauk 67 

Black Prince gr.. Slocan 142 

Black Prince gr.. Snoqualmie 42 

Black Rock. Trail cr 128 

Blackstone, Silver cr 32 

Black Warrior, Methow 88 



xxvi 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 




ADAMANTINE 

Sh^es and l)\e* and Chrome 

Ca*t Mo<*i Lams Tippets, 

bO'Ses.Kol; Shells autl 

Crus ier Piates. 

These castings are extensively used In all the Mining 
States and Territories of North and South America, 
Guaranteed to prove better and cheaper than any 
Others ■'•'•'Ipts solicited subject to above conditions. 
When ordering send sketch with exact dimension*. 
Bend for 11 usrruied circular to CHROME STEEL. 
WoKKS, Brooklyn. N. Y.. Kent Avenue, Keap and 
Hooper Sts. C. P. Haughian. President; F. E. Canda, 
Vice Prw*iderit; C. J. Canda. Secretary; J. G. Duns- 
Comb, Treasurer. 




W. T. THOMPSON. 

Associated M. A. I. M. E. 

Pioneer and Lead in r Mininr Broker of Bduii lary Creek District, B.(V 
^^ MIDWAY, B. ^ 

ABC, Moreing & Neal's. and Clough's Codes. 

Thorough knowledge of and complete data furnished regarding any prop* 
erty in Okanogan, Boundary Creek, Similkameen, Tulameen, or any part of 
Yale District. Properties examined and reported on. No "wild-cat" claim* 
bought,' seld or handled. Correspondence solicited. Notary Public for .ProY* 
hire of British Columbia. Seventeen years' residence la the district of 
Yale. B. C. 



MAUDE J. WILSON. 



E. JEWELL WATKINS. 



Stenographers and Copyists 

Miaiiii Work a Sp xia ty. MImetgraph Wsrk. 



Telephone Ptecl •e*±. 



Room 315 Bailey Building, 



Seattle, Wash. 




ASSAYERAKD 
CHEMIST. 



All business strictly confidential 
and accuracy guaranteed on all 
work. Prompt returns on rml41 and 
express samples. Price list on ap- 
plication. 



Otftce and Laboratory Rooms 34-,35 Roxwell Building, 
Cor. First Ave. and Columbia St., Seattle, Wash. 



D. W. V\ est. Chief of Detective System. 
H. Surry. Chief of Patrol System. 



(Established la 1890.) 



w kht & stjtcry, 

Puget Sound Detective Agency a»id Merchants' Police Patrol. 

iCloek System). 

i'-""''ivfs furnished to work in any pari of the Pacific Northwest. CorTfr- 
•^uadeuvM aollcucd from aProtni. Kooma 21-32 Union block, Seattle, Wash. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xxvll 



Page. 

Black "Warrior, Palmer mtn 102 

Black Warrior. Stehekin 83 

Bland, Cedar Canyon 114 

Blazing- Star, Summit 45 

Blind Lead gr., Icicle 66 

Blind Lead ext., Icicle 66 

Blind Man, Okanogan 1 96 

Bloom pi., Peshastin 77 

Blue and Grey, North Kettle T....156 

Blue Bell gr., Ainsworth 144 

Blue Bell, Summit 44 

Blue Bird, Slocan 136 

Blue Bird, Trail cr 126 

Blue Devil. Stehekin 83 

Blue Grouse. Summit 45 

Blue Jay, Chelan 80 

Blue Jay, Okanogan 1 96 

Blue Jay, Skylark C, Boundary.. 152 

Blue Jay ext., Chelan 81 

Blue Marmot, Summit 46 

Blue Rock gr.. Goat 1 16 

Blue Rose, Methow 89 

Blue Wednesday, Summit 46 

Bluff gr., Silver cr 33 

Bobbie Burns gr., Coast 166 

Bobtail, Miller r 38 

Bobtail, Swauk 70 

Bonanza. Colville 112 

Bonanza. Summit 44 

Bonanza, Negro cr 77 

Bonanza King, Ainsworth 145 

Bonanza Queen gr., Money cr.... 39 

Bonanza Queen gr., Silverton 20 

Bondholder gr., Slocan 140 

Bonita. North Kettle r 156 

Bon Ton gr.. Goat 1 16 

Boston. Cascade 55 

Boundary Falls, Smith's C, 

Boundary 149 

Boyl's gr., Cle-elum .. 64 

Bridal Veil. Cedar r 48 

Bridgeport gr.. Salmon r 93 

Briggs gr., Slocan 142 

Brimstone, Reservation 109 

Broadway. Twisp 91 

Bronco. Cle-elum 62 

Brooklyn, Goat 1 16 

Brooklyn, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Brooklyn. Methow 86 

Brooklyn gr , Miller r 37 

Brother Jack. Methow 86 

Brown Bear, Cedar r 47 

Brown Rear gr., C1e-eh?m 65 

Brown Bear gr., Fatrvlew 159 

Brown Rear, Swauk 69 

Bruce, Graham's C, Boundary 155 

Bruce. Trail cr 128 

Bryan & Sewn II. Reservation 109 

Bryan gr. Leavenworth 78 

Buekhorn. Salmon r 94 

Burke ye. Whitp Horse 51 

Burkeus. Keremeos 160 

Buffalo. Slocan 139 

Buker gr.. Coast 164 

Burk mtn. gr.. Cnlvllle 113 

Bullfrog gr.. Palmer mtn 100 

Bullion King. Silver cr 82 

Bullion. Swunk 69 

Bullv Roy. Coast 166 

Bumble Ree. St. Helens 50 

Bunohgrass, Norrh Kettle r 156 

Bunker mil & Sullivan. Cascade.. 55 

Bunker Hill Silverton 23 

Bunkpr H'll. Swauk «9 

Buster gr., Chelan 81 

Butte gr., Cle-elum 64 



Page. 
Buttercup, Wellington C, Bound- 
ary 153 

B. X. gr., Okanogan 1 95 

C. 

C. &C., Trail cr 124 

Cabba, Palmer mtn 101 

Caledonia gr., Peshastin 74 

California Boy, Methow 88 

California, Methow 88 

California, Slocan 139 

California, Trail cr 122 

Calumet, Palmer mtn 103 

Calumet, Wellington C, Bound- 
ary 153 

Campbell gr., Summit 45 

Canada, Chelan 81 

Canadian gr., Slocan 135 

Capital, Methow 86 

Capital Prize, Providence C, 

Boundary 150 

Cariboo, C. McKinney 157 

Cariboo, Leavenworth 79 

Cascade gr., Cascade 66 

Cascade gr., Chelan 81 

Cascade, Cle-elum 65 

Cascade, Summit 46 

Castle, Silver cr 29 

Cataract gr., Miller r 37 

Cathedral, Twisp 91 

Catherine, Methow 89 

Center Star. Trail cr 121 

Centennial gr., Reservation 107 

Chair Peak gr., Snoipialmle 41 

Challoner gr.. Coast 163 

Charleston, Slocan 138 

Charlotte, Wenatchee 71 

Chamber of Commerce, Twisp 91 

Chambers gr., Slocan I8t 

Champion gr., Leavenworth 7> 

Chariot, Okanogan 1 96 

Chesapeake gr., Cle-elum 65 

Chicago gr., Cascade 55 

Chicago gr.. Money cr 39 

Chicago, Methow 88 

Chicago gr., Palmer mtn 100 

Chicago, Reservation no 

Chicago, St. Helen's 50 

Christie, Stehekin 83 

Chippewa gr., Methow 89 

Chub. Chelan 81 

Churchill gr., Reservation 107 

Cinnabar King, Negro cr 76 

City ot Lincoln. White's C, Bound- 
ary 154 

City of Paris. White's C. Bound- 
ary if* 

City of Spokane. Trail cr 122 

Clara gr., Northport m 

Clara K., Miller r 38 

Cle-elum, Cle-elum ,]]". 64 

Cleopatra f;i.. Miller r !.!!!!!! 27 

Cleopatra, Reservation " V0 

Cleveland. Cedar Canyon 11 4 

Cleveland gr.. SI! v. nor, 18 

Cleveland. Snonualmle 43 

Cleve. Palmer mtn y\A 

Cliff. Trail cr .'.'.'.'.m 

Climax. Silverton 93 

Close Call. Okanogan I. .'.."!"""' 96 
Cork Rohln. North Kettle r....!.".']56 

Collins. Summit " «$ 

Colorado. Slogan .. "*"t*S 

Colts. Silverton MY.'.'.'.'.'.]'.'.' 'S. 

Columbia A Kootenai gr.. Trail cM'S 

Columbia. Metnow gg 

Columbia; Reservation .III'.] 110 



xxviii MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

R. PETKOVITS 



MANUFACTURERS OF 

Fancy 
Furs 



Importer of Skins, 



Alaslsa Sealskin Garments a specialty. Highest price paid for 
raw fur. 

MARION STREET, 

Between First and Second. SEATTLE, WASH* 



LIVERMORE'S 
SPECIALS 



FOR INFORMATION ON MINING INVESTMENTS AND FRUIT 
LANDS IN WENATCHEE VALLE Y, ADDRESS 



C. B. Livermore 

Wenatchee, Washington. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



Page. 

Columbus, Sultan 24 

Combination, Providence C., 

Boundary 150 

Combination, Silver cr 29 

Comet No. 2, Trail cr 127 

Commercial gr., Index 34 

Coming Man, Providence C., 

Boundary 150 

Commander, Trail cr 127 

Commonwealth gr., Ainsworth 145 

Commonwealth, Snoqualmie 42 

Comstock gr., Reservation 108 

Comstock. Summit 44 

Coney gr., Miller r 36 

Consolidated gr., Silverton 22 

Contact, Mineral cr 116 

•Contention gr., Palmer mtn 100 

Cook Kitchen gr., Chico 60 

Coon gr., Coast 166 

Copper Bell, Snoqualmie 42 

Copper Bottom, Copper C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Copper Bottom, St. Helens 50 

Copper Chief, Snoqualmie 42 

Copper gr., Howard cr., Index 34 

Copper gr., Trout cr., Index 34 

Copperhead, Silverton 20 

Copper King, Coast 163 

Copper King, Palmer mtn 101 

Copper King, Palmer mtn 103 

Copper King, Palmer mtn 104 

Copper Mine, Copper C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Copper Mtn., Reservation 109 

Copperopolis, Copper C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Copper Queen, Palmer mtn 103 

Copper World, Palmer mtn 101 

Cora M., Silver cr 28 

Cordick, Summit C, Boundary 154 

Corean, Slocan 138 

Corinth, Slocan 134 

Cornucopia gr., Sultan 24 

Cornucopia. White's C, Boundary.154 

Corona, Silver cr 32 

Countess, Okanogan 1 96 

Courtney, White Horse 51 

Cowan & Shaw gr., Coast 161 

Coyote gr., Reservation 108 

Cracker Jack, Trail cr 124 

Crawford pi., Peshastin 77 

Crescent, Skylark C, Boundary... 152 

Ooesus. Coast 161 

Cromwpll Nelson 148 

Cross Lode. St. Helens 50 

Crown Point, Crown Point C, 

Boundary 155 

Crown Point gr.. Cle-elum 64 

Crown Point, Methow 88 

Crown Point, Summit 44 

Crown Point gr.. Silver cr 32 

Crown Point, Slate cr 57 

Crown Point gr., Trail cr 123 

Crown Prince, Stehekin 83 

-Crown Prince. Twisp 91 

Crown Silver, Deadwood C., 

Boundary 151 

Crusader gr., Slocan 141 

Crystal mtn. gr.. Summit 45 

Crystal. St. Helens 50 

Culver gr., Peshastin 72 

Cumherland gr.. Slocan 134 

Cumberland. Twisp 91 

Cuprite. Copper C, Boundary l-'l 

Curlew gr.. Palmer mtn W2 

Curlew. Trail rr llfj 

Current gr., Summit 43 



Custer, Leavenworth 79 

!>• Page. 

Daisy, Twisp 91 

Daisy, Silver cr 32 

Daisy Dean, Negro cr 75 

Damfino, Summit 45 

Damfino, Methow 89 

Damon and Pythias, Money cr 39 

Dandy, Nelson 146 

Dandy, Okanogan 1 95 

Dandy, Greenwood C, Boundary.. 152 
Dandy Margery, North Kettle r...l56 

Dardanelles gr., Slocan 138 

Davenport, Stehekin 83 

Deadman cr. pi., Reservation 110 

Deadwood, Negro cr 77 

Decoration, Methow 88 

Deep Creek pi., Leavenworth 79 

Deer Lake gr., Silverton 21 

Deer Park, Trail cr 127 

Deer Trail, Cedar Canyon n* 

Deer Trail No. 2. Cedar Canyon.. 114 

Defender gr., Stehekin 84 

Defiance, Palmer mtn 101 

Delacola, Trail cr 195 

Delaware, Cedar Canyon .'.115 

Del Campo gr., Monte Cristo 14 

Delcho, Silver cr 29 

Delia Jane gr., Snoqualmie.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'! 42 

Dellie, Ainsworth 143 

Denny Mines. Snoqualmie.... '.'.'. '.'.'. 40 

Denver gr., Cascade 55 

Derby, Twisp % 

Detroit-Windsor, Palmer mtn*. .... .105 

Diamond Hitch, Silver cr 32 

Diamond Queen gr.. Methow 86 

Dinero Grande, Long Lake C, 

Boundary 153 

Dispassi, Skagit 54 

Dividend, Palmer mtn .."l03 

Dolphin, Keremeos "wo 

Dolphin, C. McKinnpy !'.'.'"l58 

Dominion gr.. Keremeos 160 

Dominion. Silver cr 33 

Don Tom. Cle-elum .*." 63 

Double Eagle gr.. Silverton 23 

Double Stamp. Miller r 38 

Double Standard. Palmer mtn '.'.'.'.'.'. 104 

Doubtful. Silverton 22 

Doubtful. Stehekin S3 

Dry Spring. Summit ....'.'.'.'.'.] 45 

Drummer Boy, Leavenworth 79 

Dundee, Providence C, Boundary.150 
Dutchman, Silver cr 28 

E. 

Eagle, North Kettle r 156 

Eag-le, Leavenworth 79 

Eagle gr.. Colville 113 

Eagle and Iowa. Negro cr 75 

Earhart. Cedar r 47 

East Side. Stehekin $4 

Ecclefechan. Coast mi 

Echo gr.. Slocan 142 

Eclipse, Palmer mtn 104 

Eclipse gr., Silverton 19 

Edison gr., Silver cr 28 

Edith, Ruth cr 60 

Edith gr.. Reservation 109 

Editor, Silvpr cr 33 

Eldon gr., Slocan 138 

El Dorado gr. Cascade 55 

El Dorado. Goat Lake 15 

El Dorado gr., Palmer mtn 10-4 

Electric. Coast ifig 

Elephant, Cedar Canyon 115 

Elephant, Chelan 81 



xxx MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Mining an d Scie ntific Press. 

ESTABLISHED 1860, 



The oldest and most widely circulated weekly journal of its class in th» 
(Jnited States. Its conservative and reliable coursehas made it an exceptionally 
strong advertising medium among the largest buyers in the Pacific States and 
Territories, Mexico, South America and Australia. A glance through its 
columns will convince anyone of the estimation in which it is held by leaders 
in business. 



Send for Sample Copy. 



.MINING ANP SCIENTIFIC PRESS, 

220 Market Street, San Francisco. 

Elevator, 12 Front Street. 



Every 



Prospector 

CAMERA 



SHOULD HAVE A 



WE HAVE AL.L STYLES AND SIZES. 



"We also keep Blow Pipes and Supplies. 



Washington Dental and Photographic Supply Co., 

211 Columbia. St., Opp. Postofflce, 
Seattle, Waal*. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



Page. 

Elgin, Slocan 135 

Elise, Nelson 147 

Elizabeth, Summit 44 

Elkhorn, Cedar Canyon 116 

Elkhorn, Slocan 138 

Eliza, Mineral cr 116 

Ellen and Alki, Silver cr 32 

Ellen, Ainsworth 145 

Elliott pi., Swauk 68 

Ellis, Snoqualmie 42 

Elmo, Sultan 25 

Emanuel gr., Palmer mtn 105 

Emerald gr., Methow 86 

Emerald No. 2, Leavenworth 79 

Emma gr., Snoqualmie 42 

Emma, Summit C, Boundary 154 

Emma gr., Chelan 81 

Emma gr., Coast 161 

Emma Bess, Silver cr 32 

Emma C. gr., Trail cr 129 

Emma Lee, Chelan 81 

Empire gr., Palmer mtn 101 

Empire gr.. Reservation 10S 

Empire, North Kettle r ir»7 

Enterprise, Slocan 140 

Enterprise, Copper C, Boundary. lol 

Epha, Cle-elum 64 

E. Plurihus. Palmer mtn T.104 

E. S., Okanogan 1 95 

Esmeralda gr.. Slocan 141 

Esmeralda, Leavenworth 78 

Esmeralda No. 2. Leavenworth 79 

Esther and Louisa gr.. Gold cr.... 61 
Esther Hilbert gr.. Cedar Canyon. 115 

Ethel, Summit 46 

Ethel, Monte Cristo 14 

Pt^iopa. Lone Lake C. Boundary.153 

Etna. Greenwood C, Boundary 153 

Etna, Northport Ill 

Etta, Miller r 37 

Eureka gr., Slocan 137 

Eureka, Wenatchee 71 

Eureka, C. McKinney 157 

Eureka, Slocan 133 

Eureka gr.. Slate cr 57 

Eureka, Peshastin 73 

Eureka gr.. Silverton 22 

Eva. Summit 44 

Eveleen. Leavenworth 79 

Evening Srar. Trail cr 124 

Evening Star. Summit 45 

Everett. Skagit 53 

Everett. Twisn 91 

Everett gr., Silverton.... 18 

Evergreen. Silver cr 33 

Ewingr *rr., Summit 45 

Excelsior, Slate cr S7 

Excelsior, Methow 89 

F. 

Falu, Trail cr 129 

Family gr.. Cle-elum 63 

Fanny, Silverton 19 

Farmer, Okanogan 1 96 

Fern gr., Nelson 147 

Fldalso. Reservation m7 

Fidelity gr.. Reservation 106 

First of Aiisuat, Swank 69 

First Thought. Salmon r 92 

Fi«h Eairle. rie-^lnm «2 

Fisher Maiden. Slogan 139 

Fltzslmmon* ST.. Coast 162 

Flamingo. Srehekln R3 

Fletcher Wehsrer gr., Buena Vista 43 

FTodin pi., Swauk 68 

Flora. Stehekln 83 

Florence, Summit 48 



Page, 

Flossie, Twisp 91 

Foggy gr. Goat 1 15 

Fontenoy, C. McKinney 15T 

Ford pi., Swauk 67 

Forest King, Summit 4* 

Forest Queen, Summit 4$ 

Forsyth gr., Coast 168 

45, Sultan 24 

Foster, Northport Ill 

Fourteen gr.. Trail cr 128 

Fourth of July gr., Leavenworth.. 79 

Fourth of July, Cascade 56 

Fourth of July pi.. Reservation 119 

Frankie Girl, Palmer mtn 104 

Free Coinage, Stehekin 83 

French, Summit 45- 

Friday gr., Methow 88 

G. 

Galena Farm gr., Slocan 139 

Gambler's Dream, Cle-elum 64 

G. A. R. gr., Providence C, 

Boundary 150 

Garnet, North Kettle r 158 

Gem, Chelan 81 

Gem, Peshastin 73 

Genne, Stehekin 83 

Georgia, Trail cr 124 

Georgie Smith gr., Leavenworth.. 79 

German, Leavenworth 79 

Gertie, Stehekin 83 

Gertrude, Trail cr 123 

Giant, Trail cr 124 

Gibson. Chelan 81 

Gift, Goat 1 16 

Gilmsn, Wenatchee 71 

Gipsy Queen. Silver cr 32 

Gladstone gr.. Palmer mtn 100 

Glengarry gr., Silverton 20 

Glory of Mountains gr.. Goat 1... 16 

Goericke gr., Stehekin 84 

Golconda gr., St Helens 49- 

Gold Boy, Silver cr 33 

Gold Bar gr.. Silver cr.. 33 

Gold Bar, Sultan 25 

Gold Bar, Twisp 91 

Gold Bug. Cl^-elum 63 

Gold Coin. Slate cr 58 

Gold Dollar. White's C, Bound- 
ary 154 

Gold Drop, Dcadwood C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Gold Drop, Greenwood^ C. Bound- 
ary 152 

Gold Drop, Long Lake C, Bound- 
ary 153 

Gold Dust, Palmer mtn 103 

Gold Dust. Reservation 109 

Gold Eagle, Silver cr 29 

Golden Cord. Monte Cristo 13 

Golden Crown, Skylark C. Bound- 
ary 153 

Golden Crown gr., Trail cr 128 

Golden Crown, Wellington C, 

Boundary 153 

Golden Eagle, Long Lake C, 

Boundary 151 

Golden Fleece, Palmer mtn 1»4 

Gulden King, Wenatchee 76 

Golden Rod. White's C, Bound- 
ary ]54 

Golden Slipper. Coast 1*3 

Golden Zone. Palmer mtn 103 

Gold Hill, Falrvlew \i$ 

Gold Hill. Palmer mtn I03 

Gold Hill Trail cr .123 

Goldie, Mineral cr 118 



xxxii 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



W. WALL4CE RAD€L!FFE, President and General Manager. 
GEO. 60E, Mining Expert. 



The Puget Mining and Brokerage Co. 

CAPITAL . . . $25,000 

Office, 208 Pioneer Building, Seattle, Washington. 

Dealers in Mines and Mining StOGks of Sterling Worth. 

Correspondence solicited. MINES examined and reported upon. 
Information furnished by this company will ever »e reliable in 
every detail. 

We are in perfect touch with the prospectors in the best mining districts 
of Washington and British Columbia. 

We are well posted on the most promising properties in course of develop- 
ment. This information we impart to our correspondents to their great 
advantage. 

We are in constant correspondence with the leading capitalists and brokers 
in Eastern and foreign money centers. We will Buy, Bond, Develop and 
sell Mines and Mining Prospects of sterling worth. 

We bring the prospector and the capitalist together on an equitable basis. 
The stocks offered by us for sale are Al investments, as we expert properties 
before listing stocks. 

The Pittsburg Mining & Operative Company is under our management, 
and will pay a dividend for the month of June, 1897. This consists of 60 
acres of rlacer, 15 feet deep, going 35 cents a cubic yard; and the Rainy Creek 
Group, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, on a 50-foot mineral bearing lode or vein, 
assaying well in gold, copper, silver anu nickel. 



A. H. Burkntan, 

ASSAYER and 
ANALYST, 

NORTHPORT, WASH. 



Prompt and accurate returns 

guaranteed. 



J. M. Sparkman, 




BROKER. 



Office, COS Bailey Building, 
Seattle, Wasli. 



L. F. Mc€0NIHE, 

Mining 
Broker. 

CLE-ELUM DISTRICT. 
Roslyn, Wash. 

W. I. SCOTT-^v 
P. C. ELLSWORTH, 

Attorneys at Law 



36, 37 and 38 Occidental Bldgf. 
Seattle, Wash. 



Especial attention given to 
mining business. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xxxiil 



Page. 

Gold King-, Okanogan 1 96 

Gold King, Trail cr 123 

Gold Leaf, Swauk 70 

Gold Mountain gr., White Horse.. 52 

Gold Standard, Coast 161 

Gold Standard gr., Summit 46 

Golden Triangle, Twisp 92 

Golden Tunnel, Index 35 

Gold Vein & Badger, Swauk 70 

Goodenough, Slocan 136 

Good Luck, Gold cr 61 

Gopher, Trail cr 126 

Gordon Creek gr., Silver ton 2is 

Gordon, Negro cr 75 

Grady gr., Slocan 139 

Grand Prize, Trail cr 128 

Grand Republic, Cascade 56 

Grand Summit, Palmer mtn 100 

Grand view gr., Cle-elum 64 

Grandview gr., Palmer mtn 103 

Granite, Cascade 56 

Granite, Chelan 81 

Granite, Ruth cr 60 

Granite, Silverton 18 

Granite King, Gold cr 61 

Granite mtn., Silverton 19 

Graves gr., Coast , 165 

Grey Eagle, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Grey Eagle gr., Methow 86 

Grey Eagle, Silver cr 32 

Grey Eagle, Stehekin 84 

Great Eastern, Leavenworth 79 

Great Hesper, Smith's C, Bound- 
ary 149 

Great Hopes, Deadwood C, 

Boundary 151 

Greatj Northern, Leavenworth 79 

Great Northern gr., Sultan 25 

Great Western, Swauk 69 

Great Republic, Reservation 109 

Great Scott. Silver cr 32 

Great Wonder, Swauk... 69 

Gregor, Snoqualmie 42 

Green Crown, White Horse 51 

Green Eye, Twisp 91 

Greenhorn, Swauk 70 

Green Mountain gr., Snoqualmie.. 41 

Green Tree pi.. Swauk 67 

Grizzly, St. Helens 50 

Grizly, Silverton 21 

Grizzly Bear, Nelson 146 

G. R. Sovereign. Trail cr 128 

Guye gr., Snoqualmie 41 

H. 

Hamilton gr., Skagit 54 

Hancock, Silver cr 29 

Hannah. Silverton 20 

Hannah gr.. White Horse 51 

Happy Thought, Chelan 82 

Hard Pass, Sultan 25 

HardscrabMe, Cle-elum 65 

Hard-up. Okanogan 1 96 

Harquehla, Copper C, Boundary .151 

Hart pi., Swauk 68 

Hartay gr., Thunder cr 59 

Hartford, Thunder cr 59 

Hattie gr., Twisp 92 

Hat tie Brown. Trail cr 126 

Hawk. Cle-elum 64 

Hawksnest. Leavenworth 79 

Hawkeve. Miller r 38 

Hecla, Smith's C. Roundary 149 

Hehe gr., Reservation 110 

Helen gr .. Trail cr 129 

Helena, Sultan 25 



Page* 

Helena gr., Silverton 19 

Helena ext, Silverton 20 

Hercules, Palmer mtn 104 

Hiawatha, Silver cr 28 

Hidden Treasure, Methow 86 

Hidden Treasure, North Kettle r..l56 
High Kicker, Providence C, 

Boundary 150 

Highland gr., Ainsworth 144 

Highland, Trail cr 129 

Highlander, Ainsworth 144 

Highland gr, White Horse 51 

Highlander gr., Miller r 37 

Highland Chief, C. McKinney 157 

Highland Chief, North Kettle r...l56 
Highland Chief, Cedar Canyon.... 115 

Highland Light, Methow 86 

Hilltop, Trail cr 128 

Homestake, Salmon r 93 

Homestake, Trail cr 126 

Homestake, Cascade 56 

Homestake, Stehekin 83 

Honest Johns gr., Colville 113 

Hoodoo, Silverton 18 

Hoosier gr., Palmer mtn 102 

Hope, Silver cr 28 

Horseshoe, Silver cr. 32 

Horseshoe Bend. Sultan 25 

Howard gr., Index 33 

Howard gr., Slocan 141 

Huckleberry, Cle-elum 62 

Hulett, Ruth cr 59 

Humboldt. Methow 88 

Humbug, Cle-elum 62 

Hunter, Goat 1 16 

Hunter, Methow 86 

Hunter, White Horse 51 

Hunter gr., Chelan 82 

Hustler, Slocan 134 

I. 

Icegate, Thunder cr.. 59 

Ida Elmore, Cle-elum 64 

Ida May, Methow 88 

Ida Queen, Trail cr 128 

Idaho, Methow 89 

Idaho gr., Chelan 81 

Ida^o, Trail cr 121 

Idaho, Slocan 134 

Idler, Slocan 1*4 

I-i-ass. Cle-elum 64 

Independence. Salmon r 94 

Independent. Silverton 18 

Ingersoll. Coast 166 

International. Palmer mtn 1<»3 

Iowa, Chelan 81 

Iowa, Trail cr 123 

Irene gr., Chelan 82 

Iron Cap No. 1. North Kettle r....!56 

Iron Cap. Chelan 81 

Ironclad, Silver cr 32 

Iron Colt, Trail cr 125 

Iron Cross. Chelan 81 

Iron Crown, Slocan 142 

Iron Crown gr.. Cedar Canyon 116 

Iron Hope gr. Trail cr 127 

Iron Horse, Nor|hport Ill 

Iron Horse, Slocan 110 

Iron Horse, Trail cr 124 

Iron Horse sr.. Reservation 1ft? 

Iron King. North Kettle r 156 

Iron Mask. Okanogan 1 9S 

Iron Mask, Trail cr 121 

Ironmaster, Palmer mtn 101 

Iron Mines, Ole-elnm «5 

Iron Mine. Mineral cr 116 

Iron Mountain gr., Index 34 



xxxiv MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



45 



Consolidated 
Mining Company, 

EVERETT, WASH. 



Incorporated under the laws of the State of Washington. 
Capital stock $2,000,000, fully paid and non-assessable. 
P-«f erred stock, 149,999 shares; common stock, 50,001 
&hares; par value, $10.00 per share. 



W. C. Cox, President. TRUSTEES: 

L. A. Dyer. Vice President. W. C. Cox, 

Win. F. Brown. General Manager. L. A. Dyer, 

Louis Henry Leg-fir, Secretary. Win. F. Brown, 

S. M. Kennedy, Treasurer. Mark Swinnerton, 

Evarstt National Bank, Depository. W. H. Ward. 

Chas. K. Jenner, Attorney. 



The mines comprise a group of twenty-five claims located In Snohomish 
County, in the Cascade Mountains, at the head of a branch of the Sultan 
Basin, two and one-half miles from Silverton, and are at an elevation of 
4.80ft feet above sea level. Development work has been in progress for over 
& yoar. tunnels and shafts driven opening ud a true fissure vein extending 
through the group of claims 7,500 feet, that varies in width from six to 
eighteen feet, on the hanging wall of which there is a chute of high-grade 
era averaging; eighteen inches in width, from which two car-load shipments 
tiav* fcoen mado to the Everett Smoker, the first returning $105.96 and the 
second SlSt.08 per ton. These figures speak better than assays, of which we 
have a great variety, ranging from $2,000 per ton down. The rich ore chute 
values lie In brittle silver, gray copper, ruby silver, gold and galena. There 
Is an unlimited quantity of low-grade ore that will run from $8.00 to $30.00 
per ton. This is good concentrating ore and is being stored on the dump, 
awaiting the erection of a concentrator, when it can be handled at a great 
profit. Two hundred and fifty feet of Tunnel No. 2 has just been completed, 
tapping the ore vein 175 feet below Tunnel No. 1, which runs 181 feet on ore. 
One thousand feet east a seventy-two foot tunnel has been driven, and 1,000 
leet farther east a l*53-foot tunnel. These are on ore all the way. 

A tram is under construction from Tunnel No. 2 to the millsite, the com- 
mon converging pcflnt for the different workings, from which ore will be 
packed by horses until such a time as the large tram can be constructed to 
Silverton. The company has an abundant supply of excellent timber on the 
premises) for all mining and building purposes, and also has two water powers 
with a fall of over 700 feet each, which are utilized In furnishing all power 
required for the operation of electric light, saw mill and other plants. 

This is the only Mining Company in the Cascades that has been running 
mil winter without missing a shift, and they will commence the shipment of 
oro la May, when the packtrains can be regularly run. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



XXXT 



Page. 

Ironsides, Miller r 37 

Iron Top. Deadwood C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Iroquois, Nelson 146 

Isoletta gr.. Stehekin 83 

Ivanhoe gr.. Palmer mtn 99 

Ivanhoe, Sloean 135 

I. X. L., Okanogan 1 96 

I. X. L., Trail cr 123 

1^ X.. L., Peshastln ...... 74 

J. 

J. A. C, Providence C, Bound- 
ary 150 

Jack of Spades gr., White's C, 

Boundary 154 

Jack Pot. St. Helen's 50 

Jackson gr., Sloean 138 

Jackson. Silvorton 20 

Jasper, Thunder cr 59 

Jasnprcon. S'lvprton 32 

Jeff Davis. Ainsworth 145 

Jefferson. Stehekin 84 

Jennie, Sloean 141 

Jennie "Lee. Twisp 91 

Jenny Lind. Slooan 139 

Jensen pi.. Swank 68 

Jesse. Wbitp Ho'-se 51 

Jessie, Palmer mtn 98 

Jessie Harner gr.. Mineral cr H6 

Jewel. Long I.. Boundary 153 

Jim, Wellington C. Boundary 1"4 

Jim Blaine. Trail cr 129 

Jim Dandy. Silver cr 32 

J. J. Hill. Silver cr .' 32 

Joe Dandv. Fai»-vfow 1*9 

John Arthur. Salmon r 93 

John L.. Cp'iar Canyon 116 

Johnshnrsr. Ca o oao*p 55 

Johnson arr.. Cle-elum 64 

Joker, Trail or 128 

Jolly Boy, farter Canyon 115 

Jones pi.. Swauk 68 

Jones & Dennett pi.. Swauk 68 

Josephinp err., Methow 88 

Josie, Swank 70 

Josie, Trail cr 122 

Julia. PpiT'Pr mtn 101 

Jumbo, Okanogan 1 96 

Jumbo. Trail or 129 

Jumbo. Pacpario Rfl 

Jumbo. Connpr C. Boundary 151 

Jumbo, Silver cr ?9 

Jumbo. Okanogan 1 95 

Jumbo, Tra'l cr V>% 

Justin gr.. WhHp Horse 52 

Just In Time. Pip-oinm 63 

Just In Time, Methow 88 

K. 

Kalamazoo srr.. Palmer mtn 101 

Kalispell. Sloean 140 

Katie. Millor r 38 

Keene pi.. Peshastin 77 

Keno. Wellington C. Boundary... 153 

Kentucky Belle. St. Helen's 50 

Keystone gr., Cle-elum 65 

Keystone gr.. Monte Cristo 14 

Keystone gr., Wellington C, 

Boundary 153 

Kevwiorier. White Horse 51 

King Bee, Nor^b Kettle r 156 

Kins: David. MMler r...^.. ....... ...37 

King gr.. Summit 45 

King Solomon, Cle-elum .... . .. 62 

Kig Solomon, Copper C, Bound- 



Page. 

ary 151 

King Solomon, Okanogan 1 95 

Kirk Lake gr., Coast 163 

Knight Templar. Trail cr 129 

Knob Hill, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Knob Hill, Reservation 109 

Knoxville, Silverton 23 

Kootenai. Slate cr 58 

Krao, Ainsworth 143 

L. 

La Belle, Trail cr 123 

Lady of the Lake, Salmon r 93 

La Euna. Salmon r 94 

Lafayette, Reservation 107 

Lake, Stehekin 83 

Lake City, Cle-elum 63 

Lakeview, Palmer mtn 1D2 

Lakeview gr., Northport Ill 

Lakeview, Long Lake C, Bound- 
ary 153 

Lakeview ext., Palmer mtn 103 

La 11a Rookh, Monte Cristo 14 

Lancashire Lass gr., Palmer mm.. 100 

Lark, Okanogan 1 9ft 

Larkin gr., Okanogan 1 95> 

Larsen gr., Methow 88 

Last Chance, Cedar r 48 

Last Chance, Cle-elum 62 

Last Chance, Copper C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Last Chance, Methow 88 

Last Chance, North Kettle r Ia6 

Last Chance, Skagit 54 

Last Chance, Skylark C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Last Chance, Silver cr 29- 

Last Chance gr., Sloean 135 

Last Chance, Smith's C, Bound- 
ary 149 

Last Chance, Snoqualmie 42 

Last Chance, Wenatchee 71 

Last Dollar, Silver cr 33 

Latah, Twisp 91 

Laura Lindsay, Snoqualmie 42 

Lead King, Providence C, Bound- 
ary 150 

Leadville gr., Palmer mtn 100 

Legal Tender, Snoqualmie 42 

Leo, Negro cr 76 

Le Roi, Trail cr 119 

Le Roi, Miller r 38 

Le Roi, C. McKinney 158 

Leta, Snoqualmie 42 

Lexington, White's C, Boundary. 154 

Lida, Silver cr 29 

Lightning, Peshastin 73 

Li Hung, Coast 161 

Lillie May, Ainsworth 143 

Lillie May, Trail cr 126 

Lily James, Silverton 21 

Lily of the West. Goat 1 16 

Lincoln, North Kettle r 156 

Lisburn, Northport Ill 

Little Chief gr., Sultan 23 

Little Duncan, Okanogan 1 98 

Little Falls, Palmer mtn 104 

Little Gem. Summit 48 

Little Gem gr., Reservation 107 

Little Giant, Goat 1 18 

Little Giant, Reservation 1«6 

.Little Giant gr., Trail cr 128 

Little Iron gr., Reservation 108 

Little Jap, Chelan 82 

Little One, Okanogan 1 98 



xxxvi MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Rufus Buck, M. J . I. M. E. Arthur M. Bouillon, 

Civil Engineer and Draughtsman. 

BUCK ft BOUILLON, 

Mining and Civil Engineers, 

DRAUGHTSMEN AND BLUE PRINTERS. 



Reports furnished on mining properties. General supervision of mines 
attended to. 

We publish the following new mining maps: 

Map of Trail Creek Mining Division, from Columbia river west to Christina 
Lake, showing claims. Size 27x36. Price $1.50. 

Map of North Fork of Saimon River and Wild Horse Creek, showing 
claims. Size, 23x34. Price $1.50. 

Map of Murphy Creek and Sullivan Creek, showing claims. Price 1.00. 

Map of the Boundary Creek District, Kettle River Division, from Christina 
Lake west to Rock Creek, also showing a ten-mile strip of the Colville Indian 
Reservation. Price $1.50. 

New Map of the Trail Creek Mining Camp, giving more information than 
any map ever published, and showing the groups of claims owned by the 
incorporated mining companies; artistically drawn and without a doubt the 
best map of the camp ever published. Price $1.00. 

IN PREPARATION: New map of the Slocan Mining Division. Other 
districts made from time to time, as we are able to procure reliable in- 
formation. 

We also handle other publishers' mining maps, so no matter what district 
you warn call on or write to us and we will procure it if possible. 



The Engineering 
And flining Journal 

OF IsTEW YORK. 

The most useful, progressive, widely circulated and influential paper in 
the world devoted to the mineral industry, and no one engaged in any depart- 
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ITS STATISTICS, TECHNOLOGY AND TRADE IN THE UNITED STATES 
AND OTHER COUNTRIES: 

Vol. I.— From the Earliest Times to the close of 1892 $2.50 

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Vol. III.— Supplementing Vols. I., II., to the close of 1894 5.00 

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These are the most thorough and exhaustive works on the statistics and 
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person at all interested in the industry can afford to be without them. Each 
volume is complete in itself. The information contained in one is supple-, 
ir.ented but not repeated in the other. Send for complete catalogue of im- 
portant scientific publications. 

The Scientific Publishing Co., Publishers, 253 Broadway, Nevr York. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xxxvil 



Page. 

Little Phil, Ainsworth 144 

Little Pittsburg, Skagit 54 

Little. Una, Miller r 38 

Liverpool, Leavenworth 79 

Livingstone, Swauk 69 

Livingstone pi., Swauk 68 

Lizzie, Methow 89 

Lockwood gr., Silver cr 28 

Lolette, Summit 44 

London, Methow 88 

London gr., Slocan 139 

Lone Pine, Reservation 109 

Lone Star, Methow 89 

Lone Star, Miller r 38 

Lone Star & Washington gr., Res- 
ervation 108 

Lone Star, Salmon r 93 

Lone Star, Slocan 138 

Lone Star gr., Summit 46 

Lone Star, Twisp 91 

Lookout, Methow 88 

Lookout, Skylark C, Boundary 152 

Lorindale, Coast 163 

Lost Creek gr., Index 34 

Lost Lode, Snoqualmie 42 

Lottie S., Stehekin 83 

Lucky Dog gr., Reservation 107 

Lucky Jim gr., Slocan 138 

Lucky Joe, Silver cr 32 

Lucky Queen, Trail cr 124 

Lula, Silverton 19 

Lulu, Skylark C, Boundary 152 

Lulu, Stehekin 84 

Lulu, Twisp 91 

Lynch pi.. Peshastin 77 

Lynn, Miller r 38 

M. 

Mabel May, Okanogan 1 96 

Mabel, Trail cr 124 

Mabel, White's C. Boundary 154 

M. and H. No. 2, Silver cr 33 

Mackinaw gr., Reservation 107 

Mahapac, Summit 46 

Majestic. Nelson 147 

Major, Methow 89 

Major, Thunder cr 59 

Mammoth gr.. Palmer mtn 102 

Mammoth, Palmer mtn 104 

Mammoth, Providence C, Bound- 
ary 150 

Mammoth, Slate cr < 57 

Manistee, Peshastin 73 

Manly, White Horse 51 

Maple Leaf. C. Mc Kinney 157 

Marcus-.Stein gr., Chelan 82 

Marengo. Silver cr 29 

Marine, Ruth cr 60 

Marion. Peshastin 73 

Mariposa, Trail cr 123 

Markley, Miller r 38 

Marshal Ney, Twisp 91 

Mary Ann. Mineral cr 116 

Mary, Cle-elum 63 

Mary Ellen, Swauk 70 

Mary L., Summit C, Boundary 154 

Mary. St. Helens 50 

Maryland, Trail cr 123 

Mary McCormick, Trail cr 129 

McKinley, Miller r 38 

McKinley, Summit 46 

McRee, Index 35 

Mascot gr.. Reservation 109 

Mascot, Trail cr 125 

Master Mason, Providence C, 

Boundary 150 

Mastodon gr., Buena Vista 43 



Page. 

Mattie, Cle-elum 65 

Mattie Jane, Chelan 81 

Maud O., Cle-elum 64 

Maud, Silverton 18 

Maverick, Okanogan 1 96 

Mayflower, Cle-elum 63 

Mayflower, Fairview 159 

Mayflower, Silver cr 33 

Malflower, Silverton 21 

Miyfiower, Skylark C, Boundary. 152 

Mayflower, Trail cr 126 

Mayflower, Stehekin 84 

Meadow pi., Salmon r 94 

Meagher pi., Swauk 68 

Monitor, -Slocan 133 

Monitor and Sterling, Silverton — 22 

Montana, Methow 89 

Monte Carlo, North Kettle r 156 

Monte Cristo, Trail cr 122 

Montezuma, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Montezuma gr., Slocan 141 

Montreal, Coast 161 

Mono gr.. North Kettle r 156 

Mono, Miller r 38 

Monoshee, Okanogan i 94 

Moonshine. Cedar Canyon 115 

Morning Glory, Okanogan 1 96 

Morning, Leavenworth 79 

Morning Star, Fairview 159 

Morning Star gr., Cle-elum 65 

Morning Star, Silver cr 28 

Morning Star, Trail cr 124 

Morning Star, Summit 44 

Morning, Swauk 69 

Morrison, Deadwood C, Bound- 
ary 151 

Moscow, Chelan 81 

Mother Lode, Deadwood C, 

Boundary 150 

Mother Lode gr., Leavenworth.... 79 

Meridian. Negro cr 76 

Meteor, Slocan 140 

Mexico. Skvlark C. Boundary 1"2 

Michigan gr., Cascade 56 

Michigan gr., Silver cr 33 

Midas gr., Cascade 55 

Miike Maru, Silver cr 32 

Mike Maloney. Methow 86 

Mile Point, Ainsworth ". 144 

Miller Creek gr., Slocan 134 

Miller River gr., Miller r 137 

Mills. Methow 88 

Mina, Miller r 38 

Minneapolis, Stehekin 84 

Minnehaha. Silver cr 28 

Missing Link, Greenwood C, 

Boundarv 153 

Mobile, Twisp 91 

Mohawk. Salmon r 94 

Mollie Gibson gr.. Slocan 142 

Monarch, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Monarch gr. , Negro cr 76 

Monday, Methow 88 

Monita. Trail cr 123 

Mountain Belle. Cle-elum F3 

Mountain Boy, Reservation 109 

Mountain Ohipf, Cle-elum 63 

Mountain OVupf, Slocan 139 

Mountain Fairy, St. Helens 50 

Mountain Gem, Miller r 38 

Mountain Goat, Leavenworth 79 

Mountain Goat, Twisp 90 

Mountain Lily gr., Methow 88 

Mountain Rose, Summit C, Bound- 
ary 154 



xxxviii MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Alfred Allayne Jones, 

Stock and Mining Broker, 

VANCOUVER, B. C. 



Golden Cache, Two Friends and all reliable stocks bought and 
bold on Commission. Mining: properties negotiated. 

Codes Used: dough's, Moering- & Neal, ABC, 4th edition, and 
Bedford-McNeill. 



Mining Practice a Specialty. 



Melvin G.Winstock 

Attorney-at-law, 

Offices 236-237-238 Occidental Block. 

telephone Red 271. SEATTLE, WASH. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xxxix 



Page. 

Mountain Sheep, Coast 166 

Mountain Sheep, Stehekin 83 

Mountain View Extension gr., Res- 
ervation 108 

Mountain View, Okanogan 1 95 

Mountain View, Reservation 108 

Mountain Whistler, Cle-elum 63 

Mt. Hood, St. Helen's 50 

Muldoon, Nelson 147 

Myers cr. pi., Reservation 110 

Myrtle C. gr., White Horse 52 

Mystery, Monte Cristo 12 

N. 

National, Silver cr 32 

Navajo gr., Goat 1 16 

Nebraska, Chelan 81 

Nellie Cotton, Skylark C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Nellie, North Kettle r 156 

.Nell, Summit 4o 

Nelson pi., Swauk 67 

Nemo, Silverton 21 

Neosha, Ainsworth 143 

Nest Egg-Firefly, Trail cr 126 

Nest Egg, Reservation 108 

Neubaur pi., Swauk 68 

Nevada, Goat 1 15 

Nevada, Icicle 66 

Nevada, Trail cr 123 

New Seattle, Silverton 22 

New York gr., Negro cr 75 

New York Palmer mtn 103 

New York, Silverton 19 

New York, White's C, Boundary .154 

Nickel Plate gr., Negro cr 77 

Nickel Plate, Trail cr 122 

Nightingale, Skylark C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Ninety-five, Methow 89 

Ninety-two, Palmer mtn 100 

Nip & Tuck, Cascade 56 

Nip & Tuck gr., Methow 89 

Nipissing gr, Trail cr 128 

Noble Five gr., Slocan 135 

Nonpareil, iSilverton 20 

Nonpareil gr., Slocan 139 

Nonsuch, Smith's C, Boundary .^..149 

No. 1 gr., Ainsworth 143 

No. 4, White's C, Boundary 154 

No. 7 gr., White's C, Boundary... 154 

No. 9, White's C, Boundary 154 

Noonday, Slocan 140 

Norfolk, White's C, Boundary... 154 

Northern Belle, Trail cr 124 

Northern Light, Leavenworth 79 

North Pole gr., Negro cr 76 

North Star gr., Chelan 82 

North Star, Long Lake C, Bound- 
ary 153 

North Star, Methow 89 

North 'Star, Okanogan 1 95 

North Star, Swauk 70 

Norway, Trail cr 123 

Norwegian, Silver cr 27 

Nulla Secunda, Coast 161 

Nutcracker, Coast 163 

O. 

O. & B., Monte Cristo 13 

Occidental, Northport Ill 

Ocean gr., Slocan 141 

Oceanic, Palmer mtn 104 

Ocean Wave, Methow 88 

Ohio, Leavenworth 79 

Okanogan, Methow 86 

O. K., Trail cr 123 



Page. 

Old Discovery, Slate cr 58 

Old Dominion, Colville 112 

Old England, C. McKinney 157 

Old Glory gr., (Slocan 141 

Old Iron, Okanogan 1 96 

Old Ironsides, Greenwood C, 

Boundary 152 

Old Steve, North Kettle r 156 

Olga, Trail cr 129 

Olympia gr., Negro cr 72 

Ontario, Negro cr 76 

Ontario Boy, North Kettle r 156 

Ophir, Cedar r 48 

Oregon City, Slocan 140 

Oregon gr., Methow 89 

Oregonian gr., Twisp 90 

Orient gr., Twisp 91 

Oriole, Cedar r 48 

Oro Dinoro, Summit C, Boundary. 154 

Oro Fino, Cedar Canyon 115 

Oro Fino, Palmer mtn 104 

Oro Fino, Silver cr 32 

Oro, Wellington C, Boundary 153 

Oro, White's C, Boundary 154 

Orphan Boy gr., Silver cr 27 

Orphan Boy, Miller r 38 

Orphan Girl, Miller r 38 

Osiola, Methow 89 

Outburst, Wellington C, Bound- 
ary , 158 

Overlook, Methow 89 

P. 

P. & I., Monte Cristo 14 

Palmer gr., Leavenworth 79 

Palo Alto, Trail cr 127 

Panic, Methow 86 

Panorama, Okanogan 1 96 

Parallel gr., Methow 88 

Parallel, Methow 89 

Paramatta, Copper C, Boundary.. 151 

Parker gr., Nelson 147 

Parrot, Summit 46 

Pathfinder, North Kettle r.. 156 

Paul, Reservation 109 

Paymaster, Methow 88 

Paymaster, Money cr 39 

Payne gr., iSlocan 136 

Pelican, White Horse 51 

Peshastin, Peshastin 73 

Philo gr., Monte Cristo 14 

Phoenix, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Phoenix, Reservation 73 

Phoenix, Slocan 142 

Phoenix, Trail cr 126 

Phyllis gr., Chelan 81 

Pickwick gr., Icicle 66 

P. I. gr., Leavenworth 79 

P.-L, Silver cr 32 

Pingston, Reservation 110 

Plata Fina, Cedar Canyon 115 

Plata Rica, Cedar Canyon 115 

Pointer, Salmon r 94 

Poland China, Reservation 110 

Polar Star, St. Helens 50 

Polepick, Peshastin 73 

Polepick No. 2, Peshastin 73 

Poodle Dog, Coast 166 

Poorman gr., Nelson 146 

Poorman, Trail cr 121 

Porphyry gr., Reservation 110 

Portage, Coast 166 

Portland gr.. Nelson 148 

Portland, Leavenworth 79 

Portland gr., Twisp 91 

Potter Palmer gr., Graham's C, 



xl 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xmm m. sands, 

STENOGRAPHER and 
TYPEWRITER. 



MINING WORK A 
SPECIALTY. 



Hotel Bntler. 



Tel. Main 262. 



\V. E. MeKee, Proprietor. 

The Horse Shoe 

SAMPLE ROOMS AND BILLIARD 
PARLOR. 



614 Front St., bet. James and 
Cherry, Seattle, Wash. 



CAFE IN CONNECTION. 



I handle no blended goods. All 
whiskies sold by me are guaran- 
teed to be unadulterated, strictly- 
pure and high proof. I sell no whis- 
kies under seven years of age. 

W. E. M'KEE. 



I>. E. CLARIS 8 CO., 

Rookery Bids:., Spokane, Wash. 



ners and Brokers. 



We buy and develop, also buy 
and sell selected mineral claims. 

Wherever we find claims that em- 
body LEAST COST AND LEAST 
HAZARD, united with vast ore 
bodies and greatest possibility of 
reward, THERE WE OPERATE, 
after personal inspection. We take 
cur patrons with us on the ground 
floor. Write us. Call upon us. 
R. E. CLARKE & CO., 
Rooke iy Bldg., Spokane, Wash. 

The Washington 
Mining Journals 

Is the oldest, largest and best min- 
ing publication in Western Wash- 
ington. Monthly, $1 a year. Send 
for sample copy. Editors and can- 
vassers should write for clubbing 

rates. 

W. D. PRATT, 
Editor and Publisher, 
114 Marion St.. Seattle, Wash. 



VAN ANDA COPPER and 
bOLD COMPANY. 

Capital, $5,000,000, in shares of 

$1.00 each. 

Treasury Stock, $3,000,000. 



Edward Blewett President. 

C. S. Neeros Vice-President. 

H. W. Treat Treasurer. 

R. D. Hall Secretary. 

Trustees— Edward Blewett, C. S. 
Neeros, H. W. Treat, Hon. C. E. 
PooIpv and Henrv Saunders. 

Offices— 108 La Salle St., Chicago; 
613 Bailey Bldg., Seattle; Victoria 
B. C. 



F. C. Robertson, 

ASST. D. S. ATTORNEY. 



SPOKANE, WASH. 



Practices in State and Fed- 
eral Courts. 

MARIETTA MIN1N6 COMPANY, 

Everett, Wash. 

OFFICERS— Francis A. White, 
President, Everett, Wash.; James 
S. Mcllhany, Vice President, Ever- 
ett, Wash.; E. P. . Gardiner, Secre- 
tary, Everett, Wash.; William G. 
Swalwell, Treasurer, Everett, 
Wash. Charles Hove, General Man- 
ager, Everett, Wash. 

TRU'STEEiS — Schuyler Duryee, 
Charles Hove, S. S. Gardiner, Ev- 
erett, Wash. 

P. E. Thian, Consulting Engineer, 
Everett, Wash. 

Mines in Palmer Mountain Mining 
Distr ict, O kanogan Count y, W ash. 

F. A. White, President; W. G. 
Swalwell, Vice President and Treas- 
urer; S. N. Baird, Secretary. 



The Cascade 
Development Go, 

Everett. Wash. 



TRUSTEES— F. A. White, W. G. 
Swalwell. S. N. Baird, A. S. Taylor, 
A. O. Kelly. 

Furnish capital, develop m.'nes,. 
buy and sell mining properties. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



Xli 



Page. 

Boundary 155 

P; P. Nickel, Negro cr.. 76 

Pride of the Hills, Methow 86 

Pride of Index, Index 35 

Pride of Mountains, Monte Cristo. 13 
Pride of the Valley, Cedar Can- 
yon 115 

Princess, Twisp 91 

Prince gr., Cle-elum 62 

Prince of Wales, Stehekin 84 

Princeton, Cle-elum 66 

Providence, Harrison 1 ,..167 

Providence, Providence C, Bound- 
ary 150 

Puget Sound, Thunder cr 59 

a. 

Quadra gr., Reservation 107 

Queen Bee, Coast 166 

Queen Bess gr., Slocan 134 

•Queen of the Hills, Cle-elum 63 

Queen Victoria gr., Leavenworth.. 79 

Quien Sabe, Stehekin 83 

Quietsch pi., Swauk 68 

R. 

Rainbow gr., Palmer mtn 100 

Rainier gr., Negro cr 75 

Rainy, Monte Cristo 13 

Rambler, Okanogan 1 96 

Rambler gr., Slocan 137 

Rattler gr., Cedar Canyon 115 

Rattlesnake, Negro cr 76 

Raven gr., Coast 163 

Raymond, Chelan 82 

Raymond, Reservation 109 

R. Bell, Summit C, Boundary 154 

Red Butte gr., Negro or 76 

Red Cap gr., Leavenworth.... 78 

Red Cloud gr., Silver cr 32 

Red Cloud gr., Trail cr 129 

Red Cloud, Negro cr 77 

Red Eagle, Trail cr 127 

Red Hill gr., Leavenworth 78 

Red Jacket, Palmer mtn 104 

Red mtn M Trail cr 122 

Redonda Island, Coast 164 

Red Point, Trail cr 128 

Red Pole, Trail cr 127 

Red Rock, Skylark C, Boundary. 152 

Red Shirt, Methow 85 

Red Top gr., Northport Ill 

Red, Swauk 69 

Reed, Slocan 139 

R. E. Lee, Slocan 136 

R. E. Lee gr., Trail cr 126 

Remonille gr., Silver cr 29 

Reno, Methow 88 

Republican, Goat 1 16 

Republic gr., Slocan 141 

Republic, Smith's C, Boundary 149 

Rich Four gr., Reservation 106 

Richmond, Slocan 133 

Reco gr., Slocan 136 

Riverside gr., Methow 88 

Riverview gr., Palmer mtn 102 

Robert Emmet, Long Lake C, 

Boundary 153 

Robertson, Slocan 139 

Rock Creek pi., C. McKinney 158 

Rockefeller, Slate cr 58 

Rocky Point, Cle-elum 62 

Roderick Dhu, Long Lake C, 

Boundary 153 

Romeo gr., Miller r 37 

Royal Canadian gr., Nelson 147 

Royal, Cedar Canyon 115 



Page. 

Royal Flush, St. Helens 50 

Ruby Creek gr., Negro cr 76 

Ruby gr., Cle-elum 64 

Ruby Hydraulic, Slate cr 58 

Ruby King, Cle-elum 63 

Ruby King, Silver cr 33 

Ruby, Salmon r 92 

Ruby Silver, Slocan 136 

Ruby Silver, Slocan 137 

Ruby, Smith's C, Boundary 15U 

Rush gr., Palmer mtn 103 

Rushing Water, Cle-elum 63 

Ruth gr., Slocan 133 

S. 

Sacramento, Goat 1 16 

Sacramento, Methow 89 

Sacred Faith, Leavenworth 79 

Safe Deposit gr., Meihow 86 

Sailor Boy, C. McKinney 157 

'Sailor Boy, Methow 88 

Sailor Boy, Stehekin 84 

St. Charles, Wellington C, Bound- 
ary 153 

St. Clair, Salmon r 93 

St. Elmo Con., Trail cr 123 

iSt. Elmo, Trail cr ...122 

St. Helens gr., St. Helens 50 

St. James, Wellington C, Bound- 
ary 153 

St. John, Cle-elum 65 

St. Louis, Silver cr 29 

ISt. Louis, Silverton 20 

St. Louis, Thunder cr 59 

St. Patrick, Cascade 56 

St. Patrick, Methow 88 

St. Paul, Trail cr 127 

Samson gr., St. Helens 49 

'Samson, Long Lake C, Boundary.153 

San Bernardino, Slocan 142 

San Francisco, Goat 1 16 

San Francisco gr., Palmer mtn.... 101 

San Francisco, Money cr 39 

Sanford, North Kettle r 156 

Sanilac, Coast 161 

Santa Anna, Skylark C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Santa Maria, Slocan 138 

Sapphire-Gem, Slocan 137 

'Saratoga gr., Reservation 107 

Satellite, Palmer mtn. 103 

Saturday Night, Cedar Canyon 115 

Schloman, White Horse 51 

Schulz &Chesney gr., Methow 89 

Scotia, Reservation '. .108 

Scrambler, Okanoean 1 96 

•Searchlight gr., Reservation 107 

Seattle, Cedar r 48 

Seattle, Coast 161 

Seattle, North Kettle r 15g 

Sedge gr., Summit 45 

Seventy-six, Monte Cristo 13 

Shoudy pi., Swauk 68 

Sierra Madre, Trail cr 129 

Sigma, Silver cr 32 

Silent Friend, Long Lake C, 

Boundary 153 

Silver Bell, Chelan 81 

Silver Bell, Harrison 1 167 

Silver Bell, Slocan 134 

Silver Bear, Slocan 142 

j!ii,r er pinff o-v.. salmon r 94 

Silver Bow, Fairview 159 

Silver Bow, Methow 86 

Silver Crown, Fairview 159 

Silver Dump, Cle-elum 65 

Silver Fiend, Cle-elum 62 



xlii 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



|jyj 







fcjj 

111 si 



c/5 




KSflbSKJiffiffinS <j 



U] 

©III » 

ofifcS 




ITS NEWS 19 
FRESH 
AND RELIABLE. 



IT IS READ BY 
THOUSANDS 
WE«T AND EAST. 



THE 



2&CHXZS* 




Mining 




Published Weekly 

la the Interests of the Paciflo 

Northwest. 



Subscription $1.50 per year. Adv» 
tlslnft rates made known u$m appilci» 
tlon. 

WILL A. STEEL, 

Editor and Manager. 
116 Occidental Block:, Seattle, Wm% 



Haydek, whet » m., ma . ng 

Brokers. 




Companies 
Incorporated and 
Treasury 
Stock Placed. 



22 ond 23 sole Deposit Biflo. 

SEATTLE. WASH. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xlill 



Page. 

Silver Glance, Ainsworth 144 

Silver King, Chelan 81 

Silver King, Nelson ..145 

Silver King, Skylark C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Silver King, Slocan 141 

Silver Lake gr., Silver cr 27 

Silver Lake, Silver cr 28 

Silver Queen, Egypt 116 

Silver Queen, Cedar Canyon Ho 

Silver Queen, Cle-elum 63 

Silver Queen, Nelson 146 

Silver Queen, Okanogan 1 96 

Silver Queen, Thunder cr 59 

Silver Slipper, Silver cr 33 

Silver Tip, Coast 163 

Sir John, Coast 161 

Skylark, Skylark C, Boundary.... 151 
Skyline gr., Ainsworth 143 

tkyline, Skylark C. Boundary 152 
locan Boy, Slocan 136 

Slocan-Reciprocity, Slocan 136 

Slocan Star gr., Slocan 132 

Smith & McCallum gr.. Coast 166 

Smuggler & U. S.. Slocan 142 

Smuggler, Fairview 159 

Smuggler, Skylark C. Boundary.. 152 

Snowden, C. McKinney 157 

Snowflake, Peshastin 74 

Snowflake, St. Helens 50 

Snowshoe, Greenwood C, Bound- 
ary 152 

Sockless. Money cr 39 

Soldier Boy gr.. Cascade 55 

Solomon, Money cr , 39 

Southern Cross gr.. Trail cr 126 

Southern Belle, Trail cr 124 

Sovereign, Slocan 136 

Sparling, Reservation 109 

Sphinx, Miller r 37 

Spider, Miller r 38 

Spokane, Leavenworth 79 

Spokane, Methow 89 

Spokane gr, Palmer, mtn 99 

Stag, Okanogan 1 95 

Standard, Cle-elum 63 

Standard, Leavenworth 79 

Standard, Methow 88 

Standard, North Kettle r 156 

Standard gr.. Palmer mtn 100 

Star, Harrison 1 167 

Star. Stehekin 83 

Star gr., Summit. 45 

Starlight gr.. Nelson 147 

State gr., Negro cr 77 

Stehekin gr.. Stehekin 84 

S.tella. Okanogan 1 96 

Stemwinder. Cedar r 48 

Stemwinder, Fairview 159 

Stemwinder, Greenwood C, 

Boundary 152 

Stemwinder. Trail cr 128 

Stockton. Silverton 20 

Strawberry, North Kettle r 156 

Strong gr., Skagit 54 

Sudley gr., Coast 166 

Sultan No. 1 and 2. Sultan 25 

Summer Coon. Silverton 18 

Summit gr.. Colvilic 113 

Summit, Palmer mtn 103 

Summit. Twisp 91 

Sunday. Miller r 37 

Sunday Morning 1 . Chelan 82 

Sunday Morning-, Cedar Canyon... 115 

tunnyside gr.. Reservation 107 
nnnyside. Stehekin ;... 83 

Sunrise, Keremeos 159 

(9) 



Page. 

Sunrise, Wenatchee JJ 

Sunset, Deadwood C, Boundary . .lal 

Sunset, Goat 1 ™ 

Sunset, Keremeos 1» 

Sunset, Okanogan 1 «|6 

Sunset, Peshastin 7; 

Sunset No. 2, Peshastin 74 

Sunset, Slocan 138 

Sunset gr., Stehekin 83 

Sunset gr., Trail cr 127 

Surprise, Coast 163 

Surprise, Slocan 1** 

Surprise, Trail cr l-'4 

Sure Thing, Summit 45 

Susie, Fairview 1 >9 

Sutherland pi., Swauk ^ 68 

Swamp Angel, Summit C, Bound* 

ary .....155 

Swan Lake gr.. Okanogan 1 94 

Swayne & Haight gr.. Cle-elum.... 64 

Sweden & Norway. St. Helens 49 

Swinker gr., Nelson 148 

Syndicate gr., Reservation 107 

Syndicate gr., Coast — 161 

T. 

Tacoma, Mineral cr 1UJ 

Tamarack, Greenwood C, Bound- 

ary 151 

Tappan gr., Skagit a* 

Tariff. Ainsworth 143 

T. & B., Skylark C, Boundary.... 152 

Tennessee. Stehekin 84 

Texas. Providence C, Boundary.. iuO 

Texas gr., Silver cr 33 

Thompson. Summit 45 

Thompson & Fitzgerald gr., Skagit 54 

Thorley. Coast l«l 

Thorp, Cle-elum 65 

Three Links, Twisp 91 

Three Sisters. Silverton 20 

Three Star, Goat 1 18 

Thulin gr., Coast 164 

Tihbie. Wenatchee 71 

Tiger gr., Stehekin 84 

Tin Horn. Fairview 159 

Tiptop. Cle-elum 63 

Tip Top No. 1, Cle-elum 63 

Tiptop, Coast '..163 

Tiptop. Peshastin 74 

Tohinue, Monte Cristo 14 

Toledo gr.. St. Helens 50 

Topping. Cle-elum 62 

Tornado. Miller r 37 

Toronto. Coast 161 

Tough Nut. Salmon r 93 

Trade Dollar. Silver cr 27 

Trallhunter. Trail cr 127 

Tralee. Negro cr 77 

Transvaal. St. Helens 50 

Treasure Box. Silver cr 32 

Treasury gr.. Palmer mtn 105 

Trilhy. Skylark C. Boundary 1^2 

Trilhy gr.. Trail cr 12« 

Triune gr.. Miller r 38 

Triune gr.. Palmer mtn 99 

Tuesday gr.. Methow 88 

Tunnel gr.. Pnlmer mtn 98 

Tweed & Johnson. Swauk 69 

Twin gr.. Cle-elum 63 

Twin FalK S'^HHn *8 

Twin Lakes. Miller r 38 

Two FnVnds. Slocan 140 

Typo, Monte Cristo 14 

IT. 

Uncle Sam, Palmer mtn.. lOt 



xltv . MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

Ifl 




Manufacturers of All 
Kinds of 



Ri!ners f Clothing, 
Heavy Woo! Blankets, 
Mackinaw Shirts and Underwear, 

M9Hrei Ave., Seattle, wasti. 



Webster Brown, 

El . 

Safe Deposit Building, Seattle. 

Lands and Mining Properties Examined and Reported On. 

References in Seattls, Nsw YorK, Edinburgh and Glasgow, 




ATER WHEEL 



Affords the most efficient, economical and reliable power for mining and 
all other purposes under any conditions as to head and water supply. 

T.OOO WHEELS NOW RUNNINO. 

PEJLTON WHEELS are operating almost without exception EVERT 
MTN1XO PLANT ON THE Pv'I'lC COAST where water is available for 
power. NO OTF^r WTt/L BE CO TSIDERED where the advantages of the 
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Catalogues furnished on applic ition. Address, stating conditions of 

■ erv,< ' e - PKl/rON WATER WHEEL COMPANY, 

121 Main Street, San Francisco. Cal. 



Albro Gardner... 

mm m 



Seattle, Wash. 



RISIDENCE NO. 2221 FIFTH AVENUE. 

Ji 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xlv 



Page. 

Uncle Sam, Swauk 70 

Undaunted. Silver cr 29 

Unicorn. Miller r 37 

Union, Coast 166 

Union, Goat 1 16 

Union and Dominion, Negro cr... 75 

United Empire, Slocan ". 140 

United Workman. Cedar Canyon.. 116 
Utica, Palmer mtn 104 

V. 

Van Anda, Coast 162 

Vancouver, C. McKinney 158 

Vancouver, Coast 161 

Vandalia, Money cr :.. 40 

Vandalia gr.. Silver cr 33 

Vanguard gr., Summit 46 

Ventura gr.. Cascade 55 

Verdin pl„ Swauk 68 

Victoria gr.. C. McKinney 157 

Victoria, Cedar r 48 

Victoria, Coast 162 

Victory Triumph, Trail cr 129. 

Vidette. Cle-elum 62 

View, Trail cr 123 

Vinon, Trail cr 128 

Viola. Stehekin 83 

Virginia, Trail cr 121 

Vitoria. Greenwood C, Boundary. 153 

Volcanic. North Kettle r 1^5 

Volunteer gr.. Coast 163 

Von Pressentin. Skagit 54 

Vulcan gr., Coast 162 

w. 

Wakefield gr.. Slocan 139 

Wall Street, Coast 161 

Wall Street gr., Swauk 70 

War Eagle, C. McKinney 158 

War Eagle gr., Cle-elum 65 

War Eagle, Greenwood C. Bound- 
ary 152 

War Eagle, Millpr r 38 

War Eagle gr.. Negro cr 75 

War Eagle, Palmer mtn 98 

War Eagle, Trail cr 120 

War Horse. Okanogan 1 96 

Warrior, Okanogan 1 96 

Warsaw, Palmer mtn 102 

Washington gr.. Methow 86 

Washington, Slocan 137 

Washinston, Twlsp 91 

Waterfall. Coat 1 16 

Waterfall, Mineral cr 116 

Webster, Silver cr 32 



Paere. 
Wehe gr., Palmer mtn 101 

Welcome gr., Summit 46 

Wellington gr., Slocan 138 

Wellknown gr., Stehekin 84 

Wellman, White Horse .=>1 

Wenatchee. Reservation 110 

Western Hill, Fairview 159 

Westland, Silver cr 32 

Westminster, Coast 161 

Westmount, Slocan 140 

Whaleback, Silver cr 29 

Whatcom. Slate cr 58 

Whip-poor-will. Cle-elum 63 

Whiskey Hill srr.. Palmer mtn 98 

Whistler gr.. Monte Cristo 14 

Whistler. Slate cr 58 

White Bear, Trail cr 124 

White Bear, Twisp 91 

White Elephant Methow 89 

White Gander, White Horse 51 

White Glacier, Summit 46 

White Horse, Reservation 108 

White Otter, Reservation 108 

White Pine, Coast 166 

White Star, Cle-elum 62 

White Swan, Silverton 22 

Whitewater gr., Slocan 138 

Whittaker-York & Meagher pi., 

Swauk fig 

Wideawake. Coast 162 

Wildcat. SUve^on 28 

Wild Goose. Slocan 134 

Wilmans. Monte Cristo 13 

Willis & Everett. Thunder cr 59 

Winifred, Okanogan 1 95 

Winnipeg, Chelan 81 

Winnipeg, Wellington C, Bound- 
ary 15J 

Wisconsin, St. Helens so 

Wolverine. North Kettle r 155 

Wonderful gr.. Slocan 133 

Woodline. Cedar r 47 

Wooloo-Mooloo, Salmon r 93 

Wyandotte gr., Palmer mtn 102 

Y. 

Yakima gr.. Slocan 134 

Yankee Doodle, Peshastin 74 

Yellow Jacket. Coast 163 

Yellow Jacket. Twisp 91 

Yes or No. Methow 88 

Young America, Colville 112 

Z. 

Zilor,. Trail cr 126 



xlvi MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 

«»WASHINGTON**« 

Mining Ritte 

incorporated under ine Lows oi me state of Msiigion 



CAPITAL - $100,000 



TRUSTEES: 



Maurice McMicken, President of the First National Bank* 

E. VV. Andrews, President of the Seattle National Bank. 

Bon. J. P. Hoyt, Late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court* 

Dr. W. A. Shannon, Physici an. 

John W. Pratt, of Pratt & Riddle, Attorneys*. 

Carroll C. Rawlln^s, of New York. 

ERNEST E. LING, Secretary. 

Mines and mining companies investigated and reported 
upon CONFIDENTIALLY. 

Investors will find this an ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE 
means of ascertaining: the value of shares or claims. 

Preliminary reports made upon REASONABLE TERMS, 
which can be ascertained in advance. 

INQUIRIES ANSWERED. 

The object of the REGISTRY is to protect investors from wild* 
Cat schemes and to promote the development of the legitimate 
mining interests of the state of Washington, territory of Alaska 
and province of British Columbia. 



Offices: 309-310-311 Bailey Building, Seattle, Wash. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. xlv . 

We... 
Recommend 

THE NORTHERN 
PACIFIG RAI1WAY 

As the direct line from all Eastern points, as well as from the Pacific Coast, 
to all the mining districts mentioned in this publication. The Spokane- 
Kootenai mines, Colville Reservation, etc., are reached via Spokane on the 
Northern Pacific. 

Coming from the East to the Western Washington Mining Districts take 
the Northern Pacific direct to Seatt le or Ta coma, not only for Western Wash- 
ington points but for the great Alaska Mines on the Yukon, Cook Inlet and 
the recently discovered and rich Klondike placers. 

Consult their agents, as shown below, and your passage will be arranged 
to destination: 



General and Special Agents. 



W. F. MERSHON, General Agent Pass'r Dept...319 Broadway New York City 
T. K. STATELER, Gen. Agt. Pass. Dept....638 Market St., San Francisco. Cal. 

P. H. FOG ARTY, Gen. Agt 210 (after May 1—208) S. Clark St., Chicago 

H. SWINFORD, Gen. Agt Depot Building, Water st, Winnipeg, iviaru 

R. A. EVA, General Agent Duluth, Minn. 

A. D. EDGAR, General Agent Cor. Main and Grand sts., Helena, Mont. 

W. M. TUOHY, General Agent 23 E. Broadway, Butte, Mont. 

P. D. GIBBS, General Agent Spokane, Wash. 

J. G. BOYD, General Agent Wallace. Idaho 

A. TINLING, General Agent 925 Pacific ave., Tacoma, Wash. 

I. A. NADEAU, General Ag^nt Seattle, Wash. 

P. C. JACKSON, Assistant General Agcut .-. West 'Superior, Wis. 

H. GAZE & SONS, European Tourist Agents 142 Strand, London, Eng. 

P. A. GROSS 230 Washington st., Boston 

J. H. ROGERS, JR 47 South Third St., Philadelphia 

L. L. BILLINGSLEA 47 South Third St., Philadelphia 

WILLIAM G. MASON 215 Ellicott square, Buffalo 

CHARLES E. JOHNSON 817 Carnegie Building, Pittsburg. Pa. 

THOMAS HENRY 128 St. James St., Montreal, Quebec 

W. H. WHITAKER 153 Jefferson ave., Detroit, Mich. 

J. J. FERRY 32 Carew Building, Fifth and Vine sts., Cincinnati, O. 

JOHN E. TURNER Jackson Place, Indianapolis 

C. G. LEMMON iJH rafter May 1—208) South Clark st., Chicago 

P. H. NOEL.. Room 210 Commercial Bldg., cor. Sixth and Olive Sts., St. Louis 

J. N. ROBINSON. 377 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis. 

O. VANDERBILT 503 Locust st., Des Moines, la. 

GEORGE D. ROGERS St. Paul, Minn. 

GEORGE W. McCASKEY S3 York st., Toronto, Ontario 

P. O'NEILL 255 Morrison St., Portland, Or. 

E. L. RAYBURN 255 Morrison St., Portland, Or. 

A. L. CRATO. Assistant Ger^" 1 "^"Vet Asrent St. Paul, Minn. 

B. N. AUSTIN, Assistant General Passenger Agent St. Paul, Minn. 

A. D. CHARLTON, Assistant general .Passenger Agent Portland, Ore. 

J. M. HANNAFORD, CHAS. S FEE, 

General Traffic Manager, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, 

ST. PAUL. MINN. 



xlviii 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



$1.00 PER YEAR. 



10 CENTS A COPY 




INING 



JOURNAL OF THE NORTHWEST 
MINING ASSOCIATION. 

L. K. ARMSTRONG, Editor. 



SPOKANE, WASHINGTON. 



THIS JOURNAL IS THE ONLY ... 



ml 



i 



ONTHLY 

SNSNG — — a^^ 

AGAZINE 

. PUBLISHED IN AMERICA. 



ITS OWN CORRESPONDENTS SUPPLY THE NEWS FROM EVERY 
MINING DISTRICT IN WASHINGTON, IDAHO, MONTANA, OREGON 
AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, WHICH IS THE GREATEST MINING 
FIELD ON EARTH. 



ADVERTISERS 

PROSPECTORS, ASSAYERS, MILL 
MEN, SMELTERS, METALLUR- 
GISTS AND CITIZENS ARE ITS . . 



SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN 
INTERESTS BY ASKING FOR 
RATES. THE LEADING MINERS, 

SUBSCRIBERS 



Correspondence and remittances should be addressed to 

L. K. ARMSTRONG, Spokane, Wasn* 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



xllx 




7 
J 



POINTERS, 

STATIONERS, 

BOOKBINDERS 



Spokane, - - Washington. 



ffeadanaftefs for Supplies for Miners and MLiIaj 

Companies. 

850. Stock Certificates £K> ©'• 

600 Stock Certificates *.«* 16 3K 

Corporate Seal -. 3 00 

Stock Journal ..' 2 09. 

Stock Ledger 2(9; 

Record or Minute Book 101 

Pay Rolls per dozen T5 

Book of 100 Time Checks' 51 

<B. C. Mining Bill of Sale, doz :..... 33 

B. C. Mining Deeds, doz '&. 

American Min'ng Deeds, doz 35 

Bo: d for American Mining Deed, doz 3S 



Mining Bosks and Maps. 



dough's Mining Code (cipher) j $ 2 QD 

Copp's American Mining Code 31, 

Copp's Prospector's Manual 59 

Latest Mining Laws (B. C. and Wash) 50 

Mulkey's Guide to Gold Fields TJ 

Annual Report Minister of Mines (B. C, 1896) .... 100 

New Boundary Creek Map bound 1 2S 

Kootenay District Map, bound 1 

East Kootenay Map, bound 1 

Colville Reservation Map, bound 1 

Shaw-Borden Trail Creek Map, bound 1 

Combined Trail Creek and Reservation 1 

Meadows' Kaslo-Slocan Map. bound .'..,.... 1 

K.en way's Trail Creek Map, bound 1 

Bakker's Trail Creek Map (surveyed cla'.ms) ;„...'. ...,>...... ..;. 1 

Government Map of Kootenay District 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 




Filley 

& Ogden's 

Complete and Authentic 

MINING LAWS 



tup 



"X 



-OF 



British Columbia, 
United States and 
State of Washington, 

Wltk Legal Forms, Definitions of Mining Terms, 
Customs Duties, Etc. 



Every Prospector, Miner, investor and Lawyer aim Hove One. 

PRICE. .... - - - - 50 CENTS. 



Ask your newsdealer or write to FILLEY & 
OGDEN, Brokers and Real Estate, Grand Forks, 
British Columbia. 



£mjg. 



MINING IN THE! PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



THE CITY OP ROSSLANIX 

Four years ago it was a tract of wild mountain land, covered with pine*. 
gnfl a log cabin, built two years previously, was the first human habitation. 
This cabin was the home of the founder, Ross Thompson, whose foresight and 
endurance have been rewarded by the growth of a thriving, bustling mining 
city of 7,000 people on the site he selected. 

The founder of Rossland, Ross Thompson, is yet a young man and has had 
an experience similar to that of many another successful Western man. Com- 
ing west from Brant county, Ontario, during the construction of the Canadian 
Pacific Railroad, he had the usual ups and downs until, in 1890, he left Seattle 
Without a dollar and got a fresh start by working as foreman of Charles 
Crossman's sawmill at Bonner's Ferry. Moving to the embryo camp on Trail 
Creek, he did his first work as a miner in the Centre Star Mine, under Mr. 
Oliver Durant. Seeing the opportunity for a town to grow up under the 
Bhadow of Red Mountain, he located a pre-emption claim of 320 acres and built 
a cabin where the city now stands. 

Two years later he obtained title to his claim, platted it as a townslte and, 
With the aid of all the men employed in the camp, proceeded to build the 

Clifton House, the first hotel. 
Among those who helped him 
as carpenters was Philip As- 
pinwall, who took in payment 
of $40 wages a lot which he 
could now sell for $5,000 cash. 
The town was at first named 
Thompson, but there being an- 
other town of the same name 
in British Columbia, the pres- 
ent name of Rossland was 
finally adopted. 

Wagon roads were cut in 
in 1891 to Trail Landing on the 
Columbia River and in 1892 to 
Northport, all communication 
having previously been by 
trail. The population grew to 
about 300 in the summer of 
1894, but not until December of 
that year, when the great ore- 
chute in the War Eagle Mine 
was struck, did the people 
make up their minds that the 
camp would live. In 1894 John 
R. Cook, Frederick Ritchie, 
Elling Johnson and James An- 
derson became interested with 
Mr. Thompson in the townsite 
and a year later the interests 
were segregated. 

By the spring of 1895 the 
population had grown to about 
500 and from that time it in- 
creased rapidly. Then regular 
shipments from the principal 
mines began, dividends were 
declared by the Le Roi and 
War Eagle, and population in- 
creased faster than buildings 
could be erected, so that in 
March, 1896, it was fully 3,000. 




ROSS THOMPSON. 



The construction of the Columbia & Western Railroad to Trail was completed 
In May, making large regular shipments possible. Last winter the Columbia 
River & Red Mountain Railroad was completed as an extension of the Spo- 
kane Falls & Northern from Northport, giving standard gauge connection 
with three transcontinental lines at Spokane. The Columbia & Western is 
now being extended to Robson, where it will connect with the Arrow Lake 
steamers of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and will be extended this summer 
through the Boundary Creek country to a connection with the Canadian 
Pacific steamers on Okanogan Lake. This will make Rossland not only a 
mining center for the immediate vicinity, but a great railroad center. 

Rossland is now a full-fledged city, having flung off the swaddling clothes 
Of a mining camp, and has all the resources of civilization— railroads, tele- 
graphs, telephones, churches, banks and first-class hotels. It has from the 
first been an orderly town, for the law is rigidly— but not too rigidly— enforced. 
All reasonable recreations can be enjoyed, but deeds of violence are severely 
punished. It marks the beginning of a new era of mining on the NortB 
American continent, in which the "bad man with a gun" is promptly put 
where he is harmless. 



Hi 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 




BANK OF — . 



British North America 

Incorporated by Royal Charter. 

Paid-Up Capital, - $4,866,666 
Reserve Fund, - 1,338,333 

London Office: 3 Clements' Lane, Lombard Street, E. C* 



Agents in tlie United States. 

Spokane: Traders' National Bank, and Old National Bank. New York: (51 
Wall Street) W. Lawson and J. C. Welsh. San Francisco: (124 SansoKie 
Street) H. M. J. McMichael and J. R. Ambrose. 

Branches in principal cities in Canada and British Columbia* 

Rossland, Kaslo, Sandon, Trail, Vancouver and Victoria. 

Through its head office in London, England, and its connections In the 
iEast and its branches through British Columbia, this bank offers special 
facilities for mining business. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. lili 




GOLD, SILVER, COPPER 



Every character of ore is found in the rich mining districts on the Sauls 
and Stillaguamish Rivers, penetrated by 

The Everett & 
Monte Cristo Railway. 

This is the only line to the flourishing mining camps of Gold Basin. Gordon 
Creek, Martin Creek, Silverton, Deer Treek, Goat Lake and Monte Cristo. 

It is the scenic route of the Cascade range, traversing a section of country 
unrivaled in beauty and the various sources of material wealth, an ideal trip 
for sportsmen, tourists and outing parties. The bracing mountain air, the 
diversified and enchanting scenery, the cold sparkling streams filled with 
trout and the hillsides covered with a rich heather and palatable berries, open 
a new field for summer pleasure unsurpassed in any locality. 

Reduced rates to tourists and excursion parties. 

For special Information, accommodations, etc., apply to nearest local 
agent, or 

S. N. BAIRD, 

Gen. Frt. and Pasgr. Agt., Everett, Wash. 



Hv 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



NOT A PROSPECT; 
A FACT. 



If yon are interested In MINING 
there is onl> one paper in the State 
of Washington that publishes the 
kind of news yon want. 



It devotes more space, employs 
more special writers on the great 
mining industry of this section 
than any three daily papers in the 
Pacific Northwest. 



Has More Thau Double the Circulation of Any 
Other Daily Paper in Washington. Ad- 
vertisers Know This. 



SUBSCRIPTION RATES: 

Dally and Sunday, per month. .$ .75 

Daily and Sunday, six months. . 4.00 

Daily and Sunday, one year .... 7.50 

Sunday Edition, one year 2.00 

Sunday and Weekly, one year, . 2.50 

Weekly Edition, one year 1.00 



ADDRESS 

Post-Intelligencer, Seattle, Wash, 

J AS. D. HOGE, JR., Manager. 

SEND FOR SAMPLE COPY. 



MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. I hr 



W E PRINTED THIS BOOK 




Printing and 
Binding Co. 

DEXTER HORTON BANK BUILDING, SEATTLE, WASH. 



t ^=^ 



We Would Like to Print 
...For You... 



Mining Stock Books and High= 
class Prospectuses our Specialty 



Ivi MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 



A. L JOHNSON, 



Assayer and Chemist, 



SEATTLE, WASH. 



114 Yesler Way. Occidental Block. 



We Buy Gold 



WeJhaye^_^omplete 

Smelting and Refining 
Gold. 



^~^^^*-»^N 



Jos. Mayer 8 Bros. 



Manufacturing Jewelers, Dealers In Diamonds, 

Watches, Clocks, Jewelry and Jewelers' Supplies, 



70S Second Avenue, . 

- « * ^ ~ y SEATTLE. 

116 Cherry Street, 






m 



NOT A PROSPECT; 
A FACT. 



If yon are interested in MINING 
there is on!} one paper in the State 
of Washington that publishes the 
kind of news yon wan*. 



It devotes more space, employ* 
more special writers on the great 
mining industry of .this section 
than any three daily papers in the 
Pacific Northwest. 



Has More Thau Double the Circulation of Any 
Other Daily Paper in Washington. Ad- 
vertisers Know This. 



SUBSCRIPTION RATES: 

Daily and Sunday, per month. .3 .75 
Daily and Sunday, six months. . 4.00 
Daily and Sunday, one yeas*. . . . 7.50 

Sunday Edition, one year 2.00 

Sunday and Weekly, one yea*". . 2.50 
Weekly Edition, one year....'. l.OO 



ADDRESS 

Post-Intelligencer, Seattle,, Wash, 

JAS. D. HOGE, JR., Manager. 

SKNd' FOH SAMPLE COPY. 



PAUL GASTOrJ, 

ROSSUNO, B. C. 



&JZJ!&i3»JSL1iL 



®mm®miim®Q®&9&®Q&Q®&m 















E. W. JOHNSTON, 

SEATTLE. 







' 1 ~* 

<T 1TUATED or m & Monte'Cristo Railroad, in 

**s the center p llaguamish Mining District, is 

oint for the Deer Creek, Silver Gulch, 

ilch, Coal Creek, Wisconsin Gulch, Bender 

rid Martin Creek Mines, some of 

which have become famous in the past few months — 

St. Louis, Helena, 
Seattle, and Independent, with a hundred of 
others too numerous to name. 

Spokane and Rossland parties are directing their atten- 
tion to this district, which their experts have told"ihem will 
rival Cripple Creek and Trail Creek districts in the next 
few months. 



! 



■ +ZL-— 



SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS TO PARTIES SEEKING 
....BUSINESS LOCATIONS 



Over 15 Buildings in Course of Construction Upon the 
Property 



>*)» 






'■■■ 
8 



For further information address 

GASTON & JOHNSTON 

MINING AGENTS 

Silverion - - >- - Washington 

OrH. S.Tl Room C, Bailey Bldg, Seattle Agent 

. T.T-T.T. T..T..T-T 

*iri 11 1 1 i 



■ - >& 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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